(1) Title and title)
... the title is also called the title or title. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words.
The title of a paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper. At the same time, it is necessary to compile secondary documents such as titles and indexes, taking into account the specific practical information that can help select keywords and provide retrieval. The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: "The title of the paper is half of the article". The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; Proper extension and connotation; Eye-catching
The requirements of these four aspects are as follows.
1. Accurate and decent
The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.
Concise and clear
Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words are qualified, there is no uniform "hard" rule. It is generally hoped that the title of the paper will not exceed 20 words. However, the pursuit of fewer words should not affect the proper reflection of the topic in content. When there is a spear between the two, it is better to use more words and express them as clearly as possible. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles are rich, accurate and not generalized.
3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.
"Extension" and "connotation" belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate.
stand out
Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same. Some people made a statistical analysis on the titles of some papers published in 36 public medical journals 1987, and screened out 100 wrong titles. Of the 100 titles with errors, 20% belong to "improper omission" errors; The error of "improper use of prepositions" accounts for 12%. Errors in using prepositions mainly include:
(1) Omit the subject-after the first personal pronoun fails to express its meaning, it does not use the preposition structure, which makes the auxiliary components mistake for the subject;
② Do not use prepositions when necessary;
(3) no need to make
Used when using prepositional structures. 1 1% belongs to "main fault"; 9% belong to the mistake of "improper use of juxtaposition"; 9% belong to "improper use of words" and "sentence confusion", and other types of mistakes, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetition and ambiguity, also occur from time to time.
(2) the author's name and department.
This item belongs to the problem of paper signature. The first is to show the responsibility of writing, the second is to record the results of labor, and the third is to facilitate readers to contact the author and literature retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit.
(3) Abstract
Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
The abstract shall include the following contents:
① The purpose and significance of this study;
(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;
(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;
④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Keywords (keywords)
Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words.
Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval). Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things by the characteristic relationship of concepts, express in natural language, have collocation function and accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.
Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords.
The general selection method of keywords or subject words is:
After writing a paper, the author will read the full text and come up with information or words that can express the main content of the paper. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title or content of the paper. For example, in the last example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the topic of the paper and the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. Need to choose, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of this paper.
The use of keywords and subject words is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval. Adding "keywords" to publications has opened up a new way to improve the citation rate and increase the popularity of publications.
(5) Introduction (Introduction)
Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields. The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words.
(6) subject
The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper.
Generally speaking, the common division methods are:
① Experimental raw materials and materials/experimental methods/experimental results and analysis.
② Comparative analysis of theoretical analysis/experimental devices and methods/experimental results.
According to the needs of the content of the paper, other paragraph division schemes can be flexibly adopted, but generally speaking, it should include experimental part and theoretical analysis part. The "experimental results and analysis" part is the key part of the paper. Someone once said, "The result of the experiment is a dirty piece of paper", which is no exaggeration. The novelty of the paper is mainly reflected here. Papers in many disciplines can be further simplified. For example, medical papers often divide the text into two sections, namely "materials and methods" (or "objects and methods") and "results and discussion" (results and analysis). To write the section "Materials and Methods" well, it is necessary to give the technical requirements, quantity, source, preparation method and other information of raw materials or materials used in the experiment, and sometimes even list the relevant chemical and physical properties of the reagents used. In order to avoid using commercial names, common chemical names should usually be used. The experimental method should introduce the main experimental process, but not describe it mechanically in chronological order, but combine all related methods to describe it. The main purpose of this is to enable competent scientific and technological workers to reproduce the experiment and its results according to the information provided in this part of the paper, and meet the requirements of "reproducibility" or "repeatability" and "confirmation". People who lack experience and accomplishment in writing papers are apt to write this part as an experimental report. If you can do the above, plus your personal knowledge level, I believe you will write a high-quality academic paper!