First, actively promote the development of the WTO and build a harmonious new international economic and trade order.
The termination of "Doha Round" makes the development of WTO stand at a crossroads and face new choices. China should take this opportunity to actively advocate a harmonious new international economic order.
The wto system is advocated by developed countries, which is discriminatory to developing countries, especially the three unfavorable clauses when China joined the wto. We should unite and rely on the vast number of developing countries to build a new dialogue mechanism with China as the core. Show sincerity, set an example, show the demeanor of a big country, actively communicate and talk with developed countries, resolve contradictions, and work together to build a new international economic and trade order that is equal, just, harmonious and win-win, so as to promote the WTO to glow with vitality at the beginning of the century.
Since the founding of GATT 60 years ago, the prosperity of the world economy and trade has proved the irreplaceable role of the multilateral trading system. China's accession to the WTO is beneficial to China and the whole world, because China's accession to the WTO has greatly promoted the development of the world economy. China's economic development speed, strength and being the largest developing country in the world require China to play a "leader" role in building a harmonious new international economic order.
In international economic relations, a harmonious international economic order can only be formed if countries form appropriate and symmetrical interactions and develop peaceful and cooperative relations.
The meaning of harmony, in theory, refers to an "appropriate and symmetrical coordination" relationship. Ancient thinkers in China believed that the concept of "harmony" not only has the meaning of harmony and unity, but also has the meaning of inward and aggregation, which can reflect the integrity of the relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature. As a tradition, the culture of "harmony" embodies one of the deepest wishes of China people-harmony. In China's earliest literature, there is an idea about harmony. In the book, there is a saying that "all ethnic groups live in harmony". For China people, harmony is the key, whether from cultivation or overall. Therefore, harmony reflects a cultural and thinking tradition of China. As a strategic culture of China, this tradition has always had a far-reaching impact on China's handling of international economic relations.
Therefore, the proposal of a harmonious international economic order is the development of China's traditional culture.
The so-called harmonious international economic order means that if countries can form appropriate and symmetrical interactions in international economic relations, they can develop peaceful and cooperative relations. On the one hand, by building a rule-oriented multilateral legal system, we oppose power politics and unilateralism, provide a safe and predictable environment for international business activities, and promote the development of global economy and trade; On the other hand, it is necessary to ensure the fairness of rules, ensure fair and extensive participation in the process of formulating rules, and solve the practical difficulties encountered by developing countries so that they can benefit from participating in the multilateral trading system like developed countries, and finally achieve global development.
At present, development is still an important obstacle to establishing a harmonious international economic order.
There is a serious gap between rich and poor between developed and underdeveloped countries. From the global development trend, the gap between the least developed countries and the most developed countries is widening, and the gap between the poorest and the richest people is also widening. A world with a serious polarization between the rich and the poor is far from harmonious. Therefore, the purpose of establishing a harmonious international economic order is to promote the economic and social progress of developing countries and adjust and change the existing international economic structure that reflects the old international economic order.
Second, actively use fta to develop China's foreign trade.
Regional economic cooperation in the form of bilateral arrangements or free trade zones has developed rapidly all over the world. This kind of regional economic cooperation is allowed by the wto agreement, but its advantages and disadvantages to the development of wto itself have always been controversial. Recently, WTO officials pointed out that regional economic cooperation has delayed the process of WTO negotiations.
At present, both the United States and Japan are actively seeking to develop foreign trade through regional economic cooperation. This kind of cooperation is a priority arrangement in the fields of investment, trade and foreign contracting, which actually excludes the rights of other WTO members. This poses an important challenge to China, especially the free trade agreement signed between developed countries, which increases the non-tariff barriers to China and makes China's foreign trade environment face a severe situation.
Facing the new situation at home and abroad, we must take effective measures to formulate the overall strategy for China to participate in regional economic cooperation.
China's participation in regional economic cooperation can, firstly, make full use of the regional cooperation allowed by the wto agreement, develop China's foreign trade and reduce the discriminatory treatment brought about by the three unfavorable terms of WTO entry; Second, it can reduce the trade diversion effect and political effect brought by regional cooperation in other countries; Third, it can greatly reduce all kinds of trade frictions encountered by China.
China should consider or do the following work when participating in regional economic cooperation:
First, set up specialized agencies to promote regional economic cooperation.
Developed countries generally set up specialized agencies to deal with regional cooperation. For example, Japan established the headquarters of free trade zone at the end of 2002, and added the Free Trade Zone and Economic Partnership Department in the Ministry of Economic Affairs to be responsible for the negotiation and planning of bilateral fta or epa; The Office of the United States Trade Representative also has a special bilateral negotiating body. China should also learn from the practices of developed countries and set up a special agency in the Ministry of Commerce to take charge of regional economic cooperation, which is more conducive to the development of regional economic cooperation.
Secondly, regional economic cooperation should give priority to neighboring countries.
Economically, the total trade volume between China and neighboring countries has reached more than 60% of China's total foreign trade, and the investment in China by neighboring countries and regions has reached more than 70% of China's foreign capital utilization;
Politically, the relationship between China and neighboring countries and regions is very important.
Politics and economy promote each other. Giving priority to the development of neighboring economic and trade relations through regional economic cooperation can better promote political relations and contribute to the stability and security around China.
First of all, we should further comprehensively promote the depth and breadth of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area cooperation. China and ASEAN reached the Agreement on Trade in Goods and the Agreement on Dispute Settlement Mechanism, and reached agreement on major issues such as tax reduction, sensitive products and dispute settlement mechanism in trade in goods. However, cooperation in many fields, such as investment and service trade, has not yet begun. We should make use of the existing cooperation platform to strengthen all-round cooperation.
Secondly, vigorously promote regional integration cooperation among China, Japan and South Korea, strive to form a China-Japan-South Korea free trade area in the near and medium term, strive to continuously improve the level of cooperation, and promote the formation of a "10+3" free trade area and even a customs union.
Third, promote the establishment of bilateral or trilateral free trade zones with Pakistan and India.
China's relations with the region have developed rapidly in recent years, especially with India. India also hopes to further develop its relations with China, especially its economic and trade relations. At the same time, China has always maintained good relations with Pakistan in this region, and it is entirely possible to sign bilateral trade agreements.
Finally, promote cooperation with the Lancang-Mekong subregion.
Within the framework of the 10+ 1 free trade area agreement signed between China and ASEAN, the economic cooperation in Lanzhou-Mekong Sub-region is related to the five ASEAN countries, and the development of this region can also enable China to realize the idea of the Southwest Corridor.
Third, besides Asia, we should identify key partners and establish regional economic cooperation in many regions.
China is negotiating fta with America, Pacific, Middle East, Africa and other countries, but it should have a clear goal and give priority to countries that are of great significance to China.
In the Middle East, priority can be given to the United Arab Emirates.
The UAE is China's second largest trading partner in the Middle East, and it has the function of entrepot trade for exporting goods from China to other countries in the Middle East.
South America can give priority to Chile.
China and Chile signed the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of Chile in 2005. In addition, China and Chile will start the process of tariff reduction in goods trade from July 6th, 2006. The establishment of a free trade zone between China and Chile will bring both countries a win-win situation and provide new opportunities for the development of comprehensive cooperative partnership between the two countries. Chile may become a bridge for China to carry out economic and trade cooperation with Latin American countries.
In Oceania, Australia can be considered first.
In recent years, Australia has repeatedly indicated that it wants to strengthen its economic and trade relations with China, especially in regional cooperation, and has repeatedly put forward suggestions on regional economic cooperation, which is also the key bilateral cooperation we should consider.
In Africa, priority can be given to South Africa.
Africa's economic development is relatively backward, but it has great potential for future economic development. At the same time, the African regional economy has developed rapidly. Therefore, we should first sign a free trade zone agreement with South Africa, the most developed country in Africa, to prepare for occupying a larger market in the future.
These countries are generally developed developing countries, and the traditional trade friction with China has reached more than 60% of the total trade friction. Regional economic cooperation with these countries is conducive to reducing trade frictions.
Finally, promote regional economic cooperation through apec.
APEC is mainly about political cooperation and dialogue. China should use its influence to actively unite with other countries to promote economic cooperation within APEC.
Specifically, China can further participate in apec activities and strive to have more say in formulating relevant rules, so as to fully safeguard China's economic interests and security.
China should also continue to promote economic and trade cooperation under the framework of the Shanghai Economic Cooperation Organization, optimize the trade and investment environment, achieve the purpose of reducing the cost of goods, capital and services, and create conditions for future trade liberalization in the region.
Third, actively develop domestic trade and promote domestic consumption demand.
Facts have proved that a completely export-oriented country is unstable in economic development and politically subject to others.
As the largest developing country in the world, China must maintain appropriate economic independence in order to truly ensure that the people are the masters of politics. As the engine of world economic development, China should first develop its domestic economy and trade, so as to enhance economic security and reduce trade friction.
First of all, in order to promote the development of domestic trade, we should do the following:
The first is the adjustment of domestic investment policy.
We will continue to strictly control land and credit, curb the excessive growth of investment, and strengthen policy guidance to the investment industry.
China's domestic investment should be closely coordinated with China's industrialization adjustment. China's economy is currently at an extremely important stage of development, and the task of industrialization and modernization is very heavy. The essence of industrialization is to promote structural adjustment. At present, the distribution structure of the three industries is relatively extensive and backward. The overall quality of various industries is low, the technology is backward, the equipment is aging, the problems of industrial convergence, product similarity and single function are very prominent, the product structure is increasingly out of touch with market demand, and the production capacity of general products is surplus, but the high-level processing capacity and new product development capacity are seriously insufficient. China's domestic investment should take supporting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure as its main task, and fully implement the requirements of the 11th Five-Year Plan for investment and industrial transformation.
The second is the adjustment of industrial policies.
The core of China's industrial policy adjustment is to create a fair competitive industrial development environment, establish an industrial protection mechanism in line with gaatt/wto rules, take mastering core technologies as a breakthrough, take industrial rationalization as a policy connotation, and realize the international competitiveness of industries.
In the process of China's industrial structure adjustment and upgrading, the government should play a regulatory role in the following aspects: strive to create a balanced market environment between supply and demand; Deepen system reform and strive to create conditions for the market mechanism to play its role. It mainly includes perfecting the market system, eliminating monopoly and cultivating independent market subjects. To formulate and implement industrial policies scientifically, it is necessary to formulate industrial development plans and concretize industrial policies, that is, scientifically select strategic industries and determine "bottleneck" industries according to certain standards, arrange industrial development sequences on this basis, and then reasonably determine industrial development priorities.
As far as the adjustment and upgrading of China's industrial structure are concerned, high-tech industries such as electronic information industry should be regarded as strategic industries, agriculture, energy and tertiary industries as "bottleneck" industries, and these industries should be regarded as the development focus to accelerate development.
Third, by establishing a more flexible RMB exchange rate system, reforming state-owned commercial banks and establishing a more perfect pension insurance and medical insurance system.
Secondly, a series of macroeconomic policies such as proactive fiscal policy, monetary policy, industrial policy, employment policy and income policy are adopted to promote domestic demand.