First of all, Deng Xiaoping's educational theory has pointed out the correct direction for educational technology reform, and reform and opening up have created good opportunities for the development of educational technology.
1. Developing educational technology is an important part of Deng Xiaoping's educational thought.
1In April, 978, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out in his speech at the National Education Work Conference: "It is an important way to develop education more quickly and economically to formulate measures to speed up the development of modern means such as television and radio, and we must pay full attention to it." He demanded that "education should face modernization, the world and the future" and instructed that "computers should start with dolls". For 20 years, these instructions have been guiding the development of educational technology in China.
If you fall behind, you must make up your mind to catch up and avoid empty talk.
2. The development of educational technology is the result of carrying out the line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and "less empty talk and more practical work"
Under the advocacy of Comrade Xiaoping, the Party and the government actively supported the development of educational technology, and several government leaders creatively promoted this work under the guidance of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts.
Due to the great differences in China's geographical environment, the economic development in different regions is unbalanced. The government has always stressed that the development of modern educational technology should be based on the specific reality of different regions and schools, and adhere to the principle of classified guidance. During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the Standard of Audio-visual Educational Equipment for Middle Schools and Primary and Secondary Schools was put forward, which guided and promoted the construction of modern educational technology and equipment in schools.
Judging from the current situation, the application of modern educational technology in primary and secondary schools in China is still mainly in the form of multimedia optimization and combination teaching of audio-visual media technology; The form of distance education based on electronic communication and computer network has been applied in some schools and is still in the experimental stage. The application of modern educational technology in primary and secondary schools has optimized the educational process, improved the quality and efficiency of education, reduced the burden on students, and promoted the reform of primary and secondary schools from "exam-oriented education" to quality education. China's colleges and universities have developed from audio-visual education technology to multimedia and network, and entered the development stage of modern educational technology. With the development of science and technology and economy, Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces, cities and regions put forward the idea of "building a strong province of modern education and starting or building a modern education project". According to the statistics of 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government (excluding Guizhou Province) at the end of 1995, the total investment in educational technology in China during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period was11500 million yuan, of which 80% was invested in the fiscal budget, 20% was invested out of the budget, and the average annual investment was 2.3 billion yuan. Due to the national and local attention to the development of educational technology, the equipment and facilities used in modern education in China have developed by leaps and bounds in the past 20 years, which has laid a good material foundation for educational modernization and further promoted the development of modern educational technology in China.
2. The construction of audio-visual electronic teaching materials continuously meets the demand.
As an important guarantee for the development of modern educational technology, the construction of audio-visual electronic teaching materials has been paid attention to by educational administrative departments at all levels for many years. In the past, the construction of teaching materials in China was single, and the written teaching materials basically "unified the world". With the rapid development of educational technology, the form of teaching materials has changed greatly. At present, audio-visual electronic teaching materials such as slide show, projection, recording, video recording, video disc and computer software have become the important contents of teaching material construction in China. The construction of audio-visual electronic textbooks in primary and secondary schools in China has gone through several stages, from projection and slide show (early 1980s) to audio and video recording (late 1980s and early 1990s), and now it is mainly a multimedia combined teaching form. Due to China's national conditions and economic development level, multimedia teaching with projection, slide show, recording, broadcasting, television, video and computer as the main means is not only the main media form of school education now, but also in the future. Audio-visual electronic textbooks used in primary and secondary schools are mainly planned and organized by the administrative department of education. The Central Audio-visual Education Center and local audio-visual education centers at all levels have compiled a large number of audio-visual electronic teaching materials such as projection, slide show, audio recording and video recording for primary and secondary schools. With the development and gradual standardization of the educational software market, a number of educational software companies have emerged to produce audio-visual electronic textbooks that meet the needs of schools. Some qualified schools and teachers have also developed and produced audio-visual electronic teaching materials suitable for teaching needs as a supplement to teaching. By the end of 1995, there were 830 million slides and slides of audio-visual electronic teaching materials, audio-visual teaching materials1716,000 hours, video teaching materials1708,000 hours, 280,000 sets of computer teaching software and 39,000 CDs. The interactivity of new media is beneficial to stimulate students' interest in learning and the role of cognitive subject, to acquire and maintain knowledge, and to organize and manage teaching information most effectively, which has attracted the general attention of more educators, and more teachers have applied and participated in the development of new educational and teaching software.
Great changes have taken place in the construction of teaching materials in China's radio and TV universities, from borrowing text teaching materials from ordinary universities to supporting the recording of audio-visual teaching materials for "classroom movement" to self-compiling text and audio-visual electronic teaching materials suitable for distance education. RTVU has 65,438+0,679,000 videotapes and 65,438+0,987,000 audiotapes. Satellite TV education in China has opened three satellite TV channels: comprehensive education, TV university education and primary and secondary education. In Beijing, a comprehensive education TV program is also broadcast on Channel 35, with a daily broadcast volume of 5. 1 hour. Some schools have expanded educational resources by receiving selective broadcasting, which has alleviated the contradiction between supply and demand of software to some extent and gradually met the needs of education and teaching.
3. The achievements of modern educational technology and scientific research have strongly promoted the reform of education and teaching.
With the extensive development of modern educational technology in China's education at all levels, scientific research, as an important aspect of promoting the development of the cause, has attracted the attention of leaders at all levels and professionals engaged in modern educational technology. The scientific research of modern educational technology in schools has changed from early media contrast research and subject research to holistic and comprehensive experimental research. Audio-visual education libraries at all levels give full play to their own advantages, cultivate and bring up a research team engaged in modern educational technology in practice, and carry out a number of topics with important theoretical and practical value for the development of modern educational technology. For example, research on modern educational technology environment, construction of audio-visual electronic teaching materials for primary and secondary schools, application of information technology in primary and secondary education in China, implementation of modern educational engineering strategy in basic education in China, equipment allocation standards for audio-visual education in primary and secondary schools and vocational and technical schools, current situation of modern educational technology construction in primary and secondary schools and experimental research on its resource sharing, experimental research on "four combinations" of primary school Chinese, experimental research on audio-visual education promoting teaching optimization in primary and secondary schools, and experimental research on audio-visual education promoting "exam-oriented education" in primary and secondary schools-
Experts and scholars of educational technology in Chinese universities have played an important role in the research, especially in the research of educational technology theory, methods, distance education, computer multimedia teaching, teaching design and resource enjoyment, which has played a leading and promoting role in the development of educational technology. The research on distance education in China, especially the research on the openness of distance education and the modernization of teaching, is closely combined with theory and practice, which promotes the reform and development of national radio and television education. Since the Eighth Five-Year Plan, in order to promote the combination of agriculture, science and education, the implementation of the plan of starting a prairie fire and the development of local economy, the State Education Commission has organized and carried out the research on the comprehensive experimental counties of modern educational technology. There are a number of comprehensive experimental counties in China, which have gained valuable experimental research experience and achievements in applying modern educational technology and promoting local economic development, enriching and developing the application fields of modern educational technology.
4. Established a discipline system and set up a team.
In the process of educational technology development, China has established a relatively complete educational technology professional system, and formed a team of educational technology professionals with solid professional technical knowledge and rich practical experience. As a new interdisciplinary subject, educational technology has been offered in most normal universities in China. Some non-normal colleges have also set up educational technology majors. The subject of educational technology has formed the comprehensive talent training ability of junior college, undergraduate, master and doctor. The discipline construction of educational technology has played an important role in the development of educational technology in China and is full of vitality.
In the development of educational technology in China, a team of professionals with ideals and expertise has gradually formed. These talents are not only selected from comrades and teachers engaged in educational technology-related professional work, but also trained and appointed, and most of them are graduates of educational technology. 1995 survey shows that there are 74,849 educational technology institutions in China, with 200,000 full-time personnel engaged in educational technology work and hundreds of thousands of part-time teachers engaged in educational technology work, most of whom have senior professional titles. In the development of educational technology, this educational technology team with strong professional technical knowledge and rich practical experience will continue to play an important role in practice and research.
5. Explore ways to comprehensively improve the quality of students and staff.
Schools of all levels and types make full use of advanced media and actively carry out education in patriotism, collectivism and socialism. Teachers and educational technicians make full use of videos, movies and other media to choose educational programs for students to play, so that children can receive education of patriotism, love for the collective and love for socialism in vivid pictures and touching plots. Some primary and secondary schools have also established satellite TV receiving stations and campus cable TV networks, and collected many excellent educational TV programs, educational films, VCD discs and videos for students to play regularly, which has played a very good publicity role. In order to strengthen the construction of ideological and political courses, colleges and universities have compiled a large number of vivid audio-visual teaching materials, instilled Marxism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory in students, and carried out China-style national education. Because of changing the traditional single preaching method, multimedia teaching is very popular among students. Some colleges and universities make full use of campus "cable TV stations" to compile and distribute campus news and special programs that reflect the life of teachers and students in the school every week, so that everyone can understand the school work, praise the advanced, point out the existing problems, and make teachers and students receive education in a subtle way. Very popular with teachers and students.
While broadcasting teaching programs, China Education TV and provincial education TV stations actively provide educational news, educational information and comprehensive education programs, publicize the Party's educational principles and policies, introduce the work of the education front, publicize the achievements of outstanding teachers and famous experts, and make the society have more understanding and understanding of education. The exhibition and broadcast of 100 patriotic films organized by China Education Television Station was well received by the society.
The development of audio-visual education has contributed to the construction of two civilizations in the vast rural areas and has become an integral part of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Many county audio-visual education departments take supporting agriculture as their responsibility, and send video programs such as agricultural technology knowledge, commodity economy knowledge, medical and health knowledge, which are urgently needed by local farmers, to publicize the way to get rich and a healthy and civilized lifestyle, which is well received by farmers and directly promotes rural economic and social development. In some places, videos such as "fish farming in rice fields", "bamboo planting" and "flue-cured tobacco technology" have been repeatedly played for rural farmers, so that farmers can quickly master the technology of getting rich. Audio-visual education departments in other counties combined literacy with the promotion of one or two skills to get rich, and used audio-visual education to train farmers, which also received good results. 199 1 year, 3 1 counties, such as Jinghai county in Tianjin, were commended by the former State Education Commission as advanced counties in China, with outstanding achievements in audio-visual education in schools, the construction of educational television receiving and relaying stations, and the promotion of practical technologies in rural areas.
Give full play to the advantages of modern teaching methods and serve vocational education and adult education. After more than ten years of development, audio-visual education has been widely used in vocational education and adult education. Vocational colleges, vocational high schools and large-scale factories and mines training centers all carry out educational technology work to varying degrees. The electric power system and the People's Bank of China system directly provide visual teaching materials for the continuing education of grass-roots post training by using professional training videos, which are widely welcomed by the society.
Third, seriously sum up the basic experience of 20 years and actively plan the development blueprint of 2 1 century.
In the 20 years since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, China's educational technology has gone through a glorious course, laying a solid foundation for the further development of educational technology. Practice has proved that Deng Xiaoping's educational theory, especially the idea that "education should face modernization, the world and the future" and accelerate the modernization of educational means are the guiding principles for China's educational technology reform and development, and must be unswervingly implemented.
The restart and rapid development of educational technology stems from the realistic needs of the national conditions after the reform and opening up, and from the urgent demand for talents for economic revitalization, scientific and technological development and social progress. The development of educational technology should consciously obey and serve the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" and sustainable development, adapt and meet the needs of the construction of socialist two civilizations, and actively serve more and better talents.
The field of educational technology practice covers a wide range. Only under the unified leadership of the party and the state and with the strong support and cooperation of the central departments, local governments at all levels, schools at all levels and all sectors of society can we achieve sustained and stable development. The development of educational technology depends not only on the policy support and necessary investment of the state; We must also persist in reform and opening up, introduce market mechanisms, and obtain social support; We must also carry forward the professionalism of hard work.
Educational technology is a new science. We should make full use of modern scientific and technological achievements, serve education with advanced educational concepts, models and means, and serve the overall reform of education and teaching. In the process of informatization, we should pay attention to the development of networking and multimedia technology, and at the same time pay attention to the comprehensive application of various modern teaching methods, so as not to neglect one thing. Only by paying attention to the proper combination of "conventional media means" and "advanced media means" can we achieve the greatest teaching benefit.
Educational technology is an integral part of education and teaching, and it is also an indispensable element in the teaching process. Educational technology should go deep into disciplines, teaching and classroom. To arouse teachers' enthusiasm in applying educational technology, we should always take teaching as the center and students as the main body to carry out our work effectively, and always take improving the quality and efficiency of education as the primary task.
With the progress of modern science and technology and the development of educational technology disciplines and undertakings, we should attach great importance to the training of educational technicians and teachers, strive to build a high-quality educational technology team, and promote and support the development of educational technology through their conceptual changes and practical efforts.
The construction of electronic media teaching materials has always been the focus and difficulty in the development of educational technology, which must be highly valued. It is necessary to make overall plans and take practical and effective measures to do a good job in this work for a long time. Software and hardware construction must develop in harmony, and policies and funds should be tilted towards software, so that software construction can further alleviate the still outstanding contradiction between supply and demand in quantity and quality, and gradually meet the urgent needs of our country at present.
In recent 20 years, China's educational technology has made great achievements, but compared with developed countries, it still lags behind in theoretical research and practical application. In the process of development, we should accurately grasp the development trend of educational technology in the world, improve the scientificity and accuracy of decision-making, further strengthen macro-management, and further plan the development of educational technology from a strategic perspective; Make full use of existing technical equipment and information resources to better serve the education and teaching reform and socialist modernization.
The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established Deng Xiaoping Theory's guiding position, put forward the strategic goal of pushing Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction into the 2 1 century in an all-round way, and put forward higher requirements for the education front. In order to bring the vibrant education in Socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 2 1 century, we must determine the development strategy of China's educational technology on the basis of a deep understanding of the development trend of modern educational technology.
With the rapid development of modern information and communication technology, many new technologies will be applied to education in the coming 2 1 century. Judging from the present situation of developed countries abroad, digital audio-visual technology, broadcasting satellite communication technology and virtual reality simulation technology have been applied to education and teaching. The content and form of educational technology have also undergone profound changes. Its development trend can be summarized as follows: audio-visual technology is applied to classroom teaching; Satellite broadcasting technology is applied to distance education; Multimedia computer technology is applied to personalized interactive learning; Application of interactive network technology in communication teaching: application of virtual reality technology in simulation teaching. At the same time, the current teaching media technology has also made great progress, and its main features are multimedia information display, network information transmission and intelligent teaching process. From the application field of educational technology, foreign educational technology has developed deeply in three aspects: school education, training and operation technology. These development trends and characteristics will have a far-reaching impact on the development of educational technology in China. In order to keep up with the development trend of the world, combined with the actual situation in China, we think that the development strategy of educational technology in China at the turn of the century should be: consolidating and developing classroom multimedia combination teaching based on audio-visual education technology; Gradually implement modern educational technology and modern distance education based on electronic information technology in schools.
First of all, we should develop school educational technology, promote the development of quality education and realize the modernization of teaching.
Facing the coming 2 1 century, the key to the development of school educational technology in China lies in the change of ideas and the consequent change of teaching environment. Educational technology should attach importance to the construction of modern teaching environment and the research of educational technology in promoting the reform of teaching mode and teaching method.
In the field of basic education, it is necessary to further consolidate and develop classroom multimedia combination teaching based on audio-visual technology, and strengthen classified guidance according to different regions, so as to significantly improve the educational technology level of most schools at different levels, promote the consolidation and improvement of the Ninth Five-Year Plan and promote the development of quality education. By the end of this century, the total number of schools in urban and county primary and secondary schools in China that have reached the first-class audio-visual education equipment standard promulgated by the former State Education Commission will increase by 8%, and qualified township middle schools, central schools and minority boarding schools will reach the second-class audio-visual education equipment standard. Conventional technical media has been widely promoted and applied; The existing satellite resources are fully utilized in teaching activities, and the teaching quality is further improved; Conditional schools actively carry out computer-aided teaching research and experiments, and a few schools and developed areas have established campus networks and connected with the society. Through the work of the National Primary and Secondary Schools 1000 Modern Educational Technology Experimental School, we will promote and strengthen the experimental research of educational technology, summarize the typical experiences of developing educational technology in different regions and schools, and guide and promote the all-round development of educational technology in schools. Make overall planning, strengthen examination and approval, and guide the development of teaching material production enterprises, so that the integrated design of teaching materials can initially meet the multi-level and multi-specification teaching needs.
In the field of higher education, different levels of teaching environment should be constructed according to different conditions of colleges and universities, and the reform of educational content, teaching system and teaching methods should be based on the platform of educational technology. By 20 10, the educational technology level of several universities in China will be close to that of developed countries in the world. Schools should build multimedia classrooms according to the actual situation, so that they can basically meet the teaching needs in quantity; Build a campus network to modernize the collection, storage, retrieval and call of teaching information, graphic materials and management information, and connect with the "Education and Research Network" to obtain domestic and foreign information resources in time. Based on the implementation of the project "Reform of teaching content and curriculum system for 2 1 century", the teaching materials are designed integrally. Conscientiously implement the "Opinions on Strengthening Educational Technology Work in Colleges and Universities", and initially complete the organic merger of educational technology institutions in colleges and universities, so that the educational technology strength of schools can be comprehensively utilized, and the scope of disciplines and teachers using educational technology can be significantly expanded. Some qualified colleges and universities build distance education facilities and participate in distance education with their own dominant disciplines, which gradually expands the scale of running schools and further improves the efficiency of running schools.
In the field of modern distance education, facing the situation that science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds and knowledge economy is beginning to take shape at the turn of the century, we should take modern distance education as an important infrastructure for implementing the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" and facing the development of 2 1 century, and gradually implement modern distance education based on electronic information technology in qualified areas and schools.
Modern distance education based on electronic information technology will further bring about profound changes in the field of education and promote the modernization of education. It will further break through the limitation of traditional education time and space, expand educational resources and promote the popularization and lifelong education. At the same time, it will promote the development of China's information industry, further expand the demand for information products and services, promote the development and application of excellent software, promote the development of a number of high-tech industries and the transformation of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities, become a new growth point of national information industry and the whole economic development, and promote the formation and development of knowledge economy.
The development of modern distance education in China will rely on high technology, continuously expand the scale and optimize the structure, and basically form a multi-specification, multi-level, multi-form and multi-functional modern distance education system with China characteristics by 20 10. At this stage, we should make full use of the established public and professional information transmission networks in countries and regions to form a diversified modern distance education professional transmission network combining satellite video transmission system and computer network. Give full play to the advantages of powerful research universities and carry out post-university continuing education. Through distance education in various colleges and universities, we will expand the scale of higher education, gradually improve the educational level and scientific and cultural quality of citizens, and actively explore the popularization of higher education in economically developed areas. Develop continuing education in a variety of industries and occupations, provide on-the-job professionals with a variety of opportunities for further study, and meet the multi-level and diversified lifelong learning needs of all learners. Pilot distance education in primary and secondary schools will be carried out in a few qualified areas and primary and secondary schools to expand educational resources. Improve the level of teachers; Build a learning resource center, carry out family education, provide conditions for students to study actively, and promote quality education. Relying on the central city, a modern distance education regional network with provinces (municipalities directly under the central government) as the mainstay and overall management will be gradually formed. Modern educational technology should be used to solve the educational problems in the old, young, marginal and poor areas, promote the Ninth Five-Year Plan and literacy, and promote local economic development.
Around 20 10, modern distance education in China will be brought into the track of standardization and legalization, and the transmission network of modern distance education will continue to expand. On the basis of carrying out modern distance education experiments in more regions and schools, modern distance education will be popularized nationwide.
Under the care of the Party and the country, and under the direct leadership of the Ministry of Education, China's educational technology undertakings are creating a new situation of vigorous development and ushering in the dawn of the new century. Grasp the pulse of the times, pay attention to the frontier trends and development trends of educational technology in the century, and vigorously carry out basic research and practical application of modern educational technology in combination with China's reality, so as to serve the overall reform of society, economy and education and make due contributions to China's great goal of becoming a modern power at an early date.
Authors: Liu Yongqian, Chen Qinggui and Zhang Jingtao.
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