The cognitive integration of man and environment is complementary. Although the quality of campus planning and landscape may not directly lead to students' success, a campus with pleasant scenery and full of natural and ecological atmosphere can certainly provide positive influence for students' health and all-round growth. The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of sculpture as an artistic application means in the landscape design of university campus.
I. The concept of sculpture
Sculpture is one of the oldest artistic activities of mankind. The definition of sculpture in Ci Hai Diao Tiao is: "Sculpture is made of all kinds of plastics (such as clay) or engravable (such as metal, stone, wood, etc.). ) materials to produce images with real volume. " The earliest sculpture activity of human beings is centered on the image of human beings. This concern for people has always run through the whole history of sculpture art, and has added their own colorful characteristics of the times in different periods.
With the diversification of expression techniques, the enrichment of materials, the change of spatial consciousness and the continuous development of technology, the connotation and extension of modern sculpture have been greatly expanded. Modern sculpture has been given a new definition, that is, the art of making three-dimensional spatial images by means of carving, engraving, plastic, piling, welding, knocking and editing. Sculpture is no longer just the decoration and embellishment of the environment, but is integrated with modern garden landscape, which is a brand-new "landscape" in itself.
The development of landscape science promotes the integration of sculpture and environment, and the development of "cultural landscape" makes landscape sculpture emerge as the times require. With the continuous improvement of campus landscape design, landscape sculpture, as a new development direction, plays an increasingly important role in campus environment construction.
Second, the characteristics of campus landscape
A university campus built on a certain social, economic and cultural basis reflects the interaction between these factors through the forms of external material elements, such as society, economy, ethnic religion, culture, natural environment, engineering and technical level and artistic style in different periods. To sum up, these influencing factors can be divided into three categories: nature, humanity and society. These three factors restrict and complement each other, and finally determine the environmental landscape form of the university campus.
1, natural environment
As far as the campus environment is concerned, in addition to academics, universities attach great importance to forming their own campus characteristics. Among many factors that restrict the characteristics of campus landscape, the most important thing is how to make full use of the unique local natural conditions and create a suitable campus environment.
Speaking of natural conditions, it is not difficult to think of four basic substances contained in nature: wood, water, rock and soil, which together constitute a rich and diverse composition. These synthetic objects are so diverse that it is difficult to describe them in words. For landscape designers, complex natural conditions are the basis of design. No matter what kind of design, we must consider the relationship between the building and its environment, topography, orientation, roads and plants. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the many impacts of climate on the environment and the relationship between land, vegetation, water and building materials. Only in this way can we create a campus environment landscape where nature and people live in harmony.
2. Human factors
The fundamental purpose of campus landscape design is to serve people, teachers and students. The humanistic factors here include two aspects, on the one hand, the designer of campus environmental landscape, on the other hand, the user of campus environmental landscape. Humanistic factors can be said to have the greatest influence on the shaping of campus space environment.
University is a temple for the spread of knowledge and culture, and the influence of cultural background on campus environmental landscape is profound and implicit. Different cultural backgrounds will always leave traces on the landscape pattern of university campuses around the world. From the traditional "ritual system" in ancient China to the worship of "freedom and democracy" in modern America, from "high, large and comprehensive" in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to "open, efficient and intensive" in the present age, various ideas formed in different cultural backgrounds have become the reference system for locating the landscape form of campus environment and setting the tone for the landscape design of university campus.
3. Social factors
In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the construction of university campus was still greatly influenced by politics and economy. Campus planning, single building and environmental landscape form all have distinct brand of the times. The former Soviet Union was once a model for the development of various industries in China, and campus construction was no exception. Moscow University became a model of the university campus built by China in 1950s. In that special historical period, the landscape patterns of many university campuses were very similar.
With the decentralization of state central power, the subordinate relationship of compartmentalization in colleges and universities is gradually "loosened", and the autonomy of schools is increasing day by day. Therefore, campus planning and design should have greater flexibility. In the landscape design of campus environment, we should not only fully consider the growth and change of land use nature and landscape structure, but also have applicability, flexibility and sustainable development in landscape design.
Third, the use of sculpture techniques.
Sculpture and various artistic sketches are important artistic landscape facilities in the external environment of buildings. It can play an important role in embellishing and setting off the atmosphere and adding local cultural atmosphere and the style of the times. Sculptures on campus, like pearls on a jade plate, are often the most lively attractions on campus. Important sculptures can become the most concise symbol of campus culture and a beautiful landscape in the university campus. Sculpture is often regarded as the visual center of a certain space environment, attracting people to rest and communicate in a certain range. In an attractive communication space, it is often used as an educational means to increase the charm of campus culture. Sculpture in the design from the following aspects:
1, topic selection
The choice of campus sculpture theme is determined by many factors, and the choice of theme must be comprehensively considered according to the purpose of setting, the characteristics of the environment, the history of the campus and people's aesthetic habits. There are many sculptures with simple functions, small size and novel shapes. It is not only closely related to the life and study of teachers and students, but also of great significance to beautify the environment and improve the quality of campus landscape. On the one hand, they are objects to be watched, on the other hand, they are places where people watch the scenery.
When designing the theme of campus sculpture, we should consider the artistry of its own modeling; At the same time, we should respect the historical context of the campus and reflect the unique cultural connotation of each campus. In addition, we should also deal with the relationship between them and the surrounding environment, buildings and plant configuration. Only in this way can we give full play to their role of "finishing touch" on campus, fully embody their artistic value and form a beautiful artistic conception. In China, many old schools with historical traditions have unique landscape sketches to reflect their profound culture and long history. For example, some sculptures of Peking University embody the landscape style of Peking University, which brings out the best in Peking University's landscape style and humanistic spirit, and creates an ecological campus with profound oriental cultural heritage and a strong sense of modernity. Nanjing University placed a sculpture of "willing cow" in the open space in front of Yifu Building to encourage students to study hard and know how to make contributions to the people. Some newly-built schools also attach great importance to sculpture to reflect their unique campus culture. For example, the Central Academy of Fine Arts placed sculptures in front of the teaching building, which not only reflected the spirit of the times, but also integrated modernity with history. In this artistic environment, various landscape sketches are organically integrated with buildings, courtyards and green spaces to create a rich artistic atmosphere; Really cultivate students' body and mind.
2. Form
There are abstract and concrete sculptures, and concrete sculptures are more easily accepted and understood by people. But abstract sculpture is often more profound than concrete sculpture, which can stimulate people's association and inspire people's thinking. Successful sculptures are often in harmony or contrast with the environment, or echo. In addition to its own proportional relationship, color relationship, material technology relationship, we must strive to be unified and harmonious with the campus environment, strive to connect with the history and future of the university, and strive to become the mainstream of the campus environment. On the one hand, we should avoid the single and vague form, strive for innovation in expression techniques, maintain harmony and unity with the surrounding environment in space processing, and reflect the characteristics of various schools in style. On the other hand, the site selection of campus sculpture should also be appropriate, especially the nature and location of school anniversary commemoration should be carefully considered, otherwise it will become superficial and vulgar.
In short, sculpture, like other environmental works of art, should not only pay attention to the beauty of a single work, but also fully consider the spatial form of all buildings and objects on this environmental level, and create the beauty of the overall environment with the overall image and festivals formed by the main activities in time series.
3. Materials
Every time history changes materials, the application of new materials and the development of sculpture have made a big step forward. At present, due to humanism's re-understanding of man and man and nature, new viewpoints have emerged. Broncusi's sculpture creation found the independent aesthetic connotation of material beauty, which opened up a new environment for modern sculpture. Especially influenced by Heidegger's philosophy, plastic sculptors pay more attention to the meaning of "things" in sculpture, while in traditional sculpture, the theme and form determine the choice of materials. In modern landscape sculpture, the induced form of material texture came into being. Materials can be used as the theme of expression, which is an opportunity to inspire sculptors. With the sculptor's in-depth exploration of the possibility of material expression, material expression also has rich aesthetic connotation. If the beauty of traditional art comes from the expression of modeling and color, then the beauty of modern sculpture comes more from the expression of materials. From the most primitive hard materials such as stone, wood and ceramics to various high-tech materials such as metal and glass, all of them reflect the improvement of sculpture level and aesthetic changes. As the forefront of social thought, innovative use of materials according to the characteristics of different institutions will often get twice the result with half the effort.
4. Lighting equipment
With the opening and development of society, the nightlife of university campus has become increasingly active, and the night scene of university has become an important part of campus appearance. How to extend the style of landscape sculpture from day to night is a problem to be solved in landscape sculpture lighting. For sculpture, every part cannot be required to be evenly illuminated, but the stereoscopic effect of the front, side and back should be divided according to the different brightness of the main light and the auxiliary light. If you can project light from nearby high-rise buildings, it is best to give priority to side ceiling lights, especially figure sculptures, and the lighting of relief works should avoid frontal projection. Oblique light is needed to emphasize the sense of undulating volume.
Landscape sculptures with different materials and colors need different lighting methods and different light sources. Stainless steel or Qin alloy material has strong reflective performance, which can better reflect the light and color of the environment and can change with seasons and hours. If you direct strong light from all directions, it will be chaotic, with bright spots everywhere, and it is easy to expose any tiny defects and irregularities on the surface. On the basis of ambient lighting, there should be focused projection. For grayish brown materials such as sandstone and granite, high-pressure sodium lamps with orange tone should be used. However, for red, blue and green series of copper and color steel, it is necessary to use composite metal lamps with good color rendering. In some specific cases, the background wall can also be illuminated to make the sculpture show the decorative effect of silhouette.
Four. conclusion
To sum up, the use of sculpture in campus landscape design can not only improve the educational environment and cultural taste of the campus itself, but also improve the landscape quality and cultural connotation of the city where the university is located, and cultivate college students to form a sense of belonging, identity, pride and responsibility for the campus.
We should be sensitive to realize that sculpture closely combines the campus environment with architecture, culture and art. Therefore, how to use sculpture to record the humanistic history of universities and shape the environment, reflect the achievements of contemporary civilization and show beautiful ideals has become a problem that every landscape designer must seriously consider and shoulder the heavy responsibility.