Analysis on the Development Trend of Contemporary Capitalism —— Also on the Development Trend of Contemporary Capitalism
In the historical process of social development, the emergence, development and even extinction of capitalism are in line with the scientific laws of social development. The emergence and development of anything is the result of its own contradiction, interaction and mutual movement. Therefore, in the trend of the development and change of contemporary capitalism, we should proceed from objective facts and conditions, use scientific analysis and understanding of physical objects, scientifically and reasonably understand the development trend of contemporary capitalist economy, finally find out the root causes and influencing factors of its development, always adhere to the great ideal of socialist society and unswervingly follow the socialist road.
First, the development of contemporary capitalism
After the Second World War, capitalist countries developed rapidly, and made great achievements in their development under the rapid progress of economy and science and technology.
1. The rapid rise of contemporary science and technology has provided strong technical support for the rapid development of western capitalism and opened up a broad space for its future development. This series of progress and development has promoted global economic ties and made technology widely spread around the world.
2. Due to the progress of production technology, the production efficiency has been gradually improved, and the large concentration of capital has gradually strengthened the influence and control of monopoly capitalist economy on production and life.
3. With the rapid development of capitalist economy and new science and technology advancing by leaps and bounds, many changes have taken place in bourgeois countries, mainly manifested in the emergence and rapid development of transnational capital, increasing unemployment and increasing awareness of capitalist expansion.
On the basis of the development of capitalist economy, the increasingly unbalanced political status and rights of the bourgeoisie are mainly manifested in the increasingly intensified social contradictions. Due to the essence of capitalism and the continuous consolidation and expansion of social system, the gap between the rich and the poor in the world has been greatly aggravated, and the contradiction of capitalism with serious polarization has been deepened and intensified, which has expanded the contradictions of various economic organizations or interest groups in the world. Therefore, the unlimited expansion of capitalist production in the global scope has caused the disorder of the consumer market and has a great impact on the occurrence of the economic crisis. This will inevitably lead to social unrest.
Second, the new situation of capitalist development at this stage.
The development and change of contemporary capitalism is a necessary step to study the development trend of contemporary capitalist economy. For the development of contemporary capitalist economy, we should profoundly grasp the basis and laws of its scientific development, which is of great significance to correctly understand the essence of capitalism and the development trend of capitalism today.
1, rapid development of science and technology
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution, contemporary science and technology have made continuous progress and developed rapidly, which fundamentally promoted the development and progress of productive forces. The labor efficiency of capitalist production is constantly improving, and social wealth is constantly increasing on the basis of the development of productive forces. Economic development presents a prosperous and stable appearance to a certain extent, and under the market conditions, the industrial structure has obviously differentiated. The development of capitalist productive forces promotes the adjustment of capitalist production relations, but the development of capitalist economy also promotes the continuous development and growth of monopoly groups, which intensifies the contradiction between the socialization of means of production and the monopoly capital system of means of production.
2. Contemporary capitalism has made some adjustments to the related issues of the means of production.
Contemporary capitalism has further adjusted the development of capitalism and related issues of means of production according to the current social production conditions and the reality of technological progress. Regard productive forces as social productive forces and socialize the ownership of the means of production, so as to make certain adjustments to the relations of production within the scope of the capitalist system. These measures have played an important role in promoting the further development of capitalism.
3. Economic globalization has expanded the development of capitalist economy in depth and breadth.
With the development of the world economy, the contradiction of capitalism will continue to deepen on a global scale. Due to the socialization of production relations in developed capitalist countries and the further development of capitalist economy, this will promote the flow and allocation of capital on a global scale and have an important impact on the global resource allocation.
Third, the essence of the development trend of contemporary capitalism
Contemporary capitalism is constantly changing and developing, and we should deeply grasp the essence and trend of this change, which is of great significance to understand the development trend of capitalism.
1, the essence of capitalism has not been fundamentally changed.
The basic contradiction of capitalism is the contradiction between socialization of production and private possession of capitalist means of production. In any case, the essence of capitalism will not fundamentally change, and various measures such as the shareholding system implemented in contemporary capitalist society have not fundamentally changed the substantive issues of capitalist private ownership. They only adjusted the capitalist relations of production to a certain extent, and the nature of capitalism has not been fundamentally changed.
2. The position of the working class has not fundamentally changed.
After the Second World War, although the western developed capitalist countries implemented high welfare social policies, fundamentally speaking, these measures were all implemented to safeguard the capitalist system. But objectively speaking, these measures have played a great role in the stability of social order and the prosperity and development of economy in a certain period of time. However, capitalist labor relations have not been fundamentally improved, and the interests of the working class have not been properly safeguarded. Therefore, fundamentally speaking, all kinds of capitalist practices are only to ease class contradictions and social contradictions. It is impossible to really improve the social status of the working class and change the exploitation system of the bourgeoisie.
Fourth, the new trend of capitalist development under contemporary economic conditions.
The development of modern economy and the progress of science and technology have made outstanding contributions to social material progress. And in the process of capitalist economic development, there have been various forms of economic cooperation. Although these forms of economic development, or organizations of economic development, have promoted the easing of social contradictions to a certain extent, people have achieved economic prosperity or temporary protection in various aspects such as employment in a short time. But in the long run, these economic forms are basically capitalist economies, and no matter what measures are taken, they will not be compared with the economic nature of socialism. In the development period of capitalist stage, only through various effective means can various economic organizations or institutions of capitalist nature be transformed from capitalism into social ownership, which is the real victory of socialism. In this process, some developed capitalist countries do have obvious advantages in economic strength and science and technology, and according to these characteristics, they have caused certain pressure on the long-term stable development of socialist society. Therefore, from all angles, we must develop economy, science and technology and strengthen socialist forces.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
In the new period and new stage, we should look at and solve problems with a new perspective. As far as the development trend of contemporary capitalism is concerned, it is necessary to grasp the development and change in the actual process of realistic development and conduct research and analysis in the process of constant change. At this stage, the global economy is increasingly closely linked, the theme of the times is constantly changing, and so is the development and change of capitalist economy. Due to the development of internal contradictions in capitalism, capitalism will eventually come to an end and be replaced by a new, more advanced and more reasonable socialist system.
The proposition of contemporary capitalist development: on the core of the new stage of capitalist development
First of all, Hilferding expounded the new stage of capitalist development with financial capital as the core.
Hilferding's book Financial Capital begins? This book attempts to scientifically explain the economic phenomenon of the latest development of capitalism. In other words, I tried to bring these phenomena into the theoretical system of classical political economy, which started with Petty and reached its highest form by Marx. ? Modern? Capitalism is characterized by a centralized process, which is caused by the formation of cartels and trusts? Give up free competition? On the other hand, the relationship between bank capital and industrial capital is getting closer and closer. We will explain in detail later, because of this relationship, capital takes its own highest and most abstract form of expression, that is, the form of financial capital? It can be seen from this that Hilferding regards monopoly instead of free competition and the formation of financial capital as a new feature of capitalism. By analyzing credit, joint-stock companies and their relationship, he came to this conclusion? Bank capital and industrial capital are increasingly combined? The conclusion is that the emergence of monopoly has accelerated this process and transformed capital into financial capital, which has become the leading factor of the whole capitalism.
Credit makes the relationship between banks and enterprises increasingly close. Hilferding pointed out that with the further development of capitalism, banks have evolved from major payment intermediaries to mainly converting idle money into monetary capital, while credit is tilted from circulation credit to capital credit, and within capital credit, from circulation capital credit to fixed capital credit. As a result, its relationship with enterprises is getting closer and closer. When the bank is just a credit intermediary, it only cares about the temporary situation and payment ability of the enterprise, but when the bank turns to provide production capital for industrial capitalists, what is the relationship between the two? From a temporary interest to a long-term interest; The greater the credit, especially the greater the proportion of fixed capital, the greater and more lasting the interest. ? Enterprises rely more and more on banks, and banks have to comply with the requirements of enterprises for their own interests.
As one of the important levers to generate financial capital, the stock system occupies an important position in the book. Hilferding inherited, developed and put forward Marx's concept of virtual capital? Risk profit? The concept of "shareholding system" has made great contributions to the shareholding system theory. He pointed out that when a stock is issued, it is usually marked with a certain face value, that is, the face value of the stock, and the total face value generally indicates the actual capital invested in the production activities of the joint-stock company. However, when a stock is sold in the market, its price always fluctuates around the par value, and it is often higher than the par value. Hilferding thinks that the part of the stock price that is higher than the par value is not? Fraud? , but a kind of? Unique economic category? , that is, entrepreneurial profit. Entrepreneurial profit is the product of two capitalization of stocks, that is, the result of capitalization of stocks through borrowing after industrial capitalization. The stock was originally worthless, but because it is a voucher to get dividends, it has become virtual capital and has value. Assuming that the exchange does not exist, then the stock only represents and equals the actual invested enterprise capital, which is a kind of virtual industrial capital, and the dividend brought is equivalent to the average profit. However, due to the existence of the exchange, the stock has further become a virtual loan capital that can be recovered through sale.
As loan capital, stock must move according to the law of average interest rate, that is, it becomes the capital that brings interest. Therefore, when moving according to the law of average profit rate, the main income part of dividend is further capitalized into the share price part exceeding the face value of the stock according to the interest rate, that is, the difference formed by transforming the capital that brings profit into the capital that brings interest. Because this difference is usually occupied by entrepreneurs of joint-stock companies when issuing shares, it is expressed as the profit of entrepreneurial activities, so it is called entrepreneur profit. But in fact, entrepreneur's profit is not a concrete form of surplus value, neither profit nor interest, but a special kind of virtual capital, such as the capitalized income of business owners.
Hilferding further pointed out that the lure of huge entrepreneurial profits made banks have a strong impulse to further penetrate and control industries. Bank capital penetrated into industrial enterprises more actively, and combined capital with industrial capital in the form of holding enterprise stocks. The strong strength generated by its continuous accumulation and concentration made it and industry occupy a dominant position in the competition for entrepreneurial profits, often not only mastering the right to issue stocks, but also monopolizing the entrepreneurial activities of new joint-stock companies. So you can say that? Financial capital is developed with the development of joint-stock companies. ?
Third, Hilferding believes that the emergence of monopoly has accelerated the integration process of bank capital and industrial capital. This is manifested in the following aspects: the development of capitalist industry has caused the concentration of banks, and cartelization itself has also contributed to the union of banks; Cartelism has also established a closer relationship between banks and industries. Therefore, due to cartelization, the relationship between banks and industries has become closer, and the control of capital invested in industries has increasingly fallen into the hands of banks. Through the analysis of the above problems, he discussed the formation of financial capital:? Industry's dependence on banks is the result of property rights relations. More and more industrial capital does not belong to entrepreneurs who use it. They can only gain control of capital through banks representing their opposite owners. On the other hand, banks must invest more and more capital in this industry. Therefore, banks are increasingly becoming industrial capitalists. I call the bank capital that is actually transformed into industrial capital, that is, the capital in monetary form, financial capital. ? This provision provided a starting point for Lenin to formulate a scientific category of financial capital. However, Hilferding did not regard monopoly as the most basic feature in the new stage of capitalism, nor did he put monopoly in the first place in the elaboration and definition of financial capital.
Contemporary Capitalism Development Topic: On the Development Process of Capitalism
Abstract: Capitalism, as an economic and social system, has gone through five centuries since it came into being in the 6th century. Especially after World War II, although some countries in the world broke away from the capitalist world system, the developed capitalist countries, as the central part of the capitalist world, not only survived, but also achieved unprecedented development, showing a high level of scientific, technological, economic and social development, and even occupying a leading position in global development. However, due to the inherent contradiction and essence of capitalism, capitalism is an unreasonable social system after all. While affirming its positive historical role, we should also recognize the objective reality that its internal contradictions and disadvantages always exist.
Keywords: capitalism; Contradictions; Socialism; production relations
First,? Two necessities? A deep understanding of ...
Capitalism is a constantly developing and changing social form, so the understanding of capitalism should be deepened. Marx and Engels pointed out that capitalism is a system of wage labor exploitation based on private ownership, and one exploitation system replaces another. The basic contradiction in capitalist society is the contradiction between socialization of production and capitalist private possession of means of production, which has led to the increasingly serious capitalist economic crisis.
The contradiction between the socialization of production and the capitalist private possession of the means of production makes the trend of unlimited expansion of capitalist production and the increasing poverty of working people grow at the same time. Engels pointed out in On Anti-social Forest:? The improvement of machines has led to a surplus of human labor. If the adoption and increase of machines mean that millions of manual workers are squeezed out by a few machine workers, then the improvement of machines means that more and more machine workers themselves are squeezed out. In the final analysis, it means that a group of disposable hired workers exceeds the average needs of capital in business and is a real industrial reserve army. ? [1] With the development of capital accumulation, the scale of private ownership is getting bigger and bigger, the degree of socialization is getting higher and higher, and their contradictions will deepen. This shows that capitalist relations of production have seriously hindered the development of productive forces and will inevitably be replaced by new relations of production. Marx clearly pointed out in Das Kapital: The centralization of the means of production and the socialization of labor have reached the point where they are incompatible with their capitalist shell. This shell is about to explode. The death knell of capitalism is about to ring. The deprived will be deprived. ? [2] Deng Xiaoping also pointed out in the southern conversation:? The essence of socialism is to liberate and develop productive forces, eliminate exploitation and polarization, and finally achieve common prosperity. ? [3] In a long historical period, socialism will be in a state of quantitative accumulation or partial qualitative change, which shows that the demise of capitalism related to it is also an evolutionary process. Therefore, from the perspective of social indicators such as the development level of productive forces, socialism can not be compared with today's capitalist countries to a large extent, and it is a long-term process for socialism to replace capitalism.
Second, the essential feature of capitalism-the exploitation system based on private ownership
Marx pointed out that workers and means of production are always factors of production, regardless of the social production form. In capitalist society, the combination of the two is that a few capitalists who have the material conditions to organize large-scale production without relying on their own labor to meet the production, find those proletarians who have lost all the means of production and nothing from the market in the form of equivalent exchange, and buy their labor as a commodity and put it into production. Therefore, capitalism is an employment system based on the capitalist's private possession of the means of production and the basis of capitalist exploitation.
Under the system of wage labor based on private ownership, the relationship between capital and wage labor is a relationship of exploitation and exploitation, but in real life, it is covered by the equivalent exchange relationship between capital and wage labor. The equivalent exchange between capitalists and workers is just a form, and the content and result covered by this form are unequal exchanges. Workers do not belong to one capitalist, but to the whole capitalist class. Marx hit the nail on the head: Roman slaves were chained, while hired workers were tied to their masters by invisible threads. ? [4]
Third, correctly understand the progressive role of capitalism in history.
Although capitalism has its inherent disadvantages, it has a progressive role in historical development. In 1844' s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, Marx particularly emphasized that the victory of industrial capitalists over feudal landlords and the victory of industry over agriculture was a historical progress. The transition from feudal land ownership to capitalist ownership is an irresistible and inevitable historical process, and any action to stop the development of capitalism is futile.
Capitalism plays an irreplaceable role in the civilization and progress of human society. First, the capitalist mode of production has adapted to the nature of productive forces and promoted their development. ? In the past century, people expected such productivity in social labor. ? [5] Second, the bourgeoisie destroyed all feudal patriarchal and idyllic relationships, ruthlessly cut off all kinds of feudal fetters that bound people and natural elders, eliminated all fixed ancient relationships and traditional ideas and opinions that were compatible with them, and established a new concept with "taking" as an example. Freedom, equality and fraternity? The new concept with humanism as the core, the light of science and culture broke through the dark ages of medieval religious rule. Third, the bourgeoisie has created and opened up the international market, forcing the production and consumption of all countries to go global. Marx and Engels profoundly exposed, criticized and condemned the primitive accumulation of capitalism and the war of aggression to open up the world commodity sales market and obtain the raw material base. But at the same time, dialectically, this kind of aggression objectively brought western progressive civilization to the invaded country, although it was extremely painful and humiliating to the invaded country and people. Fourth, the bourgeoisie is increasingly destroying the means of production. The dispersion of property and population leads to economic concentration, which in turn leads to political concentration. It destroyed the barriers of feudal separatism, and combined independent regions with almost only alliances, different interests, different laws, different governments and different tariffs into a nation with unified government, unified laws, unified national class interests and unified tariffs, thus realizing the unity of the nation and the country.
Fourth, socialism should reasonably inherit and develop the achievements of capitalist civilization.
Judging from the logical process of historical development, human society is a development process from low to high. Various social forms have played their historical roles in accordance with the objective requirements of social development and created civilized achievements conducive to social progress. These achievements are bound to be inherited and used for reference by the next social form and become the basic factors of social progress and development. After the socialist revolution eliminated capitalist private ownership and wage labor system, we should adopt various ways to inherit and utilize the materialized productive forces left over from capitalist society, and fully absorb and learn from the modern management experience and advanced science and technology of capitalist production and operation. This reflects the general law of production development and economic prosperity, is the common wealth of all mankind, and cannot be completely eliminated. Among them, the bourgeois thinker bacon put forward? Knowledge is power? Slogan, the bourgeoisie used science to oppose feudal superstition, which caused the renewal of human scientific concept for the first time, and human beings had a leap-forward understanding of the objective world. The bourgeois revolution in science also caused the technological revolution. In addition, capitalism established a form of democracy and state in the struggle against feudalism. Although this form of democratic country has obvious class nature and serves the bourgeoisie, it is indeed much better than the feudal system. After the proletariat gains political power, it should retain the mature form of bourgeois political rule.
Although the capitalist countries at that time, especially the western developed countries, have obviously accelerated the development of productive forces in the last hundred years. It can be seen that there is still a lot of room for development within the capitalist society of productive forces, and the role of capitalism in promoting productive forces has not been completely exhausted, so we think that the view that capitalism will soon perish is not in line with the law of social development. However, as Marx and Engels thought, capitalism is a historical and temporary social form. It will inevitably be replaced by a more advanced social form. Therefore, with the development of productive forces, the relations of production will change too fast and too slowly, just as quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and this change will eventually reach its limit. The old social form will perish, and a new social form will emerge. Capitalism is constantly adjusting the relations of production with the development of productive forces, that is, contemporary capitalism is gradually moving towards the advanced stage of social formation and being replaced by a more advanced and reasonable socialist system. (Author: School of Management, Hunan Normal University)
References:
[1] Marx and Engels. Selected works of Marx and Engels. The volume is 3[ meters]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1995: 748.
[2] Marx and Engels. Selected works of Marx and Engels. Volume 2 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1995: 269.
[3] Deng Xiaoping. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping. The volume is 3[ meters]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1993: 382.
[4] Marx and Engels. Selected works of Marx and Engels. Volume 2 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1995: 232.
[5] Marx and Engels. Selected works of Marx and Engels. Volume 1 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1995: 277.
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