Due to the unique local climate characteristics and superior land resources in Inner Mongolia,
This is very important for the production of edible sunflower seeds.
Advantageously, insect pollination is often an important reason for the low yield of sunflower. In order to improve the seed setting rate of sunflower
Using artificial pollination technology, through understanding flowering habits, pollination conditions, pollination tool making, pollen collection,
Reasonable pollination methods and strict pollinator training can achieve the purpose of increasing production by artificial pollination.
Key words:
Edible sunflower
Production of hybrid seeds
hand-pollinate
Sunflower belongs to the annual sunflower of Compositae. Sunflower is a kind of crop that likes temperature, light and low temperature.
Temperature and strong drought resistance. Sunflowers have low requirements on soil, and are not suitable for planting except in low-lying or waterlogged areas.
All soils can be planted, but loam or sandy loam is the most suitable. Sunflowers are more salt-tolerant and have a total salt content.
0.4%
The soil below can grow firmly and is one of the best crops to improve saline-alkali land. Edible sunflower belongs to the sun.
A sunflower,
This plant is very tall,
Can grow to
2
~
three
m
There are no branches,
Most of them are single-headed,
period of duration
100
~
130
d
The leaves and discs are large, the seeds are not full and contain oil.
25%
~
Thirty percent
The seed coat is thick and colorful.
Black stripes are more resistant to leaf spot and rust.
1. Climatic characteristics of seed producing areas
Alashan Zuo Qi is located at the western foot of West Helan Mountain in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and is the seat of Alashan League government.
Qiyudi
The coordinates are north latitude.
37
24
′
-4 1
Fifty two
east longitude
103
2 1
′
- 106
5 1
′。
The average temperature of the whole flag is
four
The flag territory spans four latitudes from south to north, and the temperature gradually decreases from south to north. The temperature mark range usually changes under the following conditions
5.8
℃~
8.6
On the question of℃, the central value is
8.6
℃。
Alashan is located in the hinterland of Zuo Qi, far away from the ocean and local.
Average height
Eight hundred
~
1500m
It belongs to temperate desert arid area, and has a typical continental climate with large and dry sandstorms.
Drought and lack of rain,
Plenty of sunshine,
Strong evaporation is the main feature.
Annual evaporation
2900
~
3300 mm
sunshine duration
33 16h
mean annual temperature
7.2
Temperature, frost-free period
120
~
180d
. It belongs to the middle temperate arid area. A large area of desert and Gobi in the banner
The forcing of the lower atmospheric boundary aggravated the drought. The average annual precipitation in most areas is in
64.0
~
208.5 mm
Between the maximum daily precipitation
52.4 mm (198 1
year
seven
moon
2
sun
)
Most of the precipitation in a year is concentrated in
five
~
nine
Month. weather
The weather is often clear and cloudless. Good atmospheric transparency, long illumination time and rich light energy resources. Conducive to the growth of sunflower.
Second, the flowering physiology of sunflower
( 1)
Inflorescence structure
Sunflower is a flower head,
First-born,
Also known as a panel.
The diameter of the panel is usually
20
~
30cm
The outer edge has
2
~
three
Flake bract leaves,
edge
1
~
three
The lay is a tongue-shaped flower,
Consists of corolla and crown hair,
Uniqueness,
Yellow or orange,
The petals are very big.
Inward is a tubular bisexual flower, which consists of bracts, ovaries, sepals, nectaries, corollas, stamens, styles and stigmas.
have
1000
~
1500
Flowers. Every flower has a corolla.
five
Cleavage and stamen
five
pistil
1
Pieces, yellow.
(2) Flowering habit
Sunflower belongs to short-day light-loving crops, and the optimum temperature is at flowering stage.
20
~
25
C, too low temperature will make the panel
Contraction, the proportion of the central part increases. The flowering sequence is open to the heart and gradually opens from the outer edge of the disk to the center. Whole flower
The flowering time of the disk is mostly
seven
~
10d
. Tubular flowers open in the morning, the corolla breaks and the filaments grow faster.
1
~
2h
Housan
Pollen, then the pistil extends out of the pollen tube, and the stigma opens and splits into feathers to receive pollen.
(3) Pollination characteristics
Sunflower is a cross-pollinated crop, and insect pollination is often limited by environmental conditions and cannot be pollinated.
Opportunity, and the female parent adopts male sterile line, and there is mucus in the sunflower disk.
,
Pollination bees often stick together with pollen.
In sunflower tray, poor pollination leads to low seed setting rate, and empty chaff affects its yield and quality, so artificial pollination is carried out.
Powder.
Third, the advantages of artificial pollination
Artificial pollination is not affected by the environment,
With the increase of artificial pollination times,
Improve the seed setting rate of sunflower,
Traditional sunflower depends on cross-pollination, because bee pollination is greatly influenced by the environment and has limitations.
Sometimes the pollination opportunity is missed, resulting in low seed setting rate and affecting yield. The yield after artificial pollination was significantly higher than that after artificial pollination.
Bee pollination yield, especially for comparative experiments. Taking a plot as the experimental field, two rows of membranes as the experimental object, relying on the mother library.
The membrane label is bee pollination membrane, and the membrane label next to bee pollination membrane is artificial pollination membrane. Each membrane
The total area of the membrane is
2 16
㎡, the number of plants is controlled in
1200
Sunflowers with two films are not harmed by insects and rust.
The artificially pollinated membrane has been brushed.
three
Secondary powder. The final membrane yield of bee pollination is
10 kg
Artificial pollinated films are produced.
The quantity is
2 1 kg
. Compared with last year's output, this year's output has more than doubled, and it is a pollinator according to the cost.
sky
100
cross-pollination
3000
Nervous,
Achieve seed setting rate
80%
Bees pollinate every box of bees every day.
2000
Yuan,
knot
actual exchange rate
35%
From this point of view, artificial pollination is better than bee pollination
Fourth, artificial pollination conditions.
( 1)
environmental requirement
Mastering pollination conditions is one of the conditions to ensure the success of artificial pollination.
1.
Pollination time
Sunny weather, morning
eight o'clock
~
1 1:00
When, in the afternoon
15:00
~
18:00
Pollination is best.
2.
Pollination weather
Bad weather such as low temperature and dry hot wind directly affects the effect of artificial pollination. The temperature is 100 degrees
18
~
25
C
Pollination is best in sunny mornings. The temperature is below
15
The pollination effect is not ideal at℃. After pollination,
2
h
In case it rains, it is necessary.
Re-pollination. Sunflowers like light, and the light saturation point is reached.
three
~
four
ten thousand
Lx
Lack of light during flowering and pollination
Very sensitive, sufficient light is beneficial to pollen development and fruit setting, and the air humidity should be at
70%
About.
(2)
Matters needing attention in pollination
Be strict with the pollinator when pollinating, and explain the matters needing attention when pollinating.
1.
Pollination should be carried out in accordance with the pre-established pollination procedures, and it is strictly forbidden to scribble and touch, so as to ensure that every
There is pollen on the sunflower plate.
2.
In the process of pollination, if you encounter loose pollen plants, you should wrap the sunflower disk with leaves and then break your head.
Fell in the soil.
3.
If the pollination brush has touched the loose pollen plants, immediately bury the brush in the soil and make preparations in advance.
All right, spare brush.
(3)
Requirements for collecting and preserving paternal pollen
1.
Pollen collection
(
1
) powder collection tool
Prepare caliber
15
~
20 cm
Iron basin
1
individual
,
The mouth of the basin is slightly larger than the diameter of the male plate.
,
Use a piece of energy
Gauze covering the mouth of the basin
,
Tie gauze to the mouth of the basin to make a powder collecting basin.
(
2
) powder collection time
It is best to collect powder every morning.
,
If there is not enough pollen,
,
You can collect it in the afternoon.
1
Secondary pollen
,
first time
2
sky