science
At first, people only studied Aristotle's theory like the Bible, and only believed in written records. Leonardo da vinci objected to scholasticism taking past teaching and speeches as the knowledge base. He encouraged people to learn from nature and seek knowledge and truth from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice, and we should start from practice and explore the mysteries of science through practice.
He said that "it is the greatest misfortune that theory is divorced from practice" and "practice should be based on good theory". Leonardo da Vinci put forward and mastered this advanced scientific method, and applied it to scientific research, making great contributions to natural science. This method proposed by him was later developed by Galileo and theoretically summarized by British philosopher Bacon, and became the most basic research method of modern natural science. Leonardo da Vinci believed in science. He hated religion and attacked the authorities in Catholicism as "peddlers of deception and lies". He said, "There is only one truth. He is not in religion, but in science. " Leonardo da Vinci's experimental working method opened up a new way for the inventions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein and others.
astronomy
Leonardo da Vinci held a negative attitude towards the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move. Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His idea was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Heliocentrism", and even then, Leonardo da Vinci may have fantasized about using solar energy.
physics
Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density.
15th century, he first began to study the theory of tribology between objects. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion.
It also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "That thing will explode from the ground, causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed. It seems to have a strong destructive power in the air. "
mechanics
Leonardo da Vinci emphasized that mechanics and mathematics are also the basis of natural science and studied many mechanical problems. According to his experiments and observations, he found that heavy objects fall along a straight line connected with the center of the earth, and the speed of falling is proportional to time. In statics, he strictly defined the concept of moment: the balance between rod and street is "determined by their weight and distance from fulcrum", thus summarizing the general law of calculating geometric center of gravity. He already knows the parallelogram force law. When using this law to study the motion of heavy objects along an inclined plane, he correctly got the definition of friction. In his observation notes, he wrote that objects "cannot move by themselves" ... every object has weight in its direction of motion. When an object moves, "the pressure on air is equal to the force on it." In fluid mechanics, he came to the conclusion that the velocity of a river is inversely proportional to the width of the river, and used this conclusion to explain the flow of blood in blood vessels. He also used mechanics and mechanical principles to design many machines and instruments, and participated in the design and construction of canals, water conservancy and construction projects. He designed an airplane for the first time in 1493 by studying the movement of bird wings.
machine
Obsessed with the mechanical world Underwater breathing device, traction device, clockwork transmission device, ball device, reverse screw, differential screw, anemometer and gyroscope ... leonardo da vinci showed the world countless fantastic ideas. At the beginning of the story, I have to talk about Leonardo da Vinci's first experience of studying painting in Florence. In fact, this experience opened the door for artist Leonardo da Vinci and also for scientist Leonardo da Vinci.
The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Florence is the beginning of Renaissance architecture. When leonardo da vinci installed a giant copper ball on the dome lighthouse, he witnessed the efficiency of the three-speed elevator and other mechanical devices, and was deeply impressed by this magic.
1460, Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence with his father, started his apprenticeship and began to learn painting at the same time. Leonardo da Vinci, who studied painting, participated in the installation of the giant copper ball on the dome lighthouse of Notre Dame de Florence, thus contacting and feeling the magic of various mechanical systems.
Thus, brunelleschi's mechanical system design concept had a great influence on Leonardo da Vinci. At that time, a group of engineers in Siena also had an important influence on Leonardo da Vinci's scientific community. Engineers have designed a river silt excavator that looks like a boat, used to remove sand and silt from shallow water mouths, and a paddle boat that can improve loading capacity and speed up driving. The inventions of these Siena engineers made Leonardo interested in the magic of machinery.
Cipher cylinder
Anyone who has seen the da Vinci code probably knows the da Vinci code tube. In fact, in the society at that time, people paid more and more attention to the confidentiality of documents. The cipher tube designed by Leonardo da Vinci is classical in shape, with Renaissance characteristics and elegant in design, which conforms to Leonardo da Vinci's wise style. According to this story, there is papyrus in the crypt about the biggest secret of the priory and even the whole Christianity. There is a container full of vinegar in the password jar designed by Leonardo da Vinci. If the password cylinder is forcibly broken, vinegar will flow out to dissolve papyrus.
To open the password barrel, you must unlock a 5-digit password. There are five turntables on the cipher cylinder, each of which has 26 letters. As a cipher, there may be as many as 1 188 1376 combinations.
Robot research
Design a junior robot. The most wonderful thing is that Leonardo da Vinci also designed a set of methods to do heart repair surgery.
Leonardo da Vinci once said that he had no book education and that nature was his real teacher. In order to understand nature and oneself, the genius of Renaissance spared no effort to explore. In order to understand human beings, Leonardo personally dissected dozens of corpses and accurately understood and drew human bones, muscles, joints and internal organs.
Surprisingly, Leonardo da Vinci didn't even have the concept of the working mechanism of the human circulatory system. Even more amazing, in 2005, a British surgeon used the method designed by Leonardo da Vinci to perform heart repair surgery. However, the study of anatomy did not bring Leonardo fame at that time, but was slandered countless times.
However, it is with this in-depth understanding of the human body that Leonardo da Vinci drew the first humanoid robot in the western civilized world in his manuscript.
Leonardo da vinci gave the robot a shell made of wood, leather and metal, but how to make the robot move was a big headache for leonardo da vinci. He thought of using the lower gear as the driving device, so that the robot's arm can swing, sit or stand through the meshing between the gears of two mechanical rods and a disc gear on the chest. More importantly, it is connected with the head through a transmission rod, and the head can rotate or even open and close the jaw. Once equipped with an automatic drum device, the robot can even make a sound.
It turns out that more than 500 years ago, there was a prototype of the robot.
Mechanical vehicle research
Inspire the invention of modern motor vehicles. Leonardo da Vinci's 65,438+0,000-page manuscript (about 6,000 pages in existence) still affects scientific research. He is a prophet of the modern world, and his manuscript is also called/kloc-the real encyclopedia of science and technology in the 5th century.
In the early days, Leonardo was dissatisfied with the carriage at that time. In his scientific world, there has long been the shadow of motor vehicles. In fact, it was this "Da Vinci mechanical car" that inspired the invention of modern motor vehicles.
Since it is a motor vehicle, we should consider the power problem. Leonardo da Vinci installed two springs in the middle of the motor vehicle to solve this problem. When the rear wheel of an automobile is rotated by manpower, the gears mesh with each other, and the tension of the spring generates a force, which is then transmitted to the wheel through leverage.
So how to control the speed? Da Vinci also thought of it. He installed a CD device on the car body. There are many squares on the surface of the disc, and the other end of the iron bar connected to each wheel is connected to the disc. This is a device used to control the speed. The more pieces of wood placed on the disc, the greater the friction with the iron block, the greater the resistance, the slower the speed of the wheel and the longer the driving distance.
Of course, Leonardo also thought of the braking device. There is a block of wood between the gears. Pull the rope to clamp the block between the gears, and the car can stop. However, this kind of car can't carry people, because it can't travel a long distance by spring power alone.
At the same time, Leonardo da Vinci skillfully applied the spring to the design of clocks and watches. Later, the principle adopted by large clocks was conceived by Leonardo da Vinci. Only in this way of thinking, the elastic force of the spring is replaced by the gravity of the object, and the downward gravity of the object is evenly transmitted through the meshing action of many gears, thus keeping the clock moving at a constant speed.
In addition, musical instruments, alarm clocks, bicycles, cameras, thermometers, barbecue machines, textile machines, cranes, excavators ... There are countless inventions and designs in leonardo da vinci, and if these inventions and designs were published at that time, they could completely advance the progress of our world's scientific civilization by 100 years.
Medical science
Leonardo da vinci has also made great achievements in physiological anatomy, and is known as the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied the structure of various parts of the human body from anatomy. He first used wax to express the internal structure of human brain, and was also the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes out of glass and ceramics.
He discovered the function of blood and thought that blood plays a metabolic role in human body, and blood is constantly circulating. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, bringing nutrition to all parts of the body, and then taking away the waste in the body. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart. He found that the heart has four chambers and drew the heart valve. He believes that one of the causes of death in the elderly is arteriosclerosis, which is caused by lack of exercise. Later, British scientist Harvey confirmed and developed these physiological anatomical achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.
archaeology
Although he has been dead for nearly 500 years, we still remember that one of his interests in this typical Renaissance man was to study fossils. Andre Baucon, in his new journal paper Palaios, indicated that he was a pioneer in studying somatic cell fossils, or once owned biological remains and "trace fossils, such as footprints".
build
In architecture, Leonardo da Vinci also showed outstanding talent. He designed bridges, churches, city streets and city buildings. In urban street design, he separated the driveway from the sidewalk. When designing urban buildings, the height of houses and the width of streets are specified in detail. He designed and supervised the construction of Milan moat. From 65438 to 0502, after leaving Santa Tisima Anuata, leonardo da vinci worked as a military architect and engineer under Caesar Borgia, son of notorious Pope Alexander VI.
military affairs
Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involve the military field. He invented the spring gun, shrapnel, three-tube artillery, tank cars, floating snowshoes, diving suits and submarines, double-hull warships, gliders, flapping-wing aircraft and helicopters, rotating pontoons and so on. On April 26th, 2008, in the western Swiss city of Payne, olivier ViYeti-Tepa, a 36-year-old Swiss, successfully jumped from a helicopter 600 meters above the ground with the help of a pyramid parachute designed by Leonardo da Vinci.
water conservancy
Leonardo da Vinci's research on water conservancy was a century earlier than that of Italian scholar Costelli. In order to remove the sediment, he made a construction plan for dredging the Yano River. He designed and personally presided over the canal irrigation project from Milan to pavia. Some reservoirs, sluices and dams he built facilitated farmland irrigation and promoted the development of agricultural production. Some water conservancy facilities are still in operation today.
geology
Leonardo da Vinci inferred that the earth's crust had changed according to the fact that there were fossils of animals in the sea on the mountain, and pointed out that the traces of floods on the earth were proof of the changes of land and sea, which was quite similar to Hutton's discovery in geology 300 years later. Before Magellan sailed around the world, he calculated that the diameter of the earth was over 7000 miles.
art
create
When it comes to artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael achieved the highest achievements during the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of western plastic arts after ancient Greece, and reached the first peak in Europe only in painting. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci is the most prominent, and Engels called him a giant among giants. In artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci solved the main problems in three fields of plastic arts-architecture, sculpture and painting:
Solve the problems of architectural design and ideal urban planning of memorial central dome;
Solved the problem of horse-riding tablet statue that sculptors have been deeply troubled since 15 century;
It solved the problems of two important fields in painting at that time-memorial murals and altar paintings.
Leonardo da vinci's works of art can not only reflect things like a mirror, but also express them by thinking, observing and choosing beautiful parts of nature, thus guiding his own creation. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art.
The prototype of Mona Lisa is the Duchess of Venice. At that time, the Duke of Venice asked Leonardo da Vinci to paint a portrait of his wife. After the painting was finished, leonardo da vinci packed it overnight because he liked it so much that he ran away with his servant. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history".
The Last Supper is painted on the wall of Gracie Monastery Restaurant in Milan. Leonardo da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper painted by his predecessors, so that all the characters sat in a row facing the audience, with Jesus Christ sitting in the middle.
study
His portrait is the closest to a real person. He said: "Painting is the only imitator of nature (nature here refers to everything). Painting contains all forms of nature, and it can vividly preserve the fleeting beauty in nature. " Painting can show all kinds of nature to our perception more truly and accurately than words.
What a wonderful science! You vividly preserve people's short-lived beauty, making it more lasting than those natural creations that change with light at any time and eventually get old. This relationship between science and sacred nature is just like the relationship between its works and natural works, so it is loved by people. The beauty of natural beauty will soon fade with the passage of time, unless the painter draws it, it can only be preserved forever. Painting is easy to preserve and can stand the wear and tear of time. Painting preserves beauty, otherwise it will be obliterated by nature and time. We preserved the appearance of celebrities through painting. The works of coppersmith are more durable than paintings, and their works are more durable than yours or ours. But they lack imagination. "
Before the invention of cameras and television, painting was undoubtedly the only imitator of nature. Knowledge is based on reality, and painting is the best bridge to spread knowledge (this means before cameras and televisions).
Painters should paint with the real world (that is, nature) as the object, so that the paintings they draw are really useful. In other words, what a painter paints should be true (that is, what really exists in the real world).
Painting has two functions: the first is to spread knowledge; The second is to let people appreciate beauty. Leonardo da Vinci was the first person in human history who really realized the two functions of painting. And Leonardo da Vinci's paintings completely played these two roles. Leonardo da Vinci said: "Painting is a science. The first principle of painting science:-painting science starts from points, followed by lines, surfaces and shapes defined by surfaces. This concludes the description of the object. In fact, painting cannot go beyond the surface, but depends on the surface to express the shape of visible objects.
The second principle of painting-the second principle of painting involves the shadow of an object, and the object is represented by this shadow. We will explain the principle of shadow, and then further explain how shadow makes the picture feel like sculpture.
What does painting science contain? Painting science studies all colors of objects, and studies the shapes and distances of objects specified on the surface, including the degree of blur caused by the increase of distance. This science is the mother of perspective (that is, line of sight science).
Perspective is divided into three parts. In the first part, we only study the contour lines of objects. The second part studies the fading of color when the distance increases. The third part studies the fuzzy degree of objects at different distances.
The first part of learning the outline of an object is called sketch, that is, the knowledge of sketching the shape of an object. Therefore, another kind of knowledge that specializes in light and shadow-shading originated, which needs to be elaborated in detail. The science of vision has produced astronomy, which explains vision and conical cross section, so it is a simple perspective. He is an Italian painter and scientist, and a symbol of human wisdom in the European Renaissance. His original name was Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, and he left many immortal paintings and research results in other scientific fields to future generations. Leonardo da vinci advocated that painting should not only be similar, but also be similar. It is required that the scale and perspective of portrait painting are correct, and its dynamics can express its "spiritual intention".
think
In Leonardo da Vinci's view, the process of human understanding of art and science is also "based on perceptual experience and the noblest feeling-vision", "all our knowledge comes from perception" and "painting is indeed a science and the legitimate daughter of nature". It can be seen that Leonardo da Vinci's understanding of beauty is not only based on simple materialistic epistemology, but also has some characteristics that precede Descartes' "empiricism" epistemology, and this aesthetic thought also makes him accurately locate between reason and experience. Leonardo da Vinci thought that "science is a general and practice is a soldier" and "what should a painter's heart be like? The painter's heart should be like a mirror, transforming itself into the color of objects and bringing it into the image of all objects in front of him truthfully. " This shows that he holds an empirical epistemology view on the preparatory stage of artistic creation. But at the same time, Leonardo da Vinci advocated that "painters compete with nature and surpass nature". This shows that he has realized the problem of artistic idealization and typicality. In addition, Leonardo also opposed the artistic practice of abandoning rationality and attaching importance to experience. "A man who is keen to be divorced from science and specialize in practice is like a sailor who boarded a ship without a compass and rudder and never knew the direction of the ship. Practice must always be based on a solid theory. " This sentence is Leonardo da Vinci's best footnote on the relationship between reason and experience.
Through the dialectical unity of science and practice, reason and experience, Leonardo da Vinci provided a brand-new scientific method and artistic practice view for the study of aesthetic theory since the Renaissance, which is one of his contributions to aesthetics.
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian real name: Da Vinci, julian calendar1April 452 15 (April 23rd, Gregorian calendar)-151May 2nd, 9) is an Italian scholar and artist.
Genius scientists, inventors and painters in the European Renaissance. Modern scholars call him "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", and he is a unique all-rounder in human history. His greatest achievement is painting. His masterpieces, such as Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Our Lady in the Rock, reflect his exquisite artistic attainments. He believes that the most beautiful research object in nature is the human body, which is a wonderful flower of nature, and painters should take people as the core of their painting objects.
He is a knowledgeable and versatile painter, astronomer, inventor and architectural engineer. He is also good at sculpture, music, invention and architecture, and is familiar with mathematics, physiology, physics, astronomy and geology. He is versatile and studious, and his preserved manuscript is about 6000 pages. All his scientific research results are preserved in his manuscript. Einstein thought that if Leonardo da Vinci's scientific research achievements were published at that time, science and technology could advance for 30-50 years.
Leonardo da Vinci showed his artistic talent when he was a teenager. /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he went to Florence to learn from his teacher and grew up to be a painter and sculptor with scientific literacy. He became a military engineer and architect. 1482 was recruited to Milan, graduated from the Italian Institute of Technology and became a famous architect and painter in Italy. He carried out creative and research activities in the noble court, and drifted from 15 13 to Rome and Florence. 15 16 lived in France, and 15 19 died on May 2nd. Asteroid 3000 was named "Leonardo". The most famous work is Mona Lisa, which is now one of the three treasures of the Louvre in Paris.