The theoretical basis of cell engineering is cell theory and cell totipotency theory. 1839, Shi Wan and Schleiden established the cell theory, and cytological research entered a stage of rapid development. Haberlandt( 1902), a German scholar, put forward the idea of cell totipotency in the article Three-dimensional Culture Experiment of Plant Cells. h？ Jinning (1904) cultured young embryos of radish and horseradish in a medium containing sugar, inorganic salts, amino acids and plant extracts. It was found that in vitro immature embryos could fully develop and germinate into seedlings in advance.
1925, laibach successfully cultivated young embryos of flax interspecific hybridization and obtained hybrids. Since the 1920s, immature embryo culture has been used to preserve the early aborted embryos of distant hybridization, so immature embryo culture and embryo rescue technology can be considered as the earliest applied plant cell engineering technology.
In 1930s, plant tissue culture technology was basically established. Li Jidong (1933) successfully cultured ginkgo embryos over 3mm, and found that adding embryo milk can promote the growth of embryos in vitro. 1937, White found that B vitamins and indoleacetic acid can promote plant growth. From 1937 to 1939, White, Gautrey and Norbocott respectively established continuous culture of plant tissues, which enabled in vitro plant tissues to grow continuously on artificial media, thus laying the foundation for modern tissue culture.
In the early 1960s, Cocking et al. used cellulase to separate plant protoplasts and achieved success. In the process of culture, the isolated protoplasts can grow new cell walls, divide and differentiate, and finally form complete plants. Successful plants include carrots, Petunia, rape, asparagus and so on.
In zoology, from 65438 to 0907, Harrison, an American biologist, cultivated the nerve tissue of frog embryos with cover glass, and survived for several weeks, observing the phenomenon of cell growth, which pioneered the animal cell culture.
German embryologist Spemam (1938) believes that early embryonic cells have high differentiation potential, and the nucleus of embryos can be transplanted into enucleated oocytes to develop new embryos. Briggs and Kings( 1952) put the nucleus of African leopard frog blastocyst into enucleated oocytes to obtain cloned offspring of African leopard frog embryos, thus confirming Spemamm's view.
Okata( 1962) found that Sendal virus can induce Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to fuse to form multinucleated cells, which laid the foundation for the development of animal cell fusion technology. Cesar milstein and George Kohler (1975), winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, fused spleen cells of immunized mice with myeloma cells of mice, and obtained hybridoma cells that could proliferate indefinitely in vitro and produce specific antibodies, which effectively promoted the development of immunology.
With the rapid development of cell engineering technology, test-tube plants, test-tube animals and genetically modified bioreactors have come out one after another. Israeli embryonic stem cells are used to culture human heart tissues that can normally beat, as well as hematopoietic pioneer cells cultured in the United States and gastrointestinal mucosa tissues cultured in China. 1977, Britain successfully bred the world's first test-tube baby by embryo engineering technology, Dolly the sheep was cloned for the first time in 1997, and the first batch of transgenic pigs were bred in 200 1 year.