First of all, briefly introduce life.
Max Planck m (max Planck1858 ~1947) is a great physicist in modern Germany and the founder of quantum theory. 1858 was born in Kiel on April 23rd. From 65438 to 0867, his father, J.W. von Planck, a professor of civil law, was invited by the University of Munich to teach, so his family moved to Munich. Planck spent his youth in Munich and 1874 entered the University of Munich. From 1877 to 1878, I went to Berlin University to listen to the lectures given by mathematician K. Wilstrass and physicists H.von Helmholtz and G. R. Kirchhoff. When Planck recalled this experience in his later years, he said that the personalities and academic attitudes of the two physicists had a deep influence on him, but their lectures did not attract him. During his stay in Berlin, Planck carefully taught himself R. Clausius' main work, Thermal Theory of Mechanics, which made him determined to find a universal law like the law of thermodynamics. From 65438 to 0879, Planck received his doctorate from the University of Munich, and then taught at the University of Munich and Kiel. 1888 After Kirchhoff's death, Berlin University appointed him as Kirchhoff's successor (former associate professor, professor since 1892) and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. 1900, he introduced energy quantum into the study of blackbody radiation. Because of the contribution of this discovery to the development of physics, he won the 19 18 Nobel Prize in physics.
Since the 1920s, Planck has become a central figure in the German scientific community, and has a close relationship with famous physicists at home and abroad at that time. 19 18 was elected as a member of the royal society, and from 1930 to 1937, he was the president of the Emperor William Association. During that period, universities such as Berlin, G? ttingen, Munich and Leipzig became the centers of world science, which was inseparable from the efforts of Planck, W. Nernst, A. Sommerfeld and others. After the Nazis seized the German regime, they fought against the Nazis with a scientist's enthusiasm for science and the motherland and fought for the dignity of science. 194710/kloc-0 died in gottingen on October 4th.
Second, scientific achievements.
(1) Planck's early research field was mainly thermodynamics. His doctoral thesis is about the second law of thermodynamics. Since then, he has studied the change of matter aggregation state and the theory of gas and solution from the viewpoint of thermodynamics.
② Put forward the concept of energy sub.
Planck's most important achievement in physics is to put forward the famous Planck radiation formula and create the concept of energy quantum.
At the end of 19, when people explained the blackbody radiation experiment with classical physics, the famous so-called "ultraviolet disaster" appeared. Although Rayleigh, Jenkins (1877- 1946) and Wayne (1864- 1928) respectively put forward two formulas to find out the law of blackbody radiation, compared with experiments, Rayleigh-Jenkins formula is only applicable in the low frequency range, while Wayne formula. Planck systematically studied thermal radiation from 1896. After several years of hard work, he finally deduced a formula that was consistent with the experiment. He published a three-page paper entitled "On the Perfection of Wien Spectral Equation" in the Bulletin of the German Physical Society in late 1900 10, and put forward the blackbody radiation formula for the first time. On February 4th, 65438+65438, at the regular meeting of the German Physical Society, Planck gave a report on the energy distribution in the normal spectrum. In this report, he excitedly expounded his most amazing discovery. He said that in order to get the correct radiation formula in theory, it must be assumed that the energy radiated (or absorbed) by matter is not continuous, but one after another, which can only be an integer multiple of a certain minimum value. This minimum is called energy quantum, and the radiation frequency is the minimum energy of ν ε=hν. Among them, H Planck called it the fundamental action quantum at that time, and now it is called Planck constant. Planck's constant is the most important physical constant in modern physics, which indicates that physics has changed from a "classical larva" to a "modern butterfly". 1906, Planck systematically summarized his work in the book "Lecture on Thermal Radiation", which provided an important foundation for opening up a new way to explore the laws of microscopic matter movement.
Third, anecdotes
(1) The first teacher
Planck embarked on the road of studying natural science, largely due to a middle school teacher named Miao Lei. Planck loved music and literature in his childhood. Later, he listened to a touching story told by Miao Lei: a builder made great efforts to move bricks to the roof, but the work done by craftsmen did not disappear, but became stored energy; Once the bricks are loosened by weathering and hit others' heads or things, energy will be released again ... The story of the law of conservation of energy left an unforgettable impression on Planck, which not only turned his hobby to natural science, but also became one of the foundations of his future research work.
② "Planck Planet"
Planck's determination to devote himself to science never wavered no matter what difficulties he encountered after he entered the science hall. Many misfortunes happened in his family: his wife died at 1909, his son died at 19 16, and his two daughters died at19 and19 respectively. However, Planck always suppressed his feelings and sadness through hard work and selfless work, and made an important contribution to science.
He published 2 15 research papers and 7 books in his life, including Philosophy in Physics written by 1959.
At the celebration of Planck's 80th birthday, people gave him an asteroid and named it Planck Planet. 1946 Although he was weak, he was very happy to attend the gathering of the Royal Society in memory of Newton.
The tombstone number is engraved with his name and the value of H.
Planck is modest and rigorous. At the commemorative meeting of the German Physical Society to celebrate his 60th birthday in April, 19 18, Planck replied: "Imagine a miner who tries his best to explore precious minerals. Once, he discovered a natural gold vein, and after further research, he found that it was priceless, countless times higher than previously thought. If he didn't find this treasure himself, there is no doubt that his colleagues will find it quickly and luckily. " This is of course Planck's modesty. What Lorenz said when commenting on Planck's bold hypothesis about energy quantum revealed the essence of the problem. He said: "We can't forget that only those who work hard and think deeply can get the good luck of this inspiration."
1947101On October 3rd, Planck died in G? ttingen at the age of 89. In memory of this great physicist, the German government renamed the Royal Institute of William the Planck Institute.
Planck's tomb is located in Gottingen cemetery. Its symbol is a simple rectangular stone tablet with only his name engraved on it, and the lower corner reads: h=6.62× 10-27 ergs.