Argumentative writing is a process and method to prove arguments by using arguments in argumentative writing. The two basic argumentation methods, fact argumentation and reason argumentation, are determined by the nature of argumentation, and which kind of argumentation is used to support argumentation. Argumentation, from the perspective of formal logic, is the whole logical reasoning process of proving an argument with arguments. This process shows what logical methods are used to connect or unify arguments.
Many students have their own clear views and materials to prove their correctness, but they can't demonstrate, or they can't find a suitable demonstration method at the moment.
In fact, a point of view can be demonstrated in many ways. As the saying goes, "All roads lead to Rome."
practise
Please read the following essay "Learning must be gradual". What argumentation methods are used in each paragraph?
Step by step is a rule in learning. Why? This is first determined by the strict logic and systematicness of knowledge itself. Any science has its own basic knowledge, and "high, precise and sharp" knowledge is the deepening and development of basic knowledge. So Pavlov told us: "Before you want to climb to the top of science, you must thoroughly study the preliminary knowledge of science. Never start doing anything until you know the future. " Secondly, from the perspective of people's cognitive law, it also determines that learning must be gradual. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in "On Practice": "People's understanding, whether in nature or in society, has gradually developed from low level to high level, that is, from shallow to deep, from film to many aspects." Emphasizing step-by-step learning completely conforms to people's cognitive laws. (Theoretical argument)
Great writers, the first lesson is reading and writing; Outstanding mathematicians must also learn from the simplest addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. When we admire the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and other immortal paintings, don't forget their author leonardo da vinci's experience of painting eggs with a teacher. Gai Jiaotian, a famous artist who is regarded as a contemporary living Song Wu, didn't have the basic training of holding matchsticks to practice open circles and tying pointed bamboo pieces to practice leg skills. How can he achieve such a green and jealous state in performing arts? (give an example)
Learning knowledge is like building a house, you must lay a good foundation first. "Thousands of tall buildings have gone up." I remember there was a fable in the Classic of Hundred Metaphors, which said that there was a greedy and stupid rich man who envied the three-story building built by others and wanted to build one himself. But when the craftsman laid bricks on the floor, he was angry: "I don't want the lower two floors, I'd better cover the upper one!" " "After a while, is it also thought-provoking? Aren't those who aim too high in their studies and dream of reaching the sky one step at a time a bit "castles in the air"? (figurative argument)
Leonardo da Vinci began to practice painting by painting eggs, and eventually became a master of the Renaissance. His gradual learning attitude has taught me a lot. I have loved literature since I was a child and I am eager to be a writer in the future. But when my composition just made a little progress, I became proud and looked down on basic Chinese knowledge such as words and expressions. The Chinese teacher's careful explanation seems redundant to me. I have disdained to write a composition aimed at practicing basic skills, and started a novel with great interest. Of course, the result is that you can't escape the punishment of breaking the law. Failure and frustration have educated me, and Leonardo da Vinci's deeds have inspired me: one step at a time. Act in accordance with the law, starting with "drawing eggs"! I firmly believe that a bright future will be like Mona Lisa's moving smile. (Make a positive and negative comparison and demonstration in combination with the actual situation)
Let's discuss how to use a variety of argumentation methods to demonstrate opinions and how to make the argumentation process rigorous and thorough.
First, the demonstration methods and requirements
1, example methods and requirements
Example method, also called case argumentation method, is a method to prove the correctness of one's argument with convincing typical cases. This is a method to demonstrate by inductive reasoning, which is easy to master and widely used. "Facts speak louder than words" is self-evident in the face of typical cases. Therefore, it is indispensable to almost every argumentative paper, especially to demonstrate novel and enlightening arguments, which is more necessary to use.
2. Introduce laws and requirements
Quoting, also called reasoning, is an argument method to prove that one's point of view is correct and credible by quoting famous sayings, ancient poems and famous sentences, proverbs and epigrams that reflect scientific laws. Its advantage is to enrich the content of the argument, enhance the authority of the argument, and make the argument the finishing touch. Proper quotation of famous sayings and aphorisms can add color to the article and improve the grade of the score.
Pay attention to the difference between direct quotation and indirect quotation. Direct quotation refers to the direct extraction of related words and phrases from raw materials to ensure the accuracy of words and even punctuation, and the quotation is expressed in quotation marks; Indirect speech refers to quoting or summarizing the general idea of related words and phrases in raw materials, without using quotation marks, but paying attention to the transformation of person. Whether quoted directly or indirectly, they must be consistent with the central argument discussed. If you quote, you must analyze it according to the point of view of the article. The method is the same as case argumentation, which can be cited before discussion, discussed before discussion, and discussed while quoting.
3. Methods and requirements of metaphor
Metaphor is a method to demonstrate an argument by analogy. In argumentative writing, metaphor can make the argument easier to understand, more interesting, more vivid and more easily recognized by readers. Metaphor can turn abstraction into concreteness, difficulty into simplicity and boredom into vividness.
You must pay attention to the following points when using metaphors:
(1) See the big from the small, and take the closest analogy. Small and familiar things in life should be chosen as metaphors. If the vehicle is not familiar to readers, the purpose of metaphor will not be achieved. The article "Chickens Laying Eggs, Singing and Others" uses the image of chickens to help explain the problem, giving people a concrete and vivid impression.
(2) The vehicle does not seek the likeness, but only the likeness of god. The vehicle as a metaphor is different from the vehicle as a metaphor. The carrier of metaphor is to emphasize characteristics, describe things, pay attention to shape, and compare shape with shape; The carrier of metaphor is to illustrate the point of view, which is similar in spirit and meaningful in shape when viewed from the right and heard from the right. We must carefully appreciate and ponder the corresponding relationship between the objects we want to demonstrate and the things used as metaphors.
(3) Fine anatomical metaphor, piercing the buckle. Lu Xun's metaphor in "Takeism" is very classic. He compared "big house" to "cultural heritage"; Criticize three wrong views and attitudes towards cultural heritage with "loser", "asshole" and "waste"; Use "shark's fin", "opium", "bong, smoke lamp" and "concubine" to describe several components of cultural heritage; Use "possession", "choice" and "innovation" to explain the three steps of critical inheritance of cultural heritage. Very appropriate, seamless, convincing, can not help but amaze.
Fourthly, discuss the meaning of vehicle from many aspects. Metaphor often has many meanings, and candidates can use it appropriately according to the needs of topics and arguments in the exam. For example, the "compass" mentioned earlier, in that article, candidates compare it to "theory", while in other articles, some people compare it to "ideal" to guide the road of life. 1988 during the college entrance examination, some candidates compared "clean stream and living source" to "practice and understanding" and "talents and education", while others compared it to "modernization and reform and opening up".
You can use multiple metaphors to make sense. For example, Mao Zedong pointed out in his article "An Extremely Important Policy" that some comrades didn't know enough about the significance of implementing the policy of "better troops and simpler administration", and used three metaphors to explain it in a simple way, namely, changing clothes with the seasons, the Monkey King dealing with Princess Iron Fan and "Qianlv".
⑥ When using metaphor to demonstrate, we also need to analyze it. There is an excellent composition "Opportunity" in the college entrance examination, which reads: "Some successful people often come.