Energy security is the premise of national economic security and even national security. Important strategic materials necessary for petroleum economy and national defense are related to national economic and social development and national security. Facing the world resources and energy crisis, improving exploration and mining technology to adapt to the rapid development of economy and science and technology is the main battlefield of oil and mineral resources strategy. Nowadays, the consumption of energy and useful minerals in the world is very large. It is necessary to use high-level exploration activities to maintain an appropriate supply. In view of the discovery and development of easy-to-find resources, with the passage of time, the exploration task will become more and more difficult, and it is urgent to improve exploration technology. Laser Doppler technology has the advantages of high precision, fast dynamic response, large measurement range, non-contact measurement, anti-electromagnetic interference and insensitivity to lateral vibration interference. It is one of the frontier fields of information acquisition technology, especially the vibration and displacement measurement technology based on self-mixing effect of semiconductor laser has been widely concerned. This research mainly completed the following work for the project "Research on the Theory and Method of Laser Doppler Effect in Geophysical Exploration" funded by the National Natural Science Foundation, analyzed the characteristics of seismic waves and the general law of their propagation, and analyzed the realization factors and constraints of high-precision and high-resolution seismic exploration. As a key problem of developing laser Doppler technology in geophysical exploration, it is one of the important tasks to study a new geophone using laser Doppler effect. In this paper, laser scattering Doppler shift and grating diffraction Doppler shift are discussed theoretically, and homodyne system and heterodyne system are studied from the angle of beat. And the corresponding optical path structure, the characteristics of Doppler signal are deeply studied, and it is found that Doppler signal is non-sinusoidal cosine signal. The traditional signal processing subdivision method is based on the premise that the phase shift of beat signal is proportional to the measured motion, which requires the measured target to stabilize its speed. Doppler signal is not suitable for vibration measurement. The design principle and calculation method of bandwidth of laser Doppler vibration measurement system are studied. Aiming at the calculation method of amplitude less than counting equivalent value, the principle of LD self-mixing effect is discussed, including self-mixing model, feedback coefficient and measurement principle. Then the modulation characteristics of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers are discussed. The characteristics of seismic wave measurement system of vertical cavity surface emitting laser and the structural characteristics of Doppler resonator are studied through experiments. A geophone damping device based on eddy current principle is proposed. The spatial magnetic field distribution and damping force formula of cylindrical permanent magnet are studied and calculated theoretically. The damping ratio of the damping system is adjustable, which has nothing to do with the service conditions, cable length and load. The structure is light in weight and the lateral vibration is suppressed. Based on the theory of weak signal detection, the extraction, conditioning and demodulation of laser Doppler signal are studied, and the noise types in the system are also studied. This paper puts forward the reason and mechanism that lock-in amplifier is not suitable for laser Doppler seismic wave measurement system, and the characteristics and effective measures to reduce this influence. In order to extract the signal from strong noise, a theory and method of extracting Doppler signal based on self-optimizing filter are studied and proposed, and the simulation analysis is carried out, and the signal conditioning circuit of the system is developed, including low noise preamplifier, filtering and PLL demodulation.