Knowledge of fire and explosion (knowledge of fire and explosion safety) 1. Fire and explosion safety knowledge
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Original Publisher: He Jia Diao City
Fire and explosion safety knowledge Fire and explosion accidents are one of the most common accidents with particularly serious consequences in chemical production. Fire and explosion prevention is one of the important tasks of chemical safety production. Therefore, it is necessary to master the knowledge of fire prevention and explosion prevention in order to effectively prevent or reduce the occurrence of fire and explosion accidents. Characteristics and causes of accidents. The main characteristics of fire and explosion accidents are: 1. The losses and casualties caused by serious fires and explosions are often serious. 2. The causes of complex fire and explosion accidents are often complicated. Such as shape, quantity, concentration, temperature, specific gravity, boiling point, ignition energy, naked flame, electric spark, heat of chemical reaction, material decomposition, spontaneous combustion, thermal radiation, high-temperature surface, impact, friction, electrostatic spark and other factors are very complicated. 3. Sudden fire and explosion accidents are often unexpected, especially explosion accidents. It is difficult for us to know when and where they will happen. They often happen when we relax our vigilance and carelessness, or when we are negligent in our work. Second, the general causes of fire and explosion accidents are very complicated. After a lot of accident investigation and analysis, the reasons are basically as follows: 1, human factors-due to the operator's lack of business knowledge; Paralysis before the accident, carelessness, luck, irresponsibility and illegal operation. When the accident happened, he panicked and did not deal with it calmly, which led to the expansion of the accident. Or some people are careless, lucky, irresponsible and bury hidden dangers. 2. Equipment factors-due to outdated equipment, nonstandard design and installation, poor quality, defective safety accessories and other reasons. 3. Material factors-Due to the different nature, characteristics and harmfulness of the hazardous chemicals used, the reaction conditions, results and degree of danger are also different. 4, environmental factors-the same output
2. Fire and explosion prevention knowledge
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Definition of fire prevention technical terms
English name: fire prevention English name: fire definition: aviation materials and parts have the ability to withstand a lasting flame without being melted (not less than steel materials and parts). The general condition of fire test is that the flame is at (1093 27.5)℃ Discipline: aviation technology (first-class discipline); Aviation materials (two disciplines)
This content is approved and published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technical Terminology.
[Edit this paragraph] Fire prevention
Literally means to prevent fire. In fabric deep processing technology, it refers to a process to prevent fire. At present, flame retardants are mainly organic and inorganic, halogen and non-halogen.
Explosion proof!
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brief introduction
Explosion-proof 1, three necessary conditions for explosion, and three conditions are met at the same time-explosion ignition source; ; Oxygen; ; Combustible and incombustible 2. Three necessary conditions must be considered to prevent explosion, and limiting one of them will limit the explosion. Prevent explosions that may be caused by explosive and flammable substances in chemical plants and refineries. Leakage of explosive or flammable substances caused by poor sealing of equipment and pipelines, as well as sparks formed when the electrical contacts of instruments and electrical equipment are short-circuited, may cause explosion or combustion (see explosion limit).
[Edit this paragraph] Explosion-proof measures
(1) Select explosion-proof instrument; (2) Choose explosion-proof electrical equipment. Common structures are: explosion-proof, safety-increasing, positive pressure, sand-filled, intrinsically safe and oil-filled type. (3) Choose the ventilation method. In the industrial process, flammable and explosive situations are usually handled from the following three aspects. 1) to prevent or minimize the possibility of leakage of flammable substances; 2) Do not use or use as little as possible electrical components that are prone to electric sparks; 3) Nitrogen filling is adopted to keep the inert state. See explosion-proof membrane.
3. Know little about fire prevention
Fire prevention tips 1. What tests should I do before going to bed and going out? Check whether the electricity and gas are turned off and whether the fireworks are extinguished.
Second, how to do the escape plan at home? 1, be familiar with the escape route of the floor where you live and be ready for rapid evacuation at any time. 2. On weekdays, simulate with your family in advance how to escape in case of fire and reach the agreed meeting place.
3, should be familiar with the fire fighting equipment in the floor and its use. Third, what fire safety should the kitchen pay attention to? 1, wear short sleeves or appropriate long sleeves when cooking to avoid burning clothes by fireworks.
When cooking, don't leave at will, and turn off the fireworks before you leave. Don't let the children play in the kitchen.
Fourth, what kind of public places should you try not to consume? 1. A place with only one entrance and exit. 2. It is located underground.
3. Places decorated with flammable materials. 4, fire safety equipment unqualified places.
5, fire damaged places. The following are the important reasons that affect your escape. Don't go to this public place to spend? 1. The security door is locked.
2. The security door that should normally be closed is always open. The safety door leading to the roof platform is locked.
4, safety ladder, channel (such as walking lang), stairs, etc. 6. For your own safety, what should you know first when you enter a strange place? 1, escape direction. 2, the location of the security door, ladder, and whether it is closed, whether it is locked.
3. Check the location of fire fighting and refuge equipment such as fire hydrants, descenders and life-saving kits. Seven, how to report the case after the disaster? 1. Stay calm and call 1 19.
2. State the detailed disaster location or nearby targets. 3. Briefly describe the disaster situation.
Leave your phone number and address for further contact. 8. What should I pay attention to in case of fire? 1, avoid panic, judge the fire source and escape in the opposite direction to the fire source.
Never use lifting equipment (elevator) to escape. Never go back to the house to get valuables.
4. When there is a fire at night, you should wake up the sleeping people first, don't just think about your own escape, but shout as loudly as possible to remind others to escape. Nine, how to deal with the fire in the oil pan when cooking? 1. Don't put out the fire with water.
2. Fire extinguishers can be used to put out fires. 3, you can cover the lid and then cover it with a wet towel to block the air to put out the fire.
4. Turn off the air switch quickly. 10. How to use the fire hydrant? 1. Open the fire hydrant box.
2. Extend the hose. 3. Open the water stop valve.
XI。 How to use dry powder fire extinguisher? 1. Pull the safety pin. 2. The hose faces the fire source.
3. Press the handle hard, choose the upwind position near the ignition point, and spray the dry powder into the flame base. 4. After quenching, cool with water to eliminate smoke.
12. What are the main points of using the descent control machine? 1. Take the descent control device out of the box. 2. Open the hook joint.
3, hanging on the fixed frame. 4. Put the safety rope under your armpit and fasten the harness on your chest.
5. Tighten the two ropes under the mediator. 6. Climb out of the window and face the wall.
7. Let go of your hands, open your arms, and be careful not to hit the wall when you fall. 8. Remove the safety rope immediately after descending.
9. Pull the rope to the top so that the next person can use it. Thirteen, how to avoid the danger of fire and smoke in escape? 1. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel to breathe, and lower your posture to reduce smoke inhalation.
2. Cover your head with a transparent plastic bag filled with air where there is no smoke to avoid inhaling toxic smoke or gas. 3. If you pass through the flame area on the way to escape, you should first wet your clothes or wrap your body with wet quilts and blankets, and pass quickly to avoid fire.
4. In the smoky atmosphere, there is still surplus air available 30 cm from the ground, so you can escape with a low posture. When crawling, keep your palms, elbows and knees close to the ground and escape along the wall to avoid missing the direction. 5. In the process of fire escape, close all the doors behind you, which can slow down the spread of fire and smoke.
Fourteen, how to prevent smoke from coming in through the door after the fire? Block the door with adhesive tape or wet towels, sheets, clothes, etc. 15. What should I do if my clothes catch fire? It is best to take off or lie down on the spot, cover your face with your hands and roll over to put out the fire, or jump into the nearest pool to put out the fire.
Sixteen, if a fire is trapped indoors, how to put it out? 1, go to a place that is easy to be rescued (such as a window near the main road or a room near the door). ) .2. Try to inform people outside (tell 1 19 by phone or mobile phone where you are trapped, or call directly from the window with clothes and lights).
3. Prevent smoke from flowing in.
4. Understand the knowledge of fire and explosion prevention.
Fire and explosion-proof safety knowledge
Basic knowledge of combustion, fire prevention and explosion prevention
First, the formation of combustion.
In order to do a good job of fire prevention and extinguishing effectively, we must first understand the formation of combustion. Generally speaking, combustion is caused by the interaction of combustible materials, combustion-supporting materials and fire sources (common fire sources are: open flame, electric spark, electric spark caused by impact or friction, hot object, lightning strike, spontaneous combustion, etc.). Therefore, it is the basic principle of fire prevention and extinguishing technology to take measures to prevent the three conditions of combustion from coexisting or avoiding their interaction.
Second, the classification of fire
According to the combustion characteristics of substances, fires are generally divided into the following categories:
Class A fire: refers to solid fire. This kind of substance often has the nature of organic matter, and it can generally produce glowing embers when burning. Such as wood, cotton, wool, hemp, paper fire, etc.
Class B fire: refers to liquid fire and meltable solid fire. Liquid fire can be divided into oil fire and water-soluble liquid fire. Oil fire refers to the fire of gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, crude oil, heavy oil, animal and vegetable oil, etc. Water-soluble liquid fire refers to the fire of polar organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and ether.
Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen fire, etc.
Class d fire: refers to metal fire. Refers to potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, lithium, aluminum-magnesium alloy fire, etc.
Iii. Causes of fire and explosion
Material cause
1, light cigarette butts. Littering unlit cigarette butts at the production site may cause a fire.
2. Electric spark. For example, an electrical short circuit will make the combustible structure of a house burn and cause a fire.
5. What are the precautions for fire and explosion prevention?
The contents of fire safety inspection mainly include the following aspects:
1, the implementation of fire and explosion prevention measures for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods and places, and the fire safety of other important materials. For example, whether the production and storage equipment of inflammable and explosive articles and their packaging and transportation tools meet the technical requirements of fire prevention, whether the fire safety accessories or devices such as safety valves, flame arresters, bursting discs, emergency cut-off valve, over-current valves, water seals and check valves of equipment or containers are complete, qualified and applicable, and whether the packaging materials, volume, weight, structure, model and marks meet the requirements of loaded articles.
2. Management of fire sources such as fire and electricity. Such as baking, tempering, gas welding, electric welding, heat treatment and other fire management, whether there are fire approval procedures and corresponding safety measures, whether the installation, laying and selection of electrical equipment and lines meet the requirements of fire and explosion prevention in the place, and whether the anti-static and lightning protection measures of equipment, storage and buildings meet the requirements.
3, building layout, fire rating, fire truck access and fire water source. For example, whether the plane layout of the building, the fire prevention distance and the safe distance from the surrounding buildings (structures) and equipment meet the fire safety requirements of urban planning, whether the fire resistance rating of the building meets the requirements of fire hazard categories of production and storage items, whether the decoration, fire separation and fire division of the building meet the requirements of fire technical specifications, whether the fire water source is sufficient, and whether the fire road is unblocked.
4. Rectification and preventive measures for fire hazards. How to rectify the fire hazards found in previous inspections is a key point of fire safety inspection. Attention should be paid to three points during the inspection: First, whether the fire hazards found in the last inspection are accurate; Second, what are the reasons for the poor rectification? The third is whether remedial measures or other temporary safety measures have been taken for hidden dangers that cannot be rectified in time.
5, the establishment and implementation of fire organization and fire prevention rules and regulations. For example, whether the full-time and mass volunteer fire brigade of the unit is established and improved, whether it organizes regular study and training, how the full-time fire brigade prepares for duty, whether there is a gap in the distribution of volunteer firefighters, whether there are necessary fire prevention rules and regulations in the unit and important parts, and how the implementation is.
6. Fire safety tips
Next, I will tell you what to do in case of fire.
Take refuge in the thick smoke, try to lower your body and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.
Don't jump off a building blindly. You can use ropes or tear sheets into strips to connect them and tie them to doors, windows and heavy objects for easy sliding down.
When trapped in the fire, there is no other way to save yourself, you can use flashlights and eye-catching objects to send out distress signals continuously, so that the fire brigade can find it in time and organize rescue.
How do people upstairs escape from the fire?
People usually panic when the stairs are on fire. People upstairs are particularly anxious and don't know what to do. Once this kind of fire happens, if you are not afraid of danger, you should first stabilize your mood, keep a clear head and try to put out the fire on the spot. For example, watering with water, using a wet quilt cover, etc. If you can't put it out immediately, the fire will burn more and more brightly and people will be in danger of being surrounded by fire. At this time, we must try our best to escape. Sometimes there is a fire in the building and the stairs are not on fire, but smoke is often poured into the stairwell. People upstairs are prone to the illusion that the stairs are cut off and there is no way out. In fact, in most cases, the stairs are not on fire, and they can try to escape. If you choke on smoke, you can cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, get close to the floor or run away. Even if the stairs are blocked by flames, when there is no other way out, you can use wet quilts and other things as a cover to rush out as soon as possible. If the stairs have indeed been burned out and seem to have reached a desperate situation, we should also calmly think about whether there are other stairs to walk, whether they can be transferred from the roof or balcony, whether they can slide down with water pipes, bamboo poles or ropes, whether they can jump down step by step, and so on. As long as you think about it more, it is generally reversible.
If children, the elderly and patients are trapped upstairs, they should be rescued as soon as possible, such as using quilts, blankets and cotton-padded jackets. Some were tied with rope, some with torn sheets, some slipped down the rope, some were thrown on the balcony and roof, and so on. In order to get out of danger as soon as possible.
Calling for help is also a major rescue method. People trapped by fire can't get out. When people around you hear the cry for help, they will try to rescue them or report to the fire brigade for help.
Ten tips for family fire emergency
First, the initial fire is the easiest to put out. Before the arrival of the fire truck, if we can concentrate on rescue, we can often save the day and turn the corner.
Second, call the police early, and the earlier the alarm, the smaller the loss. Remember the "1 19" fire call?
Third, we must put out the fire first, and then carry the property. A slight delay will easily lead to great disaster. In case of fire, it is not advisable to rescue the property first, which may choke to death or lose the chance of escape.
Four, calm down, strictly abide by the order, in order to retreat safely in the fire. If we rush to each other, crowd each other, block the passage, and lead to self-trampling, it will cause undue tragedy.
The passage downstairs was blocked by fire. When there is no way out, tear the quilt sheets and tablecloths into cloth to form a rope, fasten the windowsill, cover your palm with a skirt and slide down the rope.
Six, the adjacent room is on fire, don't open the door, should jump out of the window balcony, call for help or use the former method to escape. Otherwise, hot smoke will take advantage of it and make people suffocate.
Seven, when the smoke is thick, don't panic, it is advisable to use knees and elbows to land and crawl forward, because there is often fresh air nearby. Be careful. Breathe small and shallow.
Eight, in the case of going upstairs, you must hold your breath and go upstairs. Because the speed of smoke rising is 3-5 meters per second, while the speed of people going upstairs is 3-5 meters per second, and the speed of people going upstairs is 0.5 meters per second.
9. When fleeing, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel. You can also cover your mouth and nose with water from vases, kettles and goldfish bowls in your room to wet clothes and fabrics. When you take your baby to escape, you can gently cover his face with a wet cloth, hold him in one hand and grab the thread in the other to escape.
Before you escape, be sure to close the door of the room with fire. Especially in buildings and hotels with more residents, this measure can limit the flame and smoke in one room, prevent them from spreading rapidly, and win valuable time for yourself and everyone.
Preventive measures of fire in public places
In order to effectively prevent fire accidents in public places, in addition to strengthening fire prevention knowledge education, the following safety measures must be taken:
1. Keep away from flammable materials when using electric heating equipment in public places. For example, an infrared heater is used, because its surface temperature is very high, and it is easy to cause fire when it is close to flammable substances.
2, the use of lighting lamps and lanterns to keep a safe distance with combustible substances. Otherwise, if the lighting lamp clings to wood or other flammable materials, it is also very dangerous. Because the surface temperature of the light bulb is very high. For example, the surface temperature of 60W incandescent lamp can reach135-180℃; The surface temperature of 100W incandescent lamp can reach 170-220℃, so when the bulb is exposed to flammable materials for a long time, it will lead to fire.
3. When people iron clothes or trim their hair with a hair dryer, they should cut off the power supply in time after use and put it on a nonflammable base, and then store it after the residual heat of the lamp is exhausted. Don't put it in the carton immediately after use, because the remaining heat will lead to other flammable items and cause fire.
4. When people repair the electric soldering iron used by electrical equipment in public places, they should unplug the power plug first after use, and then put it on a nonflammable base or cement floor. Never put it on the floor or desk to prevent combustible materials such as the floor and desk from catching fire due to high temperature.
7. How to prevent fire and explosion?
How to prevent fire and explosion in enterprises
The basic measures of enterprise fire prevention and explosion protection are divided into two aspects: technical measures and organizational management measures.
Fire and explosion-proof technical measures mainly include:
1. Prevent the formation of explosive media. This can reduce the concentration of explosive substances by ventilation, so that they do not reach the explosion limit. It can also be used to prevent fire and explosion, and can also prevent gasoline poisoning. In addition, measures can be taken to limit the use and storage of combustible materials so that they cannot reach the dangerous limit of combustion and explosion.
2. Prevent the generation of ignition sources, so that fire and explosion do not have the conditions to occur. In this regard, the following eight ignition sources should be strictly controlled, namely, impact friction, open flame, high-temperature surface, spontaneous combustion and heating, adiabatic compression, electric spark, electrostatic spark, photothermal radiation and so on.
3. Install fire and explosion-proof safety devices. Such as flame arresters, explosion-proof disks, explosion-proof windows, fire doors, safety valves, etc., to prevent fire and explosion.
Organization and management measures for fire prevention and explosion protection mainly include:
1. Strengthen the leadership of fire prevention and explosion prevention.
2. Carry out regular fire and explosion safety education and safety inspection, improve people's vigilance, and timely discover and rectify unsafe hidden dangers.
3. Establish and improve the fire and explosion-proof responsibility system and other fire and explosion-proof systems.
4. Channels and entrances and exits of all fire control facilities in factories and workshops shall not be occupied or blocked.
5. A voluntary fire fighting organization should be established, and it should be equipped with targeted and sufficient fire fighting equipment.
6. Strengthen the duty on duty, strict inspection tour.
Enterprise production workers shall comply with the following fire and explosion regulations:
1. Should have certain knowledge of fire and explosion prevention. And strictly implement the rules and regulations of fire prevention and explosion prevention, and it is strictly forbidden to operate illegally.
2. Smoking should be carried out in the designated safe place. Smoking and cigarette butts littering are strictly prohibited in the work site and the factory area.
3. When using, transporting and storing flammable and explosive gases, liquids and dust, the safety operation procedures must be strictly observed.
4. It is forbidden to use naked flame in the work site. When it is really necessary to use it, it must be reported to the competent department for approval, and safety precautions should be taken.
5. The use of electrical facilities, such as insulation damage, aging, a large number of out-of-specification and do not meet the requirements of fire and explosion, should stop using, and report to the leadership to solve. Don't run with faults to prevent fire and explosion accidents.
6. You should learn to use general fire-fighting tools and equipment, take good care of the fire-proof and explosion-proof tools and equipment equipped in the workshop, and don't misappropriate them at will.
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8. Summary of knowledge about fire prevention and explosion prevention in gas stations.
Fire and explosion-proof safety knowledge
Basic knowledge of combustion, fire prevention and explosion prevention
First, the formation of combustion.
In order to do a good job of fire prevention and extinguishing effectively, we must first understand the formation of combustion. Generally speaking, combustion is caused by the interaction of combustible materials, combustion-supporting materials and fire sources (common fire sources are: open flame, electric spark, electric spark caused by impact or friction, hot object, lightning strike, spontaneous combustion, etc.). Therefore, it is the basic principle of fire prevention and extinguishing technology to take measures to prevent the three conditions of combustion from coexisting or avoiding their interaction.
Second, the classification of fire
According to the combustion characteristics of substances, fires are generally divided into the following categories:
Class A fire: refers to solid fire. This kind of substance often has the nature of organic matter, and it can generally produce glowing embers when burning. Such as wood, cotton, wool, hemp, paper fire, etc.
Class B fire: refers to liquid fire and meltable solid fire. Liquid fire can be divided into oil fire and water-soluble liquid fire. Oil fire refers to the fire of gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, crude oil, heavy oil, animal and vegetable oil, etc. Water-soluble liquid fire refers to the fire of polar organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and ether.
Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen fire, etc.
Class d fire: refers to metal fire. Refers to potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, lithium, aluminum-magnesium alloy fire, etc.
Iii. Causes of fire and explosion
Material cause
1, light cigarette butts. Littering unlit cigarette butts at the production site may cause a fire.
2. Electric spark. For example, an electrical short circuit will make the combustible structure of a house burn and cause a fire.
9. My recent thesis needs knowledge of electrical fire prevention and explosion prevention.
5 Selection of electrical equipment (including cables and conduits) 5. 1 Specific information In order to select electrical equipment suitable for explosion and dangerous places, the following contents need to be known:-Categories of dangerous places,-Temperature group or ignition temperature of gas or swallowed gas according to Article 5.3.
-If necessary, gas or swallowing gas classification related to classification and sub-classification of electrical equipment according to 5.4; Note: for the explosion-proof type in G B 3 836. 1, only for the explosion-proof type "D" (isolated shell) and "I" (intrinsically safe type), it is necessary to classify the equipment into small categories. For explosion-proof type "N", some equipment also needs to be classified into small categories (see 5.4)-external influence and ambient temperature. 5.2 5.2. Selection of equipment in10 area If electrical equipment and circuits meet the requirements of GB 3836.4 ("IA"-Intrinsic Safety) and this standard 12.3, they can be used in 0 area.
5.2.2 Equipment used in 1 area, such as electrical equipment, shall meet the requirements. Regional requirements or one or more of the following explosion-proof types (see also 5.2.4). Electrical equipment can be used for.
10. What should be paid attention to in fire and explosion prevention?
(1) Master certain knowledge of fire prevention and explosion prevention, and strictly implement fire prevention and explosion prevention rules and regulations.
Illegal operation is prohibited. (2) Smoking shall be carried out in the designated safe place, and smoking and littering of cigarette butts in the work site and factory area are strictly prohibited.
(3) When using, transporting and storing inflammable and explosive gases, liquids and other substances, the safety operation procedures must be strictly observed. (4) It is strictly forbidden to use open flame at the job site.
When it is really necessary to use it, it must be reported to the competent department for approval, and safety precautions must be taken. (5) When the used electrical facilities are found to be damaged, aged, overloaded and do not meet the requirements of fire and explosion prevention, they should be stopped and reported to the leaders for solution.
Don't run with faults to prevent fire and explosion accidents. (6) You should learn to use general fire-fighting tools and equipment.
Fireproof and explosion-proof tools and equipment equipped in the workshop shall be properly kept and shall not be misappropriated.