Chernyshevski's family is a beautiful family. They love reading and work hard, and everyone respects each other.
Chernyshevski's primary education is carried out by his father at home. From the age of eight, Chernyshevski began to study systematically.
1842, 13-year-old Chernyshevski was admitted to saratov missionary middle school in his hometown with excellent results.
1in the spring of 846, 18-year-old Chernyshevski privately decided to give up his father's plan to train himself as a priest and leave his hometown of saratov to enter the university in Petersburg. This summer, young Chernyshevski was admitted to the Department of Literature and History of Petersburg University with excellent results.
1846 to 1850 is the formation stage of Chernyshevski's materialistic revolutionary democratic world outlook.
Chernyshevski was exposed to Hegel's dialectical theory from 1848 to 10. At that time, he was studying in the university, but he was reading The History of German New Philosophy from Kant to Hegel, which was written by Hegel's leftist Mishler. This book once completely inclined Chernyshevski to Hegelian philosophy. He greatly appreciates the dialectical method in Hegel's philosophy.
Five years of college life not only enabled young Chernyshevski to gain a lot of profound and rich basic knowledge, but also began to grow into a firm revolutionary Democrat step by step. In the later fiery revolutionary movement, Chernyshevski formed a firm materialistic world outlook and revolutionary democratic stand. And fought for it all his life.
1855, after Chernyshevski returned to Petersburg, he was introduced by the revolutionary organization to teach in the Second Military Academy and became a contributor to the famous magazine Modern People at that time. The first paper published by Chernyshevski here is The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality.
It is an aesthetic paper written with the principles and viewpoints of materialism, and its content is full of revolutionary and democratic spirit. In this paper, Chernyshevski made a profound analysis and criticism of Hegelian idealism aesthetic tradition which was popular in the aesthetic field at that time. In his thesis, Chernyshevski also fully exposed the hypocritical nature of the slogan "Art for Art's sake". In view of this view, he put forward the famous thesis that "beauty is life", and advocated that literature and art should face life, walk into life, judge real life and act as a "textbook of life". These viewpoints of Chernyshevski have restored and greatly developed belinsky's aesthetic thought of critical realism, and pointed out the correct direction for the world's progressive literature and art to serve the realistic transformation.
1855 ~1~ 65438+in February, Chernyshevski published the first chapters of his masterpiece of literary criticism, A Survey of Russian Literature in Nikolai Gogol Period. This work was not serialized until the end of 1856. Its significance goes far beyond the scope of literary criticism. In fact, it is also a history of Russian social thought in 1930s-1940s, which was abbreviated as 19 by Chernyshevski. In this book, he not only resolutely defended the valuable ideas of belinsky and Nikolai Gogol, but also gave full play to belinsky's revolutionary art thought. At the same time, he pointed out that the task of progressive literature is to consciously serve the people's liberation movement that transforms reality. Chernyshevski not only shows that he is an outstanding successor of belinsky, but also profoundly reflects and criticizes Hegel's idealism from the standpoint of revolutionary democracy and materialism, and puts forward the famous assertion that "there is no abstract truth, but the truth is always concrete" for the first time, which provides an example for philosophical theorists to treat reality dialectically. Therefore, many famous people in international academic circles call this work of Chernyshevski a unique declaration of revolutionary theory, which declares the most important basic principles of philosophy, sociology and literature of the new revolutionary democrats.
1859, in the article Superstition and Logical Rules, Chernyshevski further pointed out that the root cause of Russian agricultural backwardness was the existence of Russian serfdom after exposing a large number of evil facts in Russian social reality.
In addition, Chernyshevski also used literary works to publicize his revolutionary views.
Lenin, the great teacher, also likes his literary work What should I do? ? ",he thinks that all the comments that denigrate this work are intolerable. Lenin said in Light Life: "This is the real literature, which can educate, guide and inspire people. What should I do in a summer? Read it five times. Every time I find some new and exciting ideas in this work. "