The prevention and control of industrial pollution is the focus of environmental protection in China. Compared with the past, China's industrial pollution prevention and control strategy is undergoing major changes, from terminal control to source and whole process control, from concentration control to the combination of total amount and concentration control, from point source control to comprehensive management of river basins and regions, from simple corporate governance to industrial structure adjustment, cleaner production and development of circular economy. Compared with 1995, the emissions of industrial wastewater, industrial chemical oxygen demand, industrial sulfur dioxide, industrial soot and industrial dust per unit of GDP in 2004 decreased by 58%, 72%, 42%, 55% and 39% respectively. Compared with 1990, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP in 2004 decreased by 45%, and 700 million tons of standard coal were saved and used. Coal consumption of thermal power supply, comparable energy consumption per ton of steel and comprehensive energy consumption of cement decreased by 1 1.2%, 29.6% and 2 1.9% respectively.
-eliminate and close a number of enterprises with backward technology, serious pollution and waste of resources. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000), the state closed 84,000 small enterprises that seriously wasted resources and polluted the environment. From 200/kloc-0 to 2004, the catalogue of eliminating backward production capacity, technology and products was issued three times in a row, and more than 30 thousand enterprises that wasted resources and caused serious pollution were eliminated. Eight heavily polluted industries, such as steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum, ferroalloy, calcium carbide, coking, saponin and chromium salt, were intensively rectified, and 65,438 projects were suspended. In 2005, more than 2,600 enterprises such as steel, cement, ferroalloy, coking, paper-making, textile printing and dyeing were shut down, and the heavily polluted industries such as cement, electric power, steel, paper-making and chemical industry were actively treated and technically reformed, so that the emission intensity of major pollutants in these industries showed a continuous downward trend while the output increased year by year.
-Carry out the practice of circular economy. First, implement cleaner production, make full use of resources at the source and in the whole production process of enterprises, minimize waste, recycling and harmlessness, gradually establish an extended producer responsibility system, and promote product ecological design. At present, more than 5,000 enterprises in chemical industry, light industry, electric power, coal, machinery, building materials and other industries have passed the cleaner production audit. More than 12000 enterprises in China have obtained ISO 65 438+04000 environmental management system certification, and more than 800 enterprises and 18000 products have obtained environmental label certification, with an annual output value of about 60 billion yuan. Second, actively develop eco-industries in areas where industries are concentrated, so that the wastes of upstream enterprises can become the raw materials of downstream enterprises, extend the production chain, minimize the amount of waste generated, realize "zero emission", build eco-industrial zones, and realize the most effective use of resources of regions or enterprise groups. At present, China has established 17 different types of eco-industrial parks. Third, coordinate the development of industry and agriculture, production and consumption, urban and rural areas, vigorously develop resources recycling industries, and implement sustainable production and consumption. The state selected 82 units in key industries, key fields, industrial parks and relevant provinces and cities to carry out the first batch of circular economy pilot work. In 24 cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, pilot projects for the construction of renewable resources recovery systems were carried out. Hainan, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other nine provinces have actively carried out the construction of ecological provinces, and 150 counties and cities have established ecological counties (cities) throughout the country.
-Actively guard against sudden environmental incidents. In 2005, the Government of China formulated the National Emergency Plan for Environmental Emergencies, which set clear requirements for information reception, reporting, processing, statistical analysis, early warning information monitoring and information release of environmental emergencies. The state has formulated and improved nine related environmental emergency plans, such as emergency plans for water environment in sensitive waters of key river basins, emergency plans for atmospheric environment, emergency plans for hazardous chemicals (waste chemicals) and emergency plans for nuclear and radiation, as well as emergency plans for water environment in sensitive reaches of the Yellow River basin, emergency plans for dealing with chemical terrorist attacks, emergency plans for dealing with nuclear and radiation terrorist attacks, emergency plans for agricultural environmental pollution emergencies, and emergency plans for sudden invasion of major agricultural pests and exotic organisms. In recent years, environmental risks of 127 key chemical and petrochemical projects distributed in rivers, lakes and seas, densely populated areas, nature reserves and other environmentally sensitive areas have been investigated in China. Nearly 50,000 key enterprises were comprehensively inspected by pulling the net.
-Implementing the whole process management system of industrial hazardous waste. In 2003, the state began to implement the National Plan for the Construction of Hazardous Waste and Medical Waste Disposal Facilities, and strengthened various systems such as industrial hazardous waste transfer bills and business licenses. In 2005, the amount of industrial hazardous waste disposal increased from 1 in 1998 to 3.39 million tons. 3 1 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have established solid waste management centers.
-Strict nuclear and radiation environmental safety management shall be implemented. There are 5 nuclear power plants (9 nuclear power units) and 18 research reactors in operation in China; There are 2 nuclear power plants (4 nuclear power units) and 1 research reactor/kloc-0 under construction, and no major nuclear safety problems have occurred, thus achieving the goal of "protecting workers, the public and the environment from radiation exposure and pollution exceeding the national limit". China strictly abides by the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency, implements a licensing system, and stipulates that the import and export of radioactive sources must go through relevant formalities such as examination and approval according to law.
The third is pollution control in key areas.
In recent years, the China municipal government has paid attention to the "Three Rivers" (Huaihe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River), "Three Lakes" (Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake), national key projects (Three Gorges Project and South-to-North Water Diversion Project), "Two Control Zones" (Sulfur Dioxide Control Zone and Acid Rain Control Zone), "One City" (Beijing) and "One Sea" (Bohai Sea).
-prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins. The "Three Rivers" and "Three Lakes" basins cover an area of 8 1000 square kilometers and span 14 provinces (cities) with a population of 360 million. The state has formulated and implemented the water pollution prevention and control plans for key river basins in the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the Tenth Five-Year Plan (200 1-2005), implemented the total pollutant control system, implemented the total pollutant reduction targets to pollutant discharge units, gradually improved the management measures for pollutant discharge permits, and built a number of key control projects. By the end of 2005, of the 2 130 projects listed in the tenth five-year plan for water pollution prevention in key river basins, 1378 projects have been completed, accounting for 65% of the total number of projects. There are 4 16 sewage treatment plants built or under construction in the "Three Rivers" and "Three Lakes" basins, with a daily treatment capacity of 20.93 million tons; More than 80% of more than 5,000 key polluting enterprises in the basin have achieved the discharge standards. At present, the water pollutants in the river basin have been greatly reduced, the deterioration trend of the water environment has been basically controlled, and the water quality of some river sections and lakes has been significantly improved. With the national investment of181670 million yuan, a number of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities have been built in the Three Gorges reservoir area and its upstream, and the solid waste at the bottom of the reservoir has been cleaned up to ensure the water quality safety in the reservoir area.
-Pollution prevention and control in the "two control zones". 1998, the China municipal government approved the delineation of acid rain control zones and sulfur dioxide control zones, involving 175 cities and regions in 27 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with a total area of about1090,000 square kilometers. The state adjusts the energy structure in the "two control zones", promotes clean fuels and low-sulfur coal, and prohibits civil stoves from burning loose coal in large and medium-sized cities. Compared with 1998, in 2005, the proportion of cities where the average annual concentration of sulfur dioxide in the sulfur dioxide control area reached the standard increased from 32.8% to 45.2%; In 2005, the proportion of cities in which the annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide in acid rain control area exceeded the national third-class standard decreased from 15.7% to 4.5%.
-Air pollution control in Beijing. Since 1998, Beijing has continuously implemented air pollution control measures. Natural gas, electric heating, ground source heat pump, building energy saving and other clean energy utilization technologies and energy-saving technologies will be further promoted. By 2005, Beijing's natural gas consumption will reach 3.2 billion cubic meters, and the central heating area of urban heating network will exceed 6,543.8 billion square meters. Strict motor vehicle emission management, implementation of environmental protection label management for motor vehicles in use, restriction of high-emission yellow-label vehicles, elimination of more than 300,000 old motor vehicles, development of 2,800 natural gas buses, and implementation of national third-stage emission standards (equivalent to Euro III standards) ahead of schedule in 2005; Revise and improve the environmental protection standards of construction sites, strengthen the management of construction sites, strengthen the supervision and inspection of road surface mechanical cleaning, scouring and spraying to suppress dust, shut down and relocate more than one polluting enterprise in the urban area 100, and shut down all the cement shaft kiln production lines in the city. After active control, the number of days with air quality of Grade II and above in Beijing increased from 1998 to 234 days in 2005, and the concentrations of various air pollutants generally decreased, and the air quality improved obviously.
-Pollution control in the Bohai Sea. In 200 1 year, China municipal government approved the Bohai Sea and Blue Sea Action Plan. By the end of 2005, there were 66 environmental protection projects 166 and 70 projects under construction, with an investment of 175 billion yuan, including 44 newly-built urban sewage treatment plants with a daily sewage treatment capacity of 3.553 million tons, 8 newly-built urban garbage treatment plants 18, with a daily garbage treatment capacity of over 7,000 tons and new ecology.
Fourth, urban environmental protection.
The urbanization rate of China increased from 29.04% in 1995 to 4 1.76% in 2004. In view of the environmental problems in the rapid development of urbanization, the China Municipal Government has taken a series of comprehensive measures to gradually improve the urban environment and improve the environmental quality of some cities. Compared with 1996, in 2005, the proportion of cities whose air quality reached the national second-class standard increased by 3 1 percentage point, and the proportion of cities whose air quality was inferior to the national third-class standard decreased by 39 percentage points.
Starting from the urban environmental capacity and resource guarantee capacity, many cities in China have formulated and implemented the overall urban planning and comprehensive standard planning of urban environmental quality according to functional areas, calculated the atmospheric and water environmental capacity, rationally determined the urban scale and development direction, adjusted the urban industrial structure and spatial layout, and gradually optimized the urban functional zoning. Many large and medium-sized cities implement the strategy of "retreating two into three" in urban development, that is, closing a number of heavily polluting enterprises, using land price leverage to move some polluting enterprises out of urban areas, and implementing technological transformation and centralized pollution control in accordance with the principle of "industry entering the park and centralized pollution control". Some cities combine the transformation of old cities with the adjustment of urban layout to solve the problem of dirty old cities and improve the living environment of residents; Vigorously adjust the urban energy structure, actively promote clean energy and central heating, and reduce coal pollution. In urban construction projects, the use of ready-mixed concrete is promoted, and it is forbidden for municipalities directly under the central government, cities under provincial jurisdiction, some large and medium-sized cities and tourist cities to mix concrete on the spot in urban areas to reduce dust pollution on construction sites.
Governments at all levels in China regard the construction of urban environmental infrastructure as the focus of financial investment, which promotes the construction of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities. By the end of 2004, the treatment rate of urban sewage reached 46%, the harmless treatment rate of urban domestic garbage reached 52%, and the utilization rate of urban clean energy reached 40%. In recent years, the motor vehicle emission standard has been raised from the national first-stage standard to the national second-stage standard, and the national third-stage standard has been formulated. Some cities have launched the Clean Car Campaign, actively promoting clean fuel vehicles with low pollution of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Since July 2000, the sale and use of leaded gasoline has been stopped nationwide, which can reduce lead emissions 1500 tons every year.
More than 500 cities across the country have carried out quantitative assessment of urban environmental comprehensive improvement, quantified urban environmental quality, pollution prevention and control work and urban environmental infrastructure construction, and comprehensively evaluated the environmental protection work of urban governments. 1997, according to the requirements of economic development, social progress, perfect facilities and environmental improvement, to carry out activities to create a model city for environmental protection. At present, there are more than 100 cities (districts) in China, of which 56 cities and 5 municipalities directly under the central government have been successfully established. The number of days in which the air quality of national environmental protection model cities reaches Grade II or above is above 80%, the treatment rate of urban domestic sewage is above 70%, the harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage is above 80%, and the urban greening coverage rate is above 35%, all of which are higher than the national average. "Blue sky, clear water, green land, tranquility and harmony" has become an important symbol of environmental protection model city environment.
In recent years, the state has vigorously carried out urban landscaping, built a national garden city and improved the living environment. By the end of 2004, the national urban greening coverage rate was 365,438 0.66%, the green space rate was 27.72%, and the per capita public green space area was 7.39 square meters, which were 3.565,438 0%, 4.05% and 3.7 square meters higher than that in 2000, respectively, and the per capita public green space area doubled. At present, 83 national garden cities, 4 garden cities and 10 national garden counties have been named in China, and 12 cities have won the "Model Award for China's Human Settlements".
Verb (abbreviation of verb) rural environmental protection
China is a big agricultural country, and the rural population accounts for the vast majority. Preventing agricultural environmental pollution and improving rural environment are important tasks of environmental protection in China.
-Comprehensive improvement of the rural environment. In recent years, the government of China has carried out activities such as the establishment of villages and towns with beautiful environment and ecological civilization in rural areas to promote the comprehensive improvement of rural environment. At present, there are 178 townships in China that have been awarded the title of "national towns with beautiful environment". The state focuses on the demonstration of comprehensive prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution and non-point source pollution in the "Three Lakes" area and the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Yellow River Delta areas. Some provinces and cities have stepped up efforts to improve village environment and rural infrastructure construction, and made some progress in controlling rural domestic sewage, garbage and agricultural non-point source pollution. In recent years, the country has built more than 800,000 rural drinking water projects, which have solved the drinking water difficulties and unsafe problems of more than 67 million rural people. Carry out national soil pollution investigation and pollution prevention demonstration, and establish a supervision system for agricultural product safety inspection; Strengthen the environmental safety management of pesticides and fertilizers, popularize chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, and prohibit the use of highly toxic and high residue pesticides in the production of vegetables, fruits, grain, tea and Chinese herbal medicines; Prevent non-point source pollution caused by unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films and sewage irrigation, and ensure the safety of agricultural products; Develop and produce safe, high-quality and efficient new feed, improve the absorption and utilization rate of feed, and reduce the drug residue and harmful substance discharge of aquaculture products; Promote the comprehensive utilization and treatment technology of livestock and poultry manure, and encourage the construction of ecological agriculture projects that closely combine breeding and planting.
-Ecological agriculture and the construction of ecological demonstration zones. China government regards the construction of ecological agriculture as an important measure to promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of rural economy and ecological environment. At present, there are more than 400 eco-agricultural construction counties and 500 counties and cities in China, including 233 national eco-agricultural counties 102 and national eco-demonstration areas. In recent years, the management and development mechanism related to organic food has been continuously improved, and the Measures for the Administration of Organic Food Certification and the National Standard for Organic Food have been promulgated. Promulgate national standards and certification implementation rules for good agricultural practices, and carry out source management; We will establish national organic food production bases, name 43 national organic food production bases, and promote the industrialization of organic food. The national organic certification area exceeds 3 million hectares.
-Developing dry farming and water-saving agriculture. By 2005, the state invested more than 700 million yuan to build more than 460 demonstration bases for dry farming and water-saving agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce. Comprehensive use of agronomy, biology, engineering measures and dry farming technology, make full use of natural precipitation, improve water resources utilization efficiency and agricultural production capacity, and control soil erosion. The state actively promoted conservation tillage, started conservation tillage projects with straw mulching, no-tillage sowing and subsoiling weeding techniques as the main contents, and established two conservation tillage belts in Beijing-Tianjin area and northwest sandstorm source area. By the end of 2005, * * * has established 100 demonstration counties.
-New energy construction in rural areas. Developing and popularizing rural new energy is an important means to protect and improve rural ecological environment. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the state has invested 3.5 billion yuan, focusing on promoting the energy ecological model with biogas construction as the link. By the end of 2005, the number of biogas users in China had reached170,000, with an annual biogas output of 6.5 billion cubic meters. The state has vigorously developed the biogas project of livestock and poultry breeding waste, and has built more than 2,200 stations, handling more than 60 million tons of livestock and poultry manure every year; 6.5438+0.37 million biogas digesters for purifying domestic sewage have been built, and more than 500 centralized gas supply projects for straw gasification have been built; Popularize 6.5438+89 million firewood stoves and 28.5 million square meters solar water heaters. At the same time, it also actively promotes the use of renewable energy such as solar cookers, wind energy and geothermal energy.
Ecological protection and construction of intransitive verbs
After long-term unremitting efforts, the ecological environment in some areas of China began to improve.
-Afforestation and greening. The China Municipal Government has established the forestry development policy focusing on ecological construction, carried out large-scale afforestation, strengthened the management of forest resources, and started the compensation system for forest ecological benefits. Since 2002, the afforestation area has exceeded 6.67 million hectares for four consecutive years. In recent years, the forest area and forest volume have increased rapidly, the age structure and forest phase structure tend to be reasonable, and the forest quality tends to improve, achieving a historic turning point from continuous decline to gradual increase. At present, the national forest area is 65.438+75 billion hectares, the forest coverage rate is 654.38+08.2 1%, and the forest stock is 65.438+0245.6 billion cubic meters. The state attaches importance to the construction of forestry ecological engineering. Since 1998, China has implemented the natural forest resources protection project, the project of returning farmland to forests, the "Three Norths" (northeast, north and northwest) and the Yangtze River basin shelterbelt system construction project, the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project, the wildlife protection and nature reserve construction project, and the fast-growing and high-yield forest base construction project in key areas. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the natural forest resources protection project built 8 million hectares of ecological public welfare forests, and 93.33 million hectares of forest resources were restored; The project of returning farmland to forests * * * completed afforestation of 26.5438+0.33 million hectares, including 5.38 million hectares of ecological farmland, 6.5438+0.2 million hectares of afforestation in barren hills and wasteland, and 6.5438+0.33 million hectares of closing hillsides for afforestation; The Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project * * * completed 6.67 million hectares of various control tasks; Key shelterbelt projects such as the Three North and Yangtze River basins have completed afforestation of 3,465,438+10,000 hectares, and newly closed hills have been closed for afforestation of 3.46 million hectares.
-grassland protection. In order to strengthen grassland ecological construction and planning management, the strategic focus of grassland work has changed from economic goal to "paying equal attention to ecological, economic and social goals and giving priority to ecology", grassland vegetation has been effectively restored and grassland ecological environment has been gradually improved. The state's investment in grassland protection and construction has continued to increase. From 2000 to 2005, the central government invested more than 9 billion yuan to implement the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project, such as natural grassland vegetation restoration, grassland fence, pasture seed base, returning grazing to grassland and grassland ecological construction, and achieved good ecological, economic and social benefits. By the end of 2005, the total reserved area of artificial grass planting in China reached130,000 hectares, the grassland improvement area was140,000 hectares, and the grassland fence was 33 million hectares. 20% of the available grassland is grazing prohibition, rest and rotation.
-Land protection, development and improvement. The government of China regards the protection of cultivated land as a basic national policy and implements a strict policy of farmland protection. The designation of basic farmland protection areas by the state provides an important basis for ensuring food security. At the same time, establish a land use control system, strictly control the total amount and structure of construction land, and curb the phenomenon of indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land. In 2004, the cultivated land occupied by various constructions decreased by 37% compared with the previous year, achieving a balance between occupation and compensation. The State shall intensify land development and consolidation, establish a management system for land development and consolidation projects, organize the implementation of land development and consolidation projects invested by the State, maintain the dynamic balance of total cultivated land and improve the ecological environment. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, 76,000 hectares of land were reclaimed through scientific development of rural and urban land, disaster-stricken land and abandoned land in industrial and mining areas, and a number of new villages with regular layout and good ecological environment were built, and the ecological environment of some resource-exhausted cities and key mining areas was further improved and restored.
-soil and water conservation. The state has implemented a number of special projects, such as the control of sandstorm sources in Beijing and Tianjin, the sustainable utilization of water resources in the capital, the silt dam for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau, the comprehensive prevention and control of soil erosion in the black soil area in Northeast China and the limestone areas in the north and south Panjiang River in the upper reaches of the Pearl River. The key prevention and control scope of soil erosion has expanded from the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River to the black soil area in Northeast China, the upper reaches of the Pearl River and the area around Beijing and Tianjin. The state has carried out the construction of demonstration areas and demonstration projects, built more than 300 water and soil conservation projects with an area of more than 200 square kilometers, built demonstration counties 190 and demonstration small watersheds 1398, and started the construction of the first batch of 62 demonstration areas with an area of not less than 300 square kilometers and more than 50 water and soil conservation science and technology demonstration parks. Piloting ecological restoration of soil and water conservation in 188 counties across the country, fully implementing fence protection in all key soil and water conservation engineering areas across the country, covering an area of1260,000 square kilometers, and implementing soil and water conservation prevention and control projects in the "Three Rivers Source Area". At present, 980 counties in 25 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have closed all or part of the mountains to grazing, covering an area of more than 600,000 square kilometers, and the vegetation in the closed areas has been quickly restored. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the comprehensive control area of soil erosion in China was 240,200 square kilometers, more than 500 small watersheds1/kloc-0 were built, 4.06 million hectares of basic farmland, 5.33 million hectares of soil and water conservation forest/kloc-0, and more than 3.5 million small soil and water conservation projects such as sand dams and slope water systems were built.
Combat desertification. The government of China regards the prevention and control of land desertification as a strategic measure to improve the ecological environment, expand the space for survival and development, and promote coordinated and sustainable economic and social development. The Law on Prevention and Control of Desertification was promulgated and implemented, the National Plan for Prevention and Control of Desertification (2005-20 10) was approved, the Decision on Further Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Desertification was issued, and a number of key projects for prevention and control of desertification were implemented. By the end of 2004, there were 2,636,200 square kilometers of desertified land in China, and the area of desertified land was1739,700 square kilometers. Compared with 1.999, the area of desertified land in China decreased by 37,924 square kilometers and 64 1.6 square kilometers respectively in five years. The degree of land desertification and desertification has decreased, and the area of severe and extremely severe desertification has decreased by 245,900 square kilometers. The trend of desertification and the overall expansion of desertification have been initially curbed.
-marine environmental protection. China has basically formed a marine environmental protection legal system and an administrative law enforcement system, built a marine environmental monitoring network, formulated and implemented marine functional zoning and offshore environmental functional zoning, rationally developed and protected marine resources, prevented marine pollution and ecological damage, and promoted the sustainable development of marine economy. China Municipal Government has actively implemented pollution prevention and control plans for major rivers entering the sea and environmental protection plans for key sea areas. Following the Bohai Sea, in 2005, the government of China started the pollution control work in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters, and carried out environmental monitoring and investigation in the Yangtze River Estuary, the Pearl River Estuary and its adjacent waters. The China Municipal Government strictly implements the examination and approval system for marine engineering and marine dumping, strengthens law enforcement and monitoring of dumping activities, and strengthens marine environmental monitoring. The state approved the emergency plan for red tide disasters and the emergency plan for major oil spill accidents in offshore oil exploration and development, which were incorporated into the national disaster emergency management system, and the emergency mechanism for marine disasters was initially established. Strengthen the prevention and control of ship pollution and the management of dangerous goods transportation, and actively promote the construction of oil spill emergency system for ships at sea. By the end of 2004, China has established marine nature reserves at all levels 120, and a number of rare marine species and important habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds have been protected. Take measures such as controlling fishing intensity, compressing fishing boats, improving fishing moratorium system, establishing fishery reserves and implementing "zero growth" in marine fishing output to protect and restore marine fishery resources.
-Construction of nature reserves, ecological function reserves and scenic spots. The government of China regards the establishment of nature reserves as an important measure to protect the ecological environment. By the end of 2005, there were 2,349 nature reserves at all levels in China, covering an area of 6,543.8 0.5 million square kilometers, accounting for about 654.38 0.5% of the national territory, initially forming a national nature reserve network with relatively complete types and reasonable layout. 85% of terrestrial ecosystem types, 85% of wildlife population and 65% of natural plant community types are protected. The state develops ecological function protection zones in areas with important ecological functions, such as river headwaters, important water conservation areas, river flood storage areas, windbreak and sand fixation areas, and national ecological function protection zones in typical areas such as Dongjiang headwaters, Dongting Lake and Qinling Mountains. Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions) have carried out the construction of local ecological function protection zones. At present, there are 677 scenic spots approved by China municipal government, including 187 national key scenic spots. Mount Tai, Mount Huangshan, Mount Emei-Leshan, Wuyishan, Mount Lushan, Wulingyuan, Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Qingchengshan-Dujiangyan and other nature reserves are listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List, the International Network of Man and Biosphere Reserves and the List of Internationally Important Wetlands respectively. There are more than 1900 forest parks in China, including 627 national forest parks. There are 85 national geoparks in China, among which Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, Yuntai Mountain in Henan, Shilin Mountain in Yunnan, Danxia Mountain in Guangdong, Zhangjiajie in Hunan, Wudalianchi in Heilongjiang and Songshan Mountain in Henan are listed in the world geopark network for the first time.
Biodiversity conservation. China is a country rich in biodiversity. The State has formulated the Action Plan for Biodiversity Protection in China, the Biodiversity Research Report in China and the Plan for the Protection and Utilization of Biological Species Resources. At present, China has established 250 wild animal rescue and breeding bases and more than 400 wild plant germplasm resources preservation or gene preservation centers, and established stable artificial populations of more than 200 rare and endangered wild animals and thousands of wild plants. At the same time, the investigation and rescue collection of national key protected wild plant resources were carried out, and 67 original habitats of agricultural wild plants were established. A national survey of alien invasive species was carried out, and the "Ten Provinces and 100 Counties" campaign was carried out for the main alien invasive organisms, which improved the public's awareness and ability to prevent alien invasive organisms. Among the 189 species of wild plants surveyed in China, 7 1% of the wild populations have reached the standard of stable survival and development. Among the 252 species of wild animals in the national wildlife survey, 55.7% increased steadily, and the populations of rare and endangered wild animals such as alligator sinensis and crested ibis doubled, with the number of wild giant pandas reaching 1.596 and the number of captive giant pandas reaching 1.83. The distribution area of some species has gradually expanded, and new records, new breeding sites or wintering sites of black-billed gulls, black-faced spoonbills and other species have been continuously discovered. Oriental golden cypress, which has disappeared for more than 0/00 years and was declared as an extremely endangered species in the world by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, has been rediscovered.