This paper introduces the concept and progress of green building.

The practice of green building is undoubtedly a highly complex systematic project, which requires not only architects to have the concept of ecological environment protection and adopt corresponding design methods, but also management and owners to have a strong sense of environmental protection. The involvement of this multi-level cooperative relationship requires the establishment of a clear evaluation and certification system in the observation process, the quantitative detection of the effects achieved by the ecological objectives of architectural design, and the measurement of the degree of realization of the expected environmental performance with certain quantitative indicators. The evaluation system not only guides and tests the practice of green buildings, but also provides constraints and norms for the construction market, prompting people to consider environmental factors more in the process of design, operation, management and maintenance. Guide the building to the track of energy saving, environmental protection, health, comfort and efficiency.

10 Over the years, some developed countries in the world have successively issued their own different evaluation methods for the built environment, among which Britain, the United States, Canada and other countries have implemented relatively successful green building evaluation systems, which are worth learning.

1. British Building Research Organization Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM)

The environmental assessment method of the British Building Research Organization was first formulated by the British Building Research Organization (BRE) and some private sector researchers in 1990 * *. The purpose is to provide authoritative guidance for green building practice, so as to reduce the negative impact of architecture on the global and regional environment. Since 1990, BREEAM has published < 2/9 1 version for new supermarkets and supermarkets >, & lt/93 version for new industrial buildings and non-food retail stores > and < environmental standard version 3/95 for new houses >: and

BREEAM'98 is an evaluation system, which aims to evaluate the environmental performance of buildings throughout their life cycle, including site selection, design, construction, use and final scrapping and demolition. By evaluating a series of environmental problems, including the impact of architecture on the global, regional, site and indoor environment, BREEAM finally gave the architectural environmental mark certification. The evaluation method is summarized as follows:

First of all, BREEAM thinks that the content of evaluation is different according to different stages of construction projects. The evaluation content includes three aspects: building performance, design, construction and operation management. Among them, the buildings in the design stage, new construction stage and renovation stage are evaluated from the aspects of architectural performance, design and construction, and the BREEAM grade and environmental performance index are calculated; Being part of the existing building in use or the environmental management project being evaluated, evaluating the building performance, management and operation, and calculating the BREEAM grade and environmental performance index; For existing buildings that are idle, or buildings that only need to check the structure and related service facilities, evaluate the building performance, calculate the environmental performance index, and do not calculate the BREEAM grade.

Secondly, the evaluation project includes nine aspects: management-overall policies and regulations; Health and comfort-indoor and outdoor environment; Energy-energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions; Transportation-CO2 emission during site planning and transportation; Water consumption and leakage; Raw materials-the choice of raw materials and its impact on the environment; Land use-green land and brown land use; Regional ecology-the ecological value of the site; Pollution-air and water pollution (except carbon dioxide). Each item is divided into several sub-items, and each sub-item corresponds to a different score point. The building is evaluated from three aspects: building performance, design, construction or management and operation, and the corresponding score can be obtained if the requirements are met.

Finally, the scores of building performance are summarized, and the total scores of building performance (BPS), design and construction, management and operation are obtained. According to the different use periods of construction projects, calculate BPS+ design and construction score or BPS+ management and operation score, and get the total score of BREEAM grade. In addition, the environmental performance index [EPI] of the building is converted from BPS value according to the conversion table. Finally, the environmental performance of the building is given as an intuitive quantitative score. According to the BRE score, four grades of BREEAM evaluation results are specified: qualified, good, excellent and excellent. At the same time, the minimum limits of design, construction, management and operation under each level are stipulated.

Since the first implementation of 1990, the BREEAM system has been continuously improved and expanded, and the operable jiaozi has been greatly improved. Basically adapted to the requirements of marketization, by 2000, more than 500 construction projects had been evaluated. Become a model of similar research results in various countries. Inspired by it, Canada and Australia have also published their own BREEAM systems, and the Hong Kong SAR Government has also promulgated a similar HK-BEAM evaluation system.

Second, the green building Zhan Tao 2000(GBC 2000)

The Green Building Challenge was initiated and led by Natural Resources Canada. Up to June 2000, 5438+ 10, 19 countries participated in the formulation of the evaluation method for evaluating the environmental performance of buildings. Its development has gone through two stages: the first two years included the participation of 65,438+04 countries, and the international conference "Green Building Challenge '98" was held in Vancouver, Canada in June, 65,438+00, and more countries joined in the next two years, resulting in the international sustainable building conference held in Maastricht, the Netherlands in June, 65,438+00. The purpose of Green Building Challenge is to formulate a unified set of performance parameters, establish a global evaluation standard and certification system for green building performance, so that countries can exchange useful building performance information, and finally make green building examples in different regions and countries comparable. Today, with the increasingly obvious trend of economic globalization, this work has far-reaching significance.

The evaluation scope of GBC 2000 includes new and rebuilt buildings, and the evaluation manual consists of four volumes, including general situation, office buildings, school buildings and assembly houses. The purpose of evaluation is to evaluate the environmental performance of buildings after design and completion. The evaluation standard is divided into eight parts: the first part, environmental sustainable development index, which is a benchmark performance measurement standard for comparing research buildings in different countries in GBC in 2000; The second part, resource consumption, natural resource consumption of buildings; The third part, environmental load, emissions from building construction, operation and demolition, pressure on natural environment and potential impact on Zhouzhou environment; The fourth part, the indoor air quality that affects the health and comfort of building users; The fifth part, maintainability, studies how to improve the adaptability, operability, operability and maintainability of buildings; The sixth part, economy, studies the cost of building life cycle; The seventh part, the practice of operation management, construction project management and operation, to ensure the maximum efficiency of the building during operation; The eighth part, glossary, each part has its own sub-items and more specific standards.

GBC 2000 adopts the method of combining qualitative and quantitative evaluation, and its evaluation operating system is called GBTool, which is a software system that can be adjusted to suit the characteristics of different countries, regions and building types. The structure of the evaluation system is suitable for different grades of evaluation, and corresponding standards are formulated according to the different regulations of participating countries or regions, which can also be extended to be used as design guidelines. . GBTool also adopts a scoring system.

Third, American Energy and Environmental Design Pilot Program (LEED)

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) put forward a set of energy and environmental design pilot plans in 1995, and updated its version 2.0 in March 2000. This is a set of evaluation criteria formulated by the American Green Building Committee to meet the requirements of the American construction market for green building evaluation and improve the building environment and economic characteristics.

(energy and environment design pilot scheme evaluation system 2.0)LEED2.0 carries out green evaluation on construction projects through six aspects. Including sustainable site design, effective utilization of water resources, energy and environment, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality and innovative design. In all respects. USGBC put forward the premise requirements, objectives and related technical guidance. For sustainable site design, the basic requirement is to control the corrosion and deposition of buildings in order to control the negative impact of corrosion on water and air quality. There are several scoring points in each aspect, and the corresponding scores are evaluated according to the requirements of each specific aspect. Each scoring point contains three contents: purpose, requirements and related technical guidance. In the effective utilization of water resources, there are three points: water-saving planning, wastewater recycling technology and water conservation. If the construction project meets the two requirements under the water-saving plan, 2 points will be scored. The total score is obtained through the accumulation of integral, from which the green features of the building can be expressed quantitatively. Among them, reasonable building site selection accounts for about 22% of the total score, effective utilization of water resources accounts for 8%, energy and environment accounts for 27%, materials and resources account for 27%, and indoor environmental quality accounts for 23%. According to the final score, construction projects can be divided into LEED 2.0 certification, silver award certification, gold award certification and platinum certification from low to high. By September, 2006, 5438+0, American 13 building projects had passed LEED2.0 certification, and more than 200 projects had been registered and certified.

LEED2.0 evaluation system is a relatively perfect evaluation system as a whole. Compared with the first two evaluation systems, LEED 2.0 evaluation system has a simpler structure and fewer problems to consider. Although the operation procedure is relatively simple, there is a defect of lack of mechanism constraints of the weighing system.

The research time, technical level and operation concept of the above-mentioned national evaluation systems are different, but from their evaluation system achievements, we can still find some similarities:

(1)*** Same foothold and goal. The evaluation of all countries is conducted under the guidance of clear principles of sustainable development, which can basically achieve the following purposes: (1) To provide general standards for the society and guide the decision-making and selection of green buildings; Through the establishment of standards, public awareness of environmental protection products and standards can be improved, and good green building design can be advocated and encouraged; In addition, it stimulates and improves the market benefits of green buildings and promotes their practice in the market; In addition, because the evaluation system provides an evaluation method and framework, it is more convenient for the government to formulate green building policies and regulations.

(2)*** The same concerns. The evaluation systems of all countries have clear classification and organization systems, which can link the guiding objectives (sustainable development of buildings) with evaluation standards, and all have key issues including qualitative and quantitative analysis. These problems reflect the thinking and research on the technical and cultural aspects of green building practice in various countries. The evaluation system also includes a certain number of specific guiding factors (such as the collection of recyclables) or comprehensive guiding factors (such as the use of green electricity and energy) to provide a clearer explanation for the evaluation process.

(3) Openness and professionalism. The evaluation data and methods of evaluation systems in various countries are open and can be understood and used by anyone. The author got a complete evaluation manual of various countries from the Internet. The disclosure of data and methods does not mean that the evaluation process is simple, and all countries have strict professional requirements for the evaluation process. The evaluation is conducted by appraisers with professional certification from relevant departments. For example, the evaluation of BREEAM is conducted by professionals with BRE licenses, while the evaluation of LEED requires at least one major participant in the evaluated project team to pass the LEED professional certification examination.

(4) They are constantly updated and developed. The green building system is complex and constantly developing, so the evaluation should be repeatable and adaptable, and respond to changes and uncertainties in time. All countries have fully considered this point when formulating their own evaluation systems: BREEAM revised the office building fascicle twice in 1993 and 1998 respectively; LEED evaluation system needs to be updated and upgraded every five years, and LEED3.0 is expected to be released in 2005. The version of GBTool has developed to the stage of GBC2002, and the version of GBTool is constantly updated.

At present, many countries have carried out their own research work in the field of green building evaluation, and the results include: ECO Quantum in the Netherlands, ECO-PRO in Germany, EQUER in France, etc. Each has different characteristics. Due to the limitation of knowledge and technology, countries do not fully understand the relationship between architecture and environment, and the evaluation system also has certain limitations. To sum up, it includes: First, the simplification of some evaluation factors. There is no doubt that the ecological evaluation of architecture is a highly complex system engineering, especially for many social and cultural factors, the evaluation index is difficult to determine, let alone quantify. At present, some evaluation sheets avoid such problems from a technical point of view. The second is the issue of standard trade-offs. That is, whether the proportion of the score of the quantitative index to the total score is consistent with its impact on the building. Although Bourrieu, GBC and other systems have used the trade-off system coefficients formulated by relevant institutions, we still need to study this issue carefully. In addition, how to use the evaluation results to improve building performance and the constraint mechanism of evaluation also need to be considered.

China's green building construction is still in the preliminary research stage, lacking practical experience, and many related technical research fields are still blank. In recent years, relevant departments have promulgated some individual technical regulations around building energy conservation and emission reduction. Not long ago, the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Construction organized relevant experts to formulate and publish a relatively objective and scientific evaluation system of green ecological housing-China Ecological Housing Technical Evaluation Manual. Its index system mainly refers to LEED2.0 in the United States, and at the same time integrates the relevant contents of laws and regulations such as "Technical Essentials of National Demonstration Project of Well-off Life" in China. This is the first evaluation standard of ecological housing in China and the first step of this research in China. Of course, green building evaluation is an interdisciplinary comprehensive research topic. In order to further establish a complete evaluation system and evaluation method of green buildings in China, we need to learn from foreign advanced experience and conduct more profound and effective exploration.