1, scientific research includes the research of science and technology, which is the work of studying perceptual materials by means of observation, experiment, comparison, analysis and induction, and rising to the theoretical level.

2. Scientific research is a process from discovering natural phenomena to technological inventions, from principles to products, from basic theoretical research to applied research and development research. According to the definition of the American Resources Council, scientific research is the exploration and application in the scientific field, including sorting out and counting the knowledge generated, collecting, editing and analyzing charts and their data.

3. Academic papers. Refers to the papers provided by researchers published in academic journals or submitted to academic conferences, mainly reporting academic research results. Academic papers reflect the latest and most advanced scientific and technological level and development trend in this field. This kind of paper should have new viewpoints, new analytical methods, new data or conclusions, and be scientific.

4. Technical papers. Refers to the papers submitted by engineers and technicians to report the research results of engineering technology, which are mainly obtained by applying existing theories to solve specific technical problems such as design, process, technology, equipment and materials. Technical papers play a direct role in promoting technological progress and improving productivity. This kind of paper should be technologically advanced, practical and scientific.