When writing an article, you deliberately quote existing idioms (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc. ) to express their thoughts and feelings, and explain their views on new problems and new truths. This rhetorical method is called quotation.

The function of quotation is to make the argument conclusive, convincing and enlightening, and the language is concise, implicit and elegant.

Please edit this paragraph for details.

Title quotation

Pinyin yǐn yòng

The function of quotation marks is to quote.

1. [Reference]: Use words from other people's works when speaking or writing articles, such as quoting an epigram from that poem.

2.[ Recommended]: Referral appointment

Quote world celebrities

detailed description

1. Referral appointment.

"Li Yingchuan in the Later Han Dynasty": "Therefore, it is a famous person in the world." Tang Du Fu's poem "Gift to the Secretary, Jiangxia, Gong Li" said: "I used to report to the Wu Hou Dynasty as a favor." Qing Zhaolian's Miscellaneous Notes on Xiao Ting does not like cronies: "Therefore, those who are cited are those who are eager for fame, and their stupid birthdays are all idle."

2. Use other people's examples or words as the basis.

Liu Tang's argument about Zongyuan; ":"Only friendship is cited as beauty, nothing else. "During the Song and Wu Dynasties, I wrote" Notes on Changing Zhai: The Second Day of Things ":"I occasionally read Dou's quotations, so I know that I don't need the official management of politics, martial arts and nine. " Ai Qing's Preface to Selected Poems IV: "I quote ... two sentences from Li Bai in my article. "

Edit this paragraph reference classification

The function of quotation is to make the argument conclusive, convincing and enlightening, and the language is concise, implicit and elegant.

When writing a paper, use:

Direct quotation

There are the following situations:

I monographs, papers, papers and reports

[serial number] Principal. Title of the document [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Start and end page numbers.

Second, journal articles

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page numbers.

Third, the literature deposited in the collection of essays

【 Serial number 】 The principal responsible person of the precipitation document. Title of precipitation document [A]. Primary owner of the original document (optional). Title of original file [C]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page number of the precipitation document.

Fourth, newspaper articles

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [N]. Name and publication date (edition) of the newspaper.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) international and national standards

[serial number] standard number, standard name.

Patent of intransitive verbs

[serial number] patent owner. Patent name [P]. Patent country: patent number, publication date.

Seven, electronic literature

[serial number] Principal. Title of electronic document [identification and carrier type of electronic document]. The source or accessible address of the electronic document, date of publication or update/reference date (optional).

Eight, all kinds of undefined literary types

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. Document title [Z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

Citation classification (2)

According to whether the reference place is clear, there are clear references and implied references; According to the difference between the quoted text and the original text, there are direct quotation and intentional quotation; According to the correctness of deduction or theme, there are true quotations and false quotations.

Yin Ming

Example (1):

Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.

Dark offer

Example (2):

Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.

Example (3):

The porridge is thin and the bottom of the bowl is heavy, and the nose wind blows the waves. Sometimes, the soup floats, and no one crosses the boat in the wild. (Shen's porridge poem)

("Wild Crossing without Boat Crossing" is quoted from Wei's Xixi Chuzhou)

Citation classification (3)

Being used, also known as "positive quotation", is a guiding language that holds a positive attitude towards the quoted sentence and is used when the quoted language is consistent with the original intention. Positive quotation is generally used to prove one's point of view and express one's thoughts and feelings. It can be an explicit reference or an implicit reference. For example:

(1) Ben An's son is the girl's general obedience. Why are you so affectionate all of a sudden? ..... What this passage comes from the essence, is the so-called children's hero at that time, which means "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent"; Others only said that he was advised to turn slowly. He had long had the idea that "nine cows can't pull" and copied everything in one sentence. Who is in charge?

(Qing Wenkang, Biography of Heroes of Children)

In the novel, An Gongzi's father was dismissed from his post for breaking the embankment twice, accused of poor governance, and was imprisoned in Shanyang County. AnGongZi eager to save his father, regardless of never been out of town, change the usual girl's obedient, determined to take thousands of two hundred pieces of silver to travel three thousand miles to sanyo county to save his father. "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent" comes from Mencius and Teng Wengong, which means: "Wealth cannot seduce him, poverty cannot shake him, and power rape cannot make him yield." "Nine cows can't pull" is a quoted saying. These two quotations show that An Gongzi's personality is particularly stubborn at this time, and no words or characters can change his determination to rescue his father, which is consistent with the meaning of the original quotation, so it is a positive quotation. There is no indication of the source here, it is a dark quotation.

(2) Qin Zhongshun refused to go there, remembering that no one was in charge of housework at home ... so he begged the ghost for trial in various ways. Unfortunately, these ghosts refuse to be selfish. Instead, he scolded Qin Zhong and said, "It's a pity that you are still a scholar. Don't you know that there is a saying,' The Yan told you to die in the third watch, who dares to keep people in the fifth watch?' We are selfless in the underworld, and there are more obstacles than you in the underworld. "

(Cao Qingxue Qin's Dream of Red Mansions)

"Yan told you to die at night. Who dares to leave people in the fifth watch? " The meaning of this proverb is: "The third watch of the Yan ordered you to die, and the ghost ordered you to hook your soul. No one can let you live to the fifth watch. " This proverb is a positive quote here. The author uses ghost sentences, and makes a sharp contrast between the ruthlessness of the underworld and the care, favoritism and dark corruption under the feudal political system in The Dead. It expresses the purpose of the author's saying this passage, that is, to severely lash the feudal regime to death. This is a positive quotation and a clear quotation.

(3) "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" has a cloud: "Read it today, let it go without knowing it, not too late." Then, he quoted the following poem:

I'm in a hurry to study,

Swimming is very interesting;

I might as well let go before I know it,

You need to think about it urgently.

This is the meaning of the so-called "reading without seeking a very good solution". Originally, I said I didn't really want to understand the book, but I advocated putting down the difficult places first, not persisting. Maybe after reading the context, you will understand the difficult part; If you still don't understand, you'll have to explain it later. This meaning seems particularly useful to our young readers now.

(Deng Tuo's "Yanshan Night Talk, Don't Secret the Secret")

There are three quotations in this article. The first place is that the author quoted Lu Jiuyuan's "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" and said, "Now that you have finished reading, you don't have to be too late to know what you are doing." The second is to quote a poem by Lu Jiuyuan, "Reading in a hurry makes swimming interesting; If you don't know, you may wish to put it down and need to think urgently. " The third place is "reading without seeking a solution". When expounding his point of view, the author quoted a sentence from the biography of Mr. Wu Liu, a famous poet in Jin Dynasty, "Read well and don't ask for much understanding." The author affirms that the sentences and poems quoted above are consistent with the meaning to be expressed in this article. It is said that you don't have to be too stubborn in reading, you don't have to dwell on this problem all the time, you have to understand. Sometimes you don't understand the problem, but time is delayed. So you advocate putting the difficult places aside for the time being and thinking about them later. This is the skill of positive quotation. In order not to arouse the misunderstanding of readers, the author repeatedly explained "not asking for a very good understanding" and pointed out in particular that "it seems particularly useful to our young readers now". The first place and the second place point out the source, which is a clear reference; The third place did not point out the source, it was a dark quotation.

Reverse quotation

Anti-use, also known as "anti-quotation", refers to judging the quoted sentences and holding a negative attitude, that is, the meaning used is opposite to the original intention, in order to achieve originality or play an ironic role. Reverse use can also be divided into three categories in form. The first is to record the original text and then deny or correct it; The second is to change the original text directly, so that the meaning used in this article is opposite to the original text; The third category is to introduce the main idea of the original text and then raise objections. For example:

(1) Confucius said: "It is difficult to raise a little woman, and if she is near, she is inferior, and if she is far away, she complains." The woman is the same as the villain, but I don't know if it includes his mother. Later Taoist gentlemen finally respected their mothers on the surface, but even so, women who were mothers in China were despised by all men except their own sons.

(Lu Xun's "Southern accent, about women's liberation")

"Only female thieves are hard to raise. If they are close, they will feel inferior. If they are far away, they will complain. " This is a sentence from Confucius, which means: "In this world, only women and villains are the most difficult to get along with. If you approach them, they will be rude; If you alienate them, they will resent it. "The author has a negative attitude towards this sentence. He quotes this sentence first, and then immediately judges this sentence. He thinks that putting women and villains together is a great contempt for women. In the era of demanding women's liberation, Mr. Lu Xun did the opposite and shouted for women's liberation.

2 "My son entered the ancestral hall and asked everything." It has been passed down as a beautiful talk so far. But when you get into the boat, you'd better not ask everything. Attendants are afraid of trouble and laziness. If you ask them, they either say they don't know, or they just play a joke on you. Fortunately, they are irresponsible to their guests, except for their luggage.

(Zhu Ziqing's Miscellaneous Notes on the Sea)

The quotation in this passage comes from Eight Books of the Analects of Confucius, which means: "Every time Confucius enters the ancestral temple, he has to ask questions about everything." The author quoted this sentence as saying that the ancients thought asking questions was a virtue, and later pointed out that it is impossible to ask questions on board now. Quoting the original words and changing its meaning is counter-quoting.

The above two examples are both directly recording the original words and then denying or correcting them, so they all belong to the first kind of reverse use.

(3) the square wood doesn't wear a crown,

Buzz Moran Yizhen.

Avoid being too clean,

The most precious thing is to hide light.

(Tang Li Bai's Bath Son)

There is a saying in "The Fisherman of the Songs of the South" that "the new bather will be crowned, and the new bather will shake his clothes". Looking at Li Bai's poem again, it is obvious that "Jiang" is directly changed to "Mo", which has the opposite meaning and belongs to the second kind of reverse use.

Oh, my sword is going to sleep!

I don't want to be frivolous like general Li,

Shoot the tiger with his weapon,

In fact, it only shoots a frozen stone.

Oh, my sword is going to sleep!

I don't want to learn from pedantic Li Hanlin,

Take his weapon to cut off the running water,

One wall is cutting and the other wall is flowing.

Oh, as long as my weapon is hidden,

As long as my weapon is asleep.

My weapon is not fierce,

I know treachery is a pile of frozen rocks;

Don't cut off my weapon with sorrow,

I know that sadness is an endless stream of water.

Oh, I'm finished!

Let my sword sleep!

Am I like the slick Emperor Gaozu,

Kill a white snake with a sword,

So create a rumor,

You cheated the whole world?

(Wen Yiduo's Sword Box)

There are three quotations in this poem: "Li Guang shoots stones", "Hanlin cuts off water" and "Gaozu cuts snakes". "Li Guang shoots stones" comes from Biography of General Li in Historical Records: "When hunting widely, you see stones in the grass and shoot them as tigers. The stone in the grass is not an arrow, but the stone you see is also. " General Li went hunting and saw a stone in the grass. He thought it was a tiger, so he shot it with an arrow, but the shaft didn't sink in. He took a closer look and it turned out to be a stone. " "There is no water in Hanlin" refers to Li Bai, who wrote a poem "Although the water still flows, though the sword is cut, the sorrow and joy are returned, though the wine is drowned" when he bid farewell to Minister Shu Yun in Xie Tiao Zhuang, Xuanzhou. "Emperor Gaozu cut the snake" originated from Historical Records of Emperor Gaozu. When Liu Bang was drunk in Ze, he met a big snake on the way, so he drew his sword and cut the snake in two, which was later used as a declaration of "God help" to rebel and seize the world. Here, the poet quoted the main idea of the original text, and then raised objections, "I don't want to learn from frivolous General Li", "I don't want to learn pedantic" and "I am like a gaudy Emperor Gaozu", which clearly expressed the poet's intention.

(5) the propaganda room asks for a virtuous person to visit the minister.

Jia is even more incoherent.

The poor seat was empty before midnight,

Don't ask people, ask ghosts.

(Don Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng")

Jia Yi in Han Dynasty was a very talented politician who was once rejected by ministers. The first two sentences here mean that Emperor Wen of Han summoned Jia Yi in exile in the propaganda room, which is a very glorious thing in the eyes of feudal literati. This opportunity is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, suggesting that talents can play. The third sentence means that Emperor Wen of Han listened with an open mind, which made them very close. The fourth sentence is lamenting that Emperor Wen of Han listened so attentively, not asking about world events, but asking about illusory ghost stories. The third and fourth sentences were originally about Wendy's love for talents. The poet made an inverted article here to satirize Wendy's lack of true love for talents, so as to feel that her talents are not satisfied.

The above examples ④ and ⑤ all quote the main idea of the original text and then raise objections, which belong to the third kind of reverse use.

Borrowing and quoting

There are two kinds of loans. One, also called "adaptation", means that the original intention and the meaning to be expressed are neither the same nor the opposite, but they are related to each other. It can bring forth new ideas, enhance vividness, produce humorous effect, and also arouse readers' association with stories and enhance vividness. Another is to borrow symbols from mathematics and combine them into a simple formula to express complex ideological content, so as to achieve the purpose of concise and intuitive artistic effect. For example:

1. The success of a great cause in ancient and modern times, the questioner of the university must go through three realms: "Last night, the west wind withered the trees, and I went to the tall building alone and looked at the horizon." "The belt is getting wider and wider, and I don't regret it. I am thin for Iraq. " So is this second environment. "The crowd searched for him for thousands of Baidu, and when I turned around, I saw that man was in a dim state." So is this third place.

(Wang Qing Guo Wei, "The Words of the World")

"Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I climbed the stairs alone and looked at the horizon" came from Yan Shu's "Butterfly Lovers" in the Song Dynasty. It turned out to be written in the desolate late autumn, climbing a tall building alone and looking down. Using it as the first place here is the pursuit of ideals. "My belt is getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it. I am haggard for Iraq" comes from Liu Yong's Butterfly Lovers in the Song Dynasty. The original intention is to languish gradually because of missing one's lover, indicating the suffering of lovesickness. The second place is used here, which means hard pursuit and exploration. "Looking for him in the crowd, but I can't see him later, but the man is in the dim light" comes from Xin Qiji's Jade Case in Song Dynasty. The original intention is to write about the surprise of the right person by accident, and it is used in the third place here to express the joy of success and ideal realization. These three quotations are all boudoir feelings, and the author uses their correlation to compare the three realms of scholarship, only extending the original intention of the quotations to enhance the vividness of the article, which has no deep meaning and is a borrowing method.

In hot weather, the rich are still busy socializing and sweating, while the poor spread a broken mat on the road, undressed and bathed in the cool wind, which is called "sweeping the world".

(Lu Xun's Peace and Happiness Law)

"Sweeping the world" comes from Jia Yi's On Qin in Han Dynasty. Qin Xiaogong wants to annex the world. This is a deliberate misinterpretation to arouse readers' association and enhance the image of the article. Used to indicate that the poor rolled up their mats and slept in the open space.

③ Little B: "Bubble!"

Mom: "Xiaoji, hurry up and find a small basin!" " "

Dad: "Wait, little B, don't sprinkle yet!" " "Xiao Jizuo and I walked quickly, under the bed and chair, and found a small basin respectively. I was so nervous that I let out a yell and left: "Where's the little basin? "Only in this house, how can I tell through all these clouds? In any case, I can't find a small basin. Mother dragged Xiao Yi into the wind and went to the toilet, and the storm subsided.

(Literary by-product of Lao She)

"Only in this house, how can I tell, through all these clouds?" From Jia Dao's suicide note in the Tang Dynasty: "When I asked your student under a pine tree," he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine." However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? Borrowing the last two sentences, the author changed the word "mountain" to "house", describing the scene that the child wanted to pee, the whole family went out to look for the urinal, and the urinal disappeared, which was different from the original intention of the poem and was not relative. It's only because I don't know where I can find a urinal at home and I don't know where I can find a master on the mountain that I quote it. This enhances the sense of humor of the article and makes the text interesting, which is a borrowing technique.

The above three examples all belong to the first borrowing technique, that is, borrowing has a certain correlation with the original text to enhance the vividness and vividness of the text and produce humorous effects.

(4) If I have to, I think it's better to bring some animality. It is meaningless if it conforms to the following formula: people+livestock = a certain kind of people.

(Lu Xun's "On the Face of China People")

People and livestock are equivalent to a certain kind of people. At first glance, we haven't seen it at all, and we don't know what theory or formula it is. In the author's view, "a certain kind of person" with the tame character of "animal" is actually tantamount to eliminating "animal nature". A person who has no rebellious spirit is "no good" to himself, but just likes the shepherd. The author uses the symbols "+"and "=" in mathematics to form a complete addition formula, which skillfully and vividly expresses the serious theme of his resistance, because taming is "not good" for us in China, but only for foreigners. This description is concise and lively.

⑤ The author thinks that Hu Shi only noticed its inseparable side, so he came to the conclusion that Stone = Jia Baoyu = Author (Cao Xueqin) and put forward his own legend.

(Mary's "Looking at the Story of the Stone from Narrative Techniques")

The role in A Dream of Red Mansions)

Hu Shi once thought unilaterally that the narrator (stone), hero (Jia Baoyu) and author (Cao Xueqin) of A Dream of Red Mansions were actually the same person. In order to illustrate the view that "he only pays attention to its inseparable side", the author of this article borrows two "=" symbols to express Hu Shi's wrong views concisely and intuitively, adding vividness and sense of humor to the article.

6 genius =2% inspiration +98% sweat.

(Edison's famous saying)

This sentence is a famous saying of Edison, a great American inventor, and we often use it today to prove that genius is not obtained by laziness, but by hard work and sweat. This formula vividly illustrates the dialectical relationship among genius, inspiration and diligence. In short, it is simple and clear, but it covers everything.

The above three examples all use mathematical symbols to express some intention, some thoughts and feelings, which are concise and can produce intuitive artistic effects. This belongs to the second borrowing technique.

Edit this paragraph to introduce this feature.

1. quotation can make the language expressed concise, vivid and infectious. For example:

(1) So I threw away my death and laughed at ease. Unexpectedly, I immediately bumped into the nails of decent people and said that I had let them down. I naturally know that the past was the world of the elderly, and now it is the world of teenagers; But unexpectedly, although people who rule the world are different, their rules prohibiting jokes are the same. Then, I had to play dead. Won't it hurt if I play dead?

(Lu Xun's "Suddenly enlightened")

The phrase "die before you die" comes from Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch": "Everything is so hard to see irreversibility. I did my best and died before I died. As for failure, I am outspoken and cannot turn back. " "Die before you die" is usually used with "Do your best". Its original meaning is: "Don't be afraid to work hard and contribute everything to your death, that is, devote yourself to national affairs until you die." The author quotes here, although it also refers to stopping to death, but it is not for the sake of national affairs, but to "pretend to be dead", which reflects the author's attack on that "fool dictatorship era" It makes people pretend to be dead everywhere, lifeless, not even joking, not angry at all, showing the author's great grief and indignation. After adding a "painless", the tone is more painful and stronger, which greatly increases the appeal of the article and causes readers to scream.

(2) After the night ... Zijuan stopped for a long time and said to herself, "It's better to be quiet than to move. Even if we are a good family here, everything else is easy to handle. The most rare thing is that we grew up and knew each other's temper and temperament. " Spat the dai jade, "you still have a lot these days. Why chew maggots if you don't rest now? " Zi Juan said with a smile, "I don't chew maggots for nothing, but I really care for the girl." I've been worried about you for years. Without parents and brothers, who knows the bitterness and heat? It is important for the old lady to understand this difficult season before it is too late. ..... If the bride's family is powerful, so much the better. In this case, girls had better have an old lady. If there is no old lady, it's just being bullied. Therefore, it is important to make up your mind. This girl is a smart person. Didn't you hear the saying,' Two thousand gold is easy to get, but a bosom friend is hard to find.' "

(Cao Qingxue Qin's Dream of Red Mansions)

Zijuan quoted the saying that "two thousand gold is easy to get, but a bosom friend is hard to find", and briefly summarized that the love between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu was based on mutual bosom friends, which revealed the preciousness of their love and reflected their persistent and painful mood. Lin Daiyu was so excited that she couldn't sleep all night. Her melancholy and sad mood also infected and attracted readers, making them unable to hide their difficult love. It can be seen that a common saying can be used to summarize the great attraction of things.

(3) The green tree listens to the owl [word-03.jpg],

To make matters worse,

The partridge is very quiet,

The cuckoo cut off the sound.

I can't find a place to cry until I come back in spring.

The bitterness and hatred of Ren Fangfei have vanished.

Isn't it farewell?

Turn off the pipa and plug it in,

There is even a golden que of Cui Tun.

Look at Yanyan,

Give it to my concubine.

The general suffered many battles and lost his reputation.

Xiangheliang,

Back in Wan Li,

Old friends grow old.

Xi cold front in Mix, Mix,

The house was dressed like snow,

The elegy of the strong man is not finished.

Songbirds know how annoying they are,

No crying, clear tears, tears of blood.

Who * * * me,

Drunk with the moon

(Song Xin Qi Ji's "He Xin Lang Bie Mao's Twelve Brothers")

The background of this poem is that the poet's brother was demoted to Guilin, and the poet was deeply moved, so he expressed his feelings about his life experience and his sadness about his home country by way of parting. In this poem, the poet quoted four allusions, all of which are scenes where you are going. He used these allusions to express his feelings of parting today, and I don't know when and when we will meet again. Maybe it's a parting of life and death. I thought of myself again and expressed my extreme sadness at the same time. "Pipa off immediately, black block" comes from the story of Wang Zhaojun who went out to make peace and married the southern Xiongnu Khan. Zhao Jun was very sad to leave his hometown, his familiar relatives and a foreign country with different customs and language barriers. Seeing My Concubine comes from the Spring and Autumn Period, when Wei Zhuanggong's concubine's son was killed, and Zhuang Jiang, the wife of Zhuang Gong, sent her back to her family, because she would never see her again. Zhuang Jiang felt sorry for everyone's getting along in the past, so he wrote a poem Yan Yan to lament the parting story. "The general lost his reputation and went to He Liang to return to Wan Li, so his old friend died forever" comes from the allusion that Li Ling surrendered to the Huns after the defeat of the Han Dynasty and never recovered. Li Ling and Su Wu separated on the river bridge, and from then on, they lived far apart, even if they never met again. "Mix, the west wind is cold, the house is full of clothes like snow, and the sad songs of strong men are incomplete" comes from the allusion of the Warring States swordsman Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin. Yan Taizi Dan saw me off in Yishui, all dressed in white to show that the strong men were gone forever, and the atmosphere was tragic. The poet secretly quoted these allusions, and his language was concise, expressing his unfortunate experiences and complicated feelings in a flowing way. It was very infectious and deeply moved after reading it, as if he had been to Where Are You Going?

2. Citation is very helpful for reasoning, expression and expression, providing strong arguments for one's own views and opinions and enhancing persuasiveness. For example:

Isn't it? Although Shanhaiguan is strong and dangerous, there are also records of being breached; Wu Sangui's entry into the customs is even more self-defeating. Didn't Dourgen's fighters rush across the Central Plains under this wide-open city gate?

"The six armies are all lost, and the anger of rushing to the crown is beautiful." Wu Meicun's Yuan Yuanqu expresses the indignation and hatred of patriots against Wu Sangui at that time. Although historians are still controversial about whether the motive of Wu Sangui's Qing Dynasty was "beauty", it is a fact and a lesson that Xiongguan was betrayed and failed.

(Jun Qing's "Xiongguan Fu")

Shanhaiguan is a world-famous dangerous pass, but the Qing government, which ruled China for more than 200 years, swarmed in from the "impregnable" Shanhaiguan and swept across the Central Plains, indicating that Shanhaiguan was broken despite the danger. The author then quotes two sentences from Wu Meicun's Yuan Yuan Qu, "Mourning for the Six Armies, Running for the Crown and Angering for Beauty", to increase the persuasiveness. When Li Zicheng's peasant army went to Beijing, Wu Sangui's favorite concubine Chen Yuanyuan was snatched away by Li Zicheng's subordinate Liu Zongmin. At that time, Wu Sangui was the general in charge of Shanhaiguan. For the sake of beauty, he was angry and led the Qing soldiers into the customs. Although the truth of this incident is still controversial, Shanhaiguan has been breached after all. The author quoted this poem, which enriched the argument and explained more forcefully that "the so-called' impregnable' Xiongguan never existed; The truly solid Xiongguan only exists in people's hearts.

We China people have backbone.

Mencius in the Warring States period had a few very good words: "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and powerful people cannot be bent. This is called a gentleman. " It means that high officials and rich people can't be bought, poverty and hardship can't be tortured, and violent force can't be threatened. This is the so-called gentleman. The behavior of a gentleman shows heroism, which we call backbone today.

(Wu Han's "Talking about Bone")

This is the beginning of the article. The author first quotes four sentences from Mencius Teng Wengong. Mencius was a famous thinker, politician and educator in the Warring States period. What he said is of course very weighty, which virtually provides an argument for the author's argument. Coupled with the author's own exposition, the organic combination of the two adds persuasiveness to the article.

Litchi is not resistant to storage, as Bai Juyi said: "The color changes in one day, the fragrance changes in two days, the taste changes in three days, and the color and fragrance are gone in four or five days." ..... Because litchi can't be stored well, the ancient imperial court had to send people from the south to Chang 'an or Luoyang to eat litchi, which caused great pain to the people. In order to love Yang Guifei, Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty did this kind of harm to the people. In the Tang Dynasty, Du Mu said: "Chang 'an looks back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times. Riding the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi. "It is a mockery of this matter.

(Jia Zuzhang's "Zhou Nan June Litchi Dan")

In order to explain that litchi is not easy to store, the author first quotes a sentence in Bai Juyi's Preface to Litchi that "the color changes once, the fragrance changes for two days, the taste changes for three days, and the color, smell and fragrance disappear in four or five days", which vividly illustrates this characteristic of litchi. In order to be more prominent and convincing, the author also quoted a poem by Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, entitled "Three Poems of China Crossing the Qing Palace (Part I)", saying that in order to please Yang Guifei, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty had litchi transported to Chang 'an from thousands of miles away. In order to keep litchi fresh, transporters travel day and night, climbing mountains and mountains, even trampling on farmers' fields and crops regardless of their lives. This quotation is extremely impressive, which not only strengthens the strength of the article, but also increases the artistry of the article.