Performance skill is a very broad concept, from material selection, detail handling, structural arrangement to the coordinated change of various factors, all of which are generalized skill problems. (A) rhetorical methods:
L metaphor: turning plain into magic; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness. ② Metonymy: replacing complexity with simplicity; Replace the virtual with the real; Replace ordinary with odd numbers; Exchange things for feelings. 3 analogy: bright colors; Depicting the image; Rich in meaning.
Exaggeration: suggesting the essence and enlightening people; Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal; Enhance association and create an atmosphere. 5 duality: easy to remember; Used in poetry, it has musical beauty: concise expression and hearty lyricism. 6 rhetorical question: strengthen the tone.
7 parallelism: the content is concentrated and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; The rhythm is distinct and longer than lyricism.
8 Question: Attract attention and inspire thinking.
(2) Expression:
There are five ways to express * * *: narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation (poetry focuses on description and lyricism). First, description: it is to express the image of things in words. Common descriptions or angles are:
① front contour description
A positive description is a direct description of people and scenery.
Profile description is an indirect description of people and scenery, not a positive description. Contour description is also called contour contrast.
Shang Mo Sang
There is a bun on the head and a bright moon in the ear. Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt.
When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he put it on his shoulder and smoothed his moustache. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and hung his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. Angry and resentful, he sat watching Luo Fu.
② Combination of deficiency and excess
The real writing is to write the real scene in front of us and the real images, facts and reality existing in the objective world. Virtual writing is to write an imaginary scene.
Such as: early plum
Ten thousand mu can't stand the cold, and plum trees absorb the vitality of underground heating. Snow covered the village. Last night, flowers were in full bloom in the snow. The breeze is blowing towards Mei, so it has no emotional appeal. Avon's clean posture makes the birds jumpy.
If the plum blossom can blossom on time next year, I hope it can bloom on the spring terrace of people's love.
"Everything is frozen, ready to fold" is a virtual writing, an imaginary scene. "Thousands of trees are frozen and ready to break" and "solitary roots are warm and return alone" are just in contrast, which contrasts the character of plum blossom "solitary roots are warm and return alone".
The "emptiness" in poetry includes the following three categories:
(1) The world of fairy and ghost dreams. Poets often use this nothingness to contrast reality.
(2) the domain of the deceased. This kind of virtual scene is a scene that the author has experienced or happened in history, but at present,
But not here. (3) the envisaged future. This virtual reality hasn't happened yet. The emotion it expresses will extend into the future.
Never stop. The relationship between virtual scene and real scene;
Sometimes the two are in sharp contrast, thus highlighting the center.
Sometimes the two complement each other to form a rendering contrast, thus highlighting the center.
For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand": "When the pavilion is fragrant with plum blossoms, the bridges are sparse with willows, and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence. At the end of Pinger, there is Chunshan, and pedestrians are outside Chunshan. " What is lacking is realism, which sets off the departure of "pedestrians" through the scenes in early spring. I wrote it for nothing. He imagined the melancholy situation of his wife leaning against the railing and missing the pedestrian through the "pedestrian" and wrote melancholy thoughts. The wife misses her husband, and the husband misses his wife. Reality and reality are a natural pair, thus expressing the feelings of parting incisively and vividly.
③ Sketch and meticulous painting (meticulous painting)
Sketch, originally a painting method of Chinese painting, is outlined with thick lines without color rendering. Nowadays, it is often used in writing, which refers to the writing technique of being concise without rendering.
For example:
Qiu Si.
Old vines and faint crows, small bridges and flowing water. The ancient road is sparse, the sun sets, and heartbroken people are in the end of the world.
The word is all sketched, without any rendering, and the subjective artistic conception is formed through pure objective scenery. Meticulous brushwork is also a kind of painting method of Chinese painting, which is neat and pays attention to detail description, and is often called fine description in words. This is an elaborate description. The description of characters captures the main features of their appearance, and describes them from many angles and sides, reflecting the characteristics of their thoughts, personalities and personalities.
(4) Description of details: We should grasp small movements and plots to show the image and psychology of the characters. For example, Zhang Ji's Qiu Si.
The annual autumn wind blows to Luoyang city, and my wandering son doesn't know how his relatives in his hometown are; Writing a letter to peace has too much to say and I don't know where to start. When the letter is written, I am worried that I have not finished what I want to say; When the messenger started, he opened the envelope and gave it to him.
The sentence "Don't say it in a hurry for fear of repetition, it is imminent that pedestrians will open the door" is not only a psychological detail description, but also a detailed description of action.
Another example: Zhao Shixiu's The Guest.
Mei Huang Shi, every family was flooded by rain, and the pond was covered with green grass and frogs. It's past midnight, and the invited guests haven't come yet. I tapped the chess pieces bored and shook the wick of an oil lamp.
Among them, "knocking a chess piece down in snuff" is a detailed description.
⑤ Dynamic and static combination (sound and silence):
In the process of describing the combination of dynamic and static, we often use the writing methods of static by moving, static by moving, and static by writing (writing static by sound, writing static by sound). For example:
Wang Wei of Niaomingxi
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty. When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream.
The sentence of this poem, "When the moon rises, the sound follows quietly, which highlights the quiet and beautiful realm of a quiet moonlit night in spring. Another example: Zhang Ji's "The cicada forest is quieter, Tonamiyama is quieter" is a typical combination of static and dynamic, and static beauty is seen in motion.
Xijiangyue Xin Qiji
The moon on the horizon rose to the top of the tree, scaring away the magpies perched on the branches. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to Xitou.
(Other branch: another branch; Social forest: trees around temples)
The first sentence of this poem, "The bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze crows at midnight", is to write silence with sound and silence with movement.
Pastoral music
Wang Wei
Hearts also contain fresh rain overnight, green willows and a touch of spring smoke.
The flowers fell at home, but the servants didn't clean them, and the guests in Ti Ying Mountain were still sleeping.
In this poem, the phrase "Ti Ying's guests are still sleeping" is based on the skills of dynamic writing and static writing.
⑥ Combination of points and surfaces: Everything is interrelated, not isolated, and so are the scenery described. They are always inextricably linked with the surrounding scenery. Therefore, when we write about landscapes, we should not write about the subject in isolation and stillness, but also write about the relationship around the subject, combining point with surface, so as to make the subject image fuller and more distinctive. Liu Zongyuan used the technique of combining point with surface in Jiang Xue. "Dai Li Weng" is small in the picture, but it is the center of the poem in a conspicuous position. "A boat, a bamboo cloak" belongs to the description of points; The first two sentences "a thousand flies"
Feeling, a thousand paths have no footprints "belongs to the spread on the surface, and poems describe the sufferings of characters from" birds fly "and" people disappear "
Cold and lonely, the quantifier "thousand" and "ten thousand" are preceded by "mountain" and "diameter", which makes them persistent and outstanding.
Li's personality has played a very good role in paving the way.
Another example: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city-Wan Ren.
⑦ Changes in distance, height and spacing: "From the side of the ridge, the distance is different." Looking at the same scene, the observer is in different directions and angles.
Not the same, looking down, looking up, looking down and looking closely, the visual image will present various forms and changes. Describing from different angles will make readers have a more comprehensive understanding of the scenery described and get a more perfect feeling. For example, in "Qinyuanchun Changsha", the author observes the scenery from the standpoint of "Orange Island" and describes the scenery from all angles. "Seeing the mountains are all red and the forests are all dyed" is a long-term vision; "The river is full of water, and a hundred people struggle for the flow" is a close-up view; "Eagle Strikes the Sky" is looking up; "Fish Xiang shallow bottom" is overlooking.
⑧ Multi-angle description through the senses of hearing, sight, smell and touch. (Draw shapes, sounds and colors)
For example, "Nian Nujiao, reminiscing about the past in Chibi" describes the magnificent scenery in Chibi. "Rocks wear away in the air, and the stormy waves roll up a thousand waves."
"Making snow" is to draw shapes, sounds and colors from the visual and auditory perspectives.
Second, lyrical:
Lyricism is the main form of poetry. There are many ways to express feelings: direct and indirect.
1, express one's feelings directly: express one's feelings directly without the help of scenery, people or events.
Lu You's "Xiuer"
I didn't know everything was empty until I died, but I was sad to see Kyushu.
Therefore, when the great Song Jun team recaptures the Central Plains, you will hold a home banquet ceremony. Don't forget to tell me the good news!
This four-line poem is straightforward and full of feelings and thoughts-full of infinite deep sadness of a naked child.
And expectations.
Youzhou Tower (Chen Ziang)
No one can see the ancient wisdom of the ancient king, only those wise men who can't see the afterlife can see it. Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness.
The poem comes straight to the point, and the desolate artistic conception of "where, in front of me, are all lost years" after the poet went straight to the platform? Behind me are future generations? "Aroused the feeling of hurting things, thinking about the vastness of heaven and earth and the smallness of people, I couldn't help but" and I enjoyed myself in tears ".
Another example is:
The central sentence of Li Bai's sleepwalking in Tian Mu Liu Ling Bie is: "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" On the basis of narrative description, the author shouted with volcanic passion that he would not walk with the rulers.
Dirty thoughts and feelings.
2, indirect lyricism: through the narrative, description or discussion of some things and a problem. Express yourself implicitly.
Feelings. Implicit. With the help of scenery, things, people and things, it is subtle, euphemistic and meaningful. )