Writing format, process and writing skills of summative papers

Broadly speaking, all works that discuss the contents of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks, popular science books and so on. However, only the original work and its introduction are original, major and primary, involving inventions and other intellectual property rights. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only about the writing of the paper. When discussing thesis writing, I'm not going to talk about various rules and regulations about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to appear in paper writing, which is the standardization of paper writing ethics and writing content.

Thesis writing requirements

The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.

(1) Thesis-Topic A scientific paper has a topic and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.

(2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.

(3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.

(4) Paper-Materials and Methods Experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, experimental design, grouping and statistical methods. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.

(5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.

The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.

(VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".

(7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".

(8) Paper-Reference: This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the paper is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research topic of the paper, which is easy to find, and also to respect the previous work and themselves. ......

How to write the abstract, introduction, literature review and conclusion of the paper?

This is uncertain.

It depends on the specific situation.

How to write a summary paper structure?

Language items are an important criterion for composition grading. The language of argumentative writing should be accurate, vivid and vivid. When some students write argumentative essays, they often pose as telling the truth. In order to reason thoroughly, they move out the terms of philosophical principles and dialectics, but the effect is counterproductive.

There are 1000 versions of a truth. Try to choose a vivid version. In order to show vivid effect, vivid and even gorgeous language is essential in addition to using analogy, analogy and examples. Pay attention to using hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable. Although the power of modifying language cannot be achieved overnight, it will naturally improve as long as it is accumulated for a long time.

How to summarize the literature?

Conclusion, that is, summing up the final conclusion. Here, the author briefly summarizes the full text, points out the existing problems and future development trends in the special research involved in this review, or puts forward his own opinions or comments. The number of words is generally within 300 ~ 500 words.

How to write the abstract, introduction, literature review and conclusion of the paper?

(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret the original meaning when quoting indirectly.

(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.

The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?

How to write the abstract of the paper?

Broadly speaking, all works that discuss scientific and technological contents are called scientific works, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks, popular science books and so on. However, only the original work and its introduction are original, major and primary, involving inventions and other intellectual property rights. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only about the writing of the paper. When discussing thesis writing, I'm not going to talk about various rules and regulations about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to appear in paper writing, which is the standardization of paper writing ethics and writing content. First of all, the requirements of Sichuan writing are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper. (1) Thesis-Topic A scientific paper has a topic and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports. (2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names. (3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words. (4) Paper-Materials and Methods Experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, experimental design, grouping and statistical methods. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules. (5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want. The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will. (VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination". (7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary". All careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. However, this phenomenon still appears from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. ......

The format and number of words of the abstract of the paper

Characteristics of literature review

1. Generally, the number of words is controlled at about 4000-6000 words, about 8- 15 pages;

2. Give priority to comments without listing documents;

3. The basic format usually includes title, author, abstract, key words, preface, text, conclusion and references.

4. Chinese references 15-20, English references about 20, the literature should be new, 50%-80% of the literature should be within 3 years.

5. If the literature review is to prepare for the opening report, the whole article suggests a funnel-shaped structure, that is, "how is the research progress, what are the problems, and how to find the direction".

Secondly, analyze common sentence patterns according to the structural order of literature review.

1 topic

1. 1 If the article is a result paper,

Title format a) Influence on (observation project) in the progress of (research object)

B) (observation object) makes progress in (research object)

C) there is no fixed format.

1.2 If the article is a method paper,

Title format d) progressive method

2 Abstract common sentence patterns

The key problems in the research are summarized. ...

The main progress of … and its … research is pointed out.

The types, influencing factors, process mechanism and description method of. ...

On this basis, the research prospect of the law of … is prospected.

Three key words

leave out

4 Preface

4. 1 Contents:

The history, present situation and development of the problem, related concepts and definitions,

The purpose, motivation, application value and practical significance of the topic selection.

4.2 Common sentence patterns

… is an important research content of ….

In the past, research mainly focused on …

(depth) ...

(in breadth) …

(controversial issue) ...

In view of the importance of the work of … to the future research of … and the practical application of ….

The author systematically analyzes and summarizes ...

5 text

5. 1 Summary materials are widely available, so the paragraph structure format is very important, as shown in the following table.

First sentence, second sentence, third sentence, fourth sentence, fifth sentence, sixth sentence

Topic sentence statement theory 1 research support 1 statement theory 2 research support 2 omitted.

Topic sentence research support 1 research support 2 research support 3 has some exceptions.

The research on the topic sentence of meaning supports the interpretation theory of 1, and the topic sentence of 1 is abbreviated.

5.2 Vertical and horizontal combination writing

Historical background is written vertically, which describes the historical evolution, present situation and trend prediction around a topic in chronological order or the development level of the topic itself;

Write the current situation horizontally, describe and compare all aspects of a specific topic at home and abroad, such as various viewpoints, various viewpoints, various methods and their respective achievements. Through horizontal comparison, we can not only distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of various viewpoints, opinions, methods and achievements, but also see the international level, domestic level and our own level, so as to find the gap.

5.3 It is not necessary to list all relevant studies, but 2-5 representative studies should be given for each topic.

5.3 Common sentences

It is of great significance to understand its causes and influencing factors.

The characteristics of … can be described by ….

Because … is influenced by many factors such as …, researchers describe the influence of various factors on … through ….

There are many factors that affect …. Let's discuss them below.

... depends not only on ... but also on ...

Have something to do with ...

… is one of the important influencing factors of ….

The influence of ... in ... is mainly manifested in ...

studies have shown ...

There are some reasons. ...

6 conclusion

Generally speaking, this is a forward-looking structure. If it is a literature review before the opening report, it is necessary to make clear what you want to do. ...

How to write the conclusion of the literature review of SWOT analysis of ecotourism

(A) the name of the paper

The name of the paper is the name of the subject.

First, the name should be accurate and standardized. Accuracy means that the title of the paper should clearly explain what the problem is and what the research object is. The name of the paper must be consistent with the content of the study, neither too big nor too small, and you should accurately summarize your research objects and problems.

Second, the name should be concise, not too long. Whether it is a paper or a topic, the name should not be too long. Try not to use words if you can, generally no more than 20 words.

(2) The purpose and significance of the research, that is, why we should study and study its value. This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role this research has, and then writing the theoretical and academic value of the paper. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly. The main contents include: (1) the relevant background of the study (the proposal of the subject): that is, what is the basis and inspiration of this study. ⑵ By analyzing the local (school) education and teaching practice, point out why we should study this topic, the value of the research and the problems to be solved.