Abstract: In recent years, GIS technology has played a leading role in the application field of water conservancy projects. This paper analyzes the specific application forms of GIS technology in water conservancy projects such as water conservancy planning and water resources management, and looks forward to the application prospect of GIS in water conservancy projects in combination with the development direction of geographic information science.
Keywords: GIS；; Water conservancy project;
1 overview of geographic information system technology
In 1960s, the world's first GIS (Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS)) was born, and its core was to use computers to process and analyze geographic information with spatial attributes. GIS technology can effectively manage geographic information resources and is the core technology that can be effectively utilized. Since the 20th century, the new moon of computer and network technology has greatly promoted the development of GIS in China. Because the application can obviously improve work efficiency and economic benefits, GIS technology has become an indispensable frontier technology in the application of resources and environment.
Over the past 20 years, China's economic level has continued to grow, and people's quality of life has steadily improved. At the same time, the contradiction between the demand for water resources and the relative shortage of water resources utilization has gradually intensified, prompting water conservancy workers to constantly explore how to use modern information technology to alleviate this contradiction. In order to make effective use of water resources, give full play to the regulatory role of water conservancy projects under the existing conditions, and reduce the investment of construction and management personnel, GIS technology, as one of the manifestations of informatization, has continuously expanded its application scope and deepened its application level in all aspects of water conservancy projects. Through the development in recent years, the application form of GIS has changed from simple visualization application to complex application such as set analysis, simulation and prediction, and its functions have also been upgraded to dynamic monitoring, analysis and comparison of multi-period geographic information changes, as well as unified packaging of data collection, spatial analysis and decision-making process. Practice shows that the use of GIS system is conducive to the overall planning of the project by designers, convenient for construction personnel to control the progress and quality in the implementation process, and effectively improve the work efficiency of managers, thus improving the overall information level of the water conservancy industry.
Application of GIS technology in water conservancy project
It goes without saying that the construction of water conservancy projects is to eliminate water disasters and develop and utilize water resources, but water conservancy projects have certain geographical and spatial attributes and are highly dependent on the geographical environment where the projects are located. The development of GIS provides a feasible way and an effective simulation analysis method for expressing the spatial attributes of water conservancy projects. Using GIS technology to vectorize geographic information data and build a geographic information platform for water conservancy projects can intuitively display the engineering environment, and realize environmental analysis and simulation by combining water conservancy data, which is beneficial to managers' decision-making [1].
At present, the application of GIS in water conservancy projects is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) water conservancy project planning
GIS technology is widely used in reservoir site selection, complex engineering layout, engineering survey [2], reservoir capacity calculation, earthwork excavation calculation, engineering construction monitoring [3], engineering deformation monitoring and so on, which promotes the scientific development of water conservancy project planning and management.
(2) Water resources management
The application of GIS technology can determine the division of water resources, establish a scientific and effective management model, analyze the amount of water resources, visually display the dynamic changes of water resources distribution and quantity, and help to realize the rational utilization of water resources.
(3) Flood control and disaster reduction
The application of GIS is mainly manifested in flood control decision support system [4] and flood damage assessment. Based on GIS, the decision-making scheme, flood control information and disaster scope are intuitively and vividly expressed, which provides strong technical support for national flood control decision-making.
(4) Soil and water conservation
Using GIS technology, soil erosion can be predicted and dynamically monitored [4], and land zoning and land use can be queried, counted and analyzed, which is conducive to the formulation of comprehensive control measures for soil erosion in key areas and the improvement of control effect.
(5) Water quality monitoring
The establishment of GIS water quality monitoring application platform can grasp the real-time dynamic changes of water quality, identify pollution sources in time, be beneficial to the analysis of surface water and groundwater reserves, simulate water quantity dispatching and improve the utilization level of water resources.
(6) Hydrological forecast
Through GIS technology, the basic hydrological data are integrated, and the basic background data management, spatial and attribute data query, statistical data and display retrieval are realized, which provides basic data support for hydrological forecasting [5].
Application prospect of GIS technology
With the development of computer technology, the application of GIS technology in water conservancy projects has developed from the query and display of water conservancy information combined with geographical elements to the analysis, calculation, simulation and statistics of water conservancy information by using GIS spatial operation. In recent years, it has become a new trend to build 3D and 4D GIS platforms and realize multi-dimensional simulation applications of hydraulic structures (such as 3D visual flood inundation analysis and disaster assessment system, 4D water conservancy construction management system, etc.) by combining advanced technologies such as remote sensing and GPS. [6]). The spatial geographical attributes of water conservancy elements promote the rapid development of GIS application in water conservancy field. Throughout the development history, the development trend of water conservancy GIS application is mainly manifested in the divergent expansion of application content and the integration of application technology.
3。 1 application content extension
Using GIS technology, the visualization of engineering environment analysis and simulation is realized, which improves the timeliness and accuracy of obtaining information to a certain extent and is beneficial to management and decision-making. Therefore, in the future, GIS technology will gradually cover all aspects of water conservancy industry and promote the further development of water conservancy informatization.
(1) flood simulation
Based on historical flood data and GIS platform, a reasonable basin model is established, and the causes, characteristics and laws of basin floods are analyzed through visual simulation. Through the classification of geographical information elements, the natural conditions of major rivers are analyzed; Using GIS technology, the upstream and downstream flood evolution is simulated and analyzed to promote the establishment of reasonable flood storage, detention and discharge relations and management measures under certain flood standards.
(2) Water supply plan
The establishment of geographic information management platform for water supply, water demand and water storage, and the visual display of water source distribution through electronic maps are helpful to study possible water supply schemes and major engineering measures, as well as water resources management and water quality assurance measures.
(3) Water quality analysis
Realize the automation of water quality collection, analyze the geographical attributes of geological and water quality information by GIS technology, and study the regionalization of soil erosion; Analyze various possible pollution sources; Based on historical data, the pollution load and water quality changes in different planning years are simulated and predicted, and the measures to protect water resources are studied.
(4) Engineering survey
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is equipped with remote sensing and GPS equipment to collect and process engineering survey data, and GIS technology is used to realize the visualization of survey data, which reduces the labor cost of field survey, improves the accuracy and efficiency of engineering survey, and facilitates the rational application of data results.
3。 2 in-depth application of technology
(1) GIS technology mining
With the development of GIS technology, various spatial data structures (such as "true three-dimensional" and "four-dimensional space-time") [7] came into being. Object-oriented data model and practical interface language are in a high-speed development stage, the automatic data input technology is constantly improving, the development of GIS application models in all walks of life is increasing, and the enjoyment ability of GIS network (webGIS) is constantly enhanced. In such a big environment, the combination of water conservancy and GIS is bound to be more in-depth, which is embodied in the fact that the expression of water conservancy data information will tend to be multi-dimensional, rich, three-dimensional and enjoyable, and the water conservancy application model will tend to be structured and extensible, forming a GIS integrated management platform for the whole water conservancy industry, and gradually opening up the situation of GIS integrated system and water conservancy professional system.
(2) Integration of related technologies
In view of the timeliness and complexity of water conservancy spatial data, it is difficult for a single GIS technology to meet the processing requirements of water conservancy elements. Therefore, in the application of hydraulic engineering, the integration of "3S" technology (GPS, RS, GIS) and UAV technology has become an inevitable development trend. Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a means to quickly locate and update geographic information system. The characteristics of remote sensing technology, such as multi-spectrum, multi-phase, multi-sensor and multi-resolution, continue to inject "fuel" into GIS. Furthermore, GIS can be used to support the automatic extraction of semantic and non-semantic information of remote sensing image data, and UAV can be used as the carrier of remote sensing equipment [7]. Using UAV aerial photography, GPS and RS give GIS real-time and dynamic. The water conservancy geographic information system composed of 3S technology is a highly automated real-time GIS system. The system not only has the functions of automatic and real-time data collection, processing and updating, but also can analyze and utilize the data, providing scientific decision-making consultation for the application of water conservancy discipline.
Multimedia Geographic Information System (MGIS) integrates characters, graphics (images), sounds, colors, animations and other technologies, which opens up new fields and broad prospects for GIS applications [8]. It can express and perceive spatial geographic information in the most intuitive way, and manipulate spatial geographic information processing technology with a visual, touchable (touch screen) or even voice-activated dialogue man-machine interface. The application of MGIS in water conservancy geographic information system will have a great impact on the design of structure, function and application mode, and make all kinds of information more abundant, flexible and friendly.
4 conclusion
Undoubtedly, the application of water conservancy GIS is based on geospatial data and water conservancy thematic element data, and the development of related majors (such as surveying) will obviously restrict or promote it. Therefore, according to the development of each major, the application level of GIS in water conservancy projects should be steadily improved to prevent behind closed doors and mirage.
The application of GIS with complex technology integration in water conservancy projects will become the main trend of water conservancy informatization in the future. Building a comprehensive geographic information platform for water conservancy projects, which integrates project planning, construction and management, can effectively display the project operation in real time, simulate flood control conditions, improve management decision-making ability, and contribute to the development of water conservancy informatization.
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