1. An acute infectious disease. Symptoms are high fever, red papules all over the body, herpes and pustules. It takes about ten days to scab, and scars will be left after scabbing, commonly known as "pockmarked". The disease has now been eradicated. (See "Supplement 1")

The male flower of corn is called smallpox because it grows on the top of plants.

3. refers to snow, snowflakes

4. Also known as "Tianhua". Buddhist language. Fairy flowers in heaven

5. Also known as the ceiling. The components used to cover the upper part of beams in buildings can generally be divided into hard ceilings and soft ceilings. The hard ceiling is divided into several squares with wooden strips, which is also called wellhead flowering. Each square is covered with boards, which are called ceilings. The circular center of the ceiling is often painted with dragons, dragons and phoenixes, auspicious flowers and other patterns. Soft smallpox, also known as sea flower, is a low-level smallpox with wooden lattice as the skeleton, covered with linen and paper, and painted with colorful pictures or woven fabrics.

Supplementary 1 smallpox is a virulent infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, and it is also the first infectious disease that has been eliminated by human beings in the world so far. It is reported that on February 2 1 65438 last year, US President Bush took the lead in vaccinating against smallpox in order to prevent the attack of biological weapons. Because smallpox virus, like Bacillus anthracis, is very powerful as a biological weapon and is called "the nuclear bomb of the poor". In our country, smallpox was eradicated decades ago. Now, not only do ordinary people know nothing about smallpox, but many doctors only know its name and can't see it. Let's briefly introduce the knowledge about smallpox.

The appearance of smallpox virus is brick-shaped, about 200 μ m× 300 μ m, and it has strong resistance to drying and low temperature. It can survive on crust, dust and clothes for months to a year and a half. Smallpox virus is highly contagious. People who have never suffered from smallpox or have not been vaccinated against smallpox can be infected with smallpox regardless of sex and age, including newborns. Smallpox is mainly transmitted by inhalation of droplets or direct contact. When a person is infected with smallpox virus, there is an incubation period of about 10 days. After the incubation period, the patient is very ill, mostly accompanied by headache, backache, chills or chills. At the beginning of high fever, the body temperature can be as high as 465438 0℃. Accompanied by nausea, vomiting, constipation, insomnia and so on. Children often vomit and twitch. Three to five days after onset, the patient developed rashes on forehead, cheeks, wrists, arms, trunk and lower limbs. First it was a red rash, then it turned into a papule. After 2 ~ 3 days, the papules turn into herpes, and then from herpes to pustular herpes. 2 ~ 3 days after pustule formation, it gradually dries up and forms a thick scab. After about 1 month, the scab skin began to fall off, leaving scars, commonly known as "pockmarked". Patients with severe smallpox are often accompanied by complications, such as sepsis, osteomyelitis, encephalitis, meningitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media, laryngitis, blindness, abortion, etc., which are the main causes of death from smallpox.

Smallpox patients should be strictly isolated, and patients' clothes, quilts, utensils, excreta and secretions should be thoroughly disinfected. In addition to symptomatic treatment and supportive treatment, the key point is to prevent complications and keep the mouth, nose, pharynx and eyes clean. Vaccination against smallpox is the most effective way to prevent smallpox.

Smallpox is one of the most infectious diseases in the world, and it is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus. It can multiply rapidly and spread in the air at an alarming rate. Suppose 3000 people in Oklahoma are infected with smallpox virus, and the virus will spread to all parts of the United States within 12 days, affecting millions of people.

The clinical manifestations of smallpox are mainly severe toxic blood symptoms (chills, high fever, fatigue, headache, soreness of limbs and back, convulsions and coma when the body temperature rises sharply), skin rashes, papules, herpes, pustules, and finally scabs, scabs and acne scars. Smallpox is fierce and developing rapidly, and the mortality rate is as high as 30% within 15~20 days after it infects non-immune people.

Because smallpox virus is contagious in people, is vaccinia vaccine effective? Prevention of smallpox infection for life, so since 1977, there has been no smallpox in the world.

1979101October 26th, smallpox was eradicated all over the world.

1979101On 26th October, the United Nations World Health Organization announced in Nairobi that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world, and held a celebration ceremony for this purpose.

In recent two years, inspectors from the World Health Organization conducted a survey on the last four East African countries that have not yet declared smallpox eradication-Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti, and found that these four countries have indeed eliminated the disease, so they released this historic news.

Smallpox is one of the infectious diseases that seriously harm human beings in the world. Millions of people have been killed or disfigured for thousands of years. 180 years ago, Britain invented a vaccinia vaccine to prevent smallpox. The mortality rate of smallpox patients is still as high as one third. Later, developed countries gradually controlled the disease, but it is still prevalent in rural Africa. Since 1967, the last large-scale smallpox eradication campaign has been carried out. At present, smallpox virus is only preserved in seven laboratories in some countries for research.

The Great Medical Discovery-Devil Smallpox

One out of every four patients dies, and the remaining three will leave ugly acne marks. Smallpox is a terrible disease, which has existed almost since human history. Egyptian mummies preserved more than 0/000 years ago BC have smallpox-like pockmarks. According to legend, the once powerful Roman Empire was unable to contain smallpox because of its rampant spread, which led to the shrinking of its national prestige.

For centuries, the widespread prevalence of smallpox has made people panic and tremble.

In 846, smallpox suddenly became popular in the middle of Norman invasion from the Seine River valley in Paris, France. This made Norman leaders panic, and also stunned the fearless soldiers who had been fighting for war. In order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases from hurting themselves, the cruel leader took ruthless measures. He ordered the killing of all smallpox patients and all those who took care of them. This terrible means was considered to be the only feasible way to put out the smallpox epidemic at that time.

However, smallpox will not tolerate anyone. It will also invade palaces and farmhouses without mercy. No nation or tribe, regardless of title, age or gender, can escape the attack of smallpox.

There was once a king's wife in Europe. She had smallpox. Before she died, she asked her husband to grant her last wish. She demanded that all doctors should be put to death if they could not save her life. The queen finally died, so the king ordered all the doctors to be hacked to death with swords for the sake of the queen's wish.

Geoffrey, a British historian, called smallpox "a loyal accomplice to death". He wrote: "The mortality rate of plague or other epidemics is high, but its occurrence is limited. In people's memory, it only happened once or twice here. However, smallpox has appeared among us one after another, and the long-term terror has made the sick people miserable. Some patients will always leave ugly acne marks on their faces even if they survive. People who are ill are not only covered with acne marks, but many people are even deaf, blind or infected with tuberculosis. "

18th century, smallpox spread in Europe, with the death toll as high as1500,000.

Successful vaccination

The human pox vaccine originated in China.

Smallpox, also known as acne, is a highly contagious acute eruptive disease. As early as the Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong, a famous pharmacist, recorded it in Elbow Urgent Prescription. He said: "When I get sick when I am old, I will still get sores on my head and body, and I will feel like a fire sore for a while. You will all wear white pulp and be born with it. " "Dramatists will die more." At the same time, he traced the origin of smallpox. It is pointed out that this disease began in the Jianwu period of Guangwudi in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 23-26). This is the earliest smallpox record in China and the world. The book also said: "In the four years of Yonghui, this sore spread from west to east and spread all over the world." This is the earliest smallpox epidemic record in the world. The book Smallpox also contains specific therapeutic drugs.

In the 9th century, smallpox was rampant in Europe. When the German army invaded France, the soldiers were infected with smallpox, and the commanders ordered cruel measures to kill all the patients. In order to prevent its infection, smallpox eventually prevailed, but in India, the superstitious method of "Goddess of Smallpox" naturally didn't help.

China, on the other hand, not only paid attention to the treatment of smallpox very early, but also actively took preventive measures. According to Zhu Chuntuo, a medical scientist in the Qing Dynasty, in The Final Word of Acne Rash, during the period of Song Zhenzong (998- 1022) or Renzong (AD 1023- 1063), there was a doctor who could grow acne in Emei Mountain, Sichuan Province, who was praised as an imperial doctor and was later hired. Later, Wang Su lived to be 67. This legend may be incorrect, but it cannot be ruled out that there was the possibility of budding human pox vaccination in the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, with the deepening understanding of infectious diseases and rich experience in treating acne rash, human pox vaccination was officially invented.

Yu Maokun, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, made it clear in the Collection of Golden Classics of Vaccination: "Vaccination began in the Qin Long period of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1567- 1572), Taiping County, Ningguo Prefecture, and its surname was lost. It was the home of Dantu and spread all over the world. Up to now, most people in Ningguo have planted flowers. During the Qianlong period, Ayla Zhang, a physician, also said in his New Book of Vaccination: "Yu Zu was taught by Mr. Nie Jiuwu to vaccinate from generation to generation. "He also said:" Eight or nine thousand people have been vaccinated, but there are still twenty or thirty people who can't be saved. "These records show that since16th century, China has gradually popularized the human pox vaccine and passed it on from generation to generation.

Zhang Lu, a physician in the early Qing Dynasty, summarized many inoculation methods such as pox slurry, dried vaccine and pox coat in Yitong. The specific methods are as follows: use cotton to take acne slurry and stuff it into the nostrils of children, or grind acne scabs and blow them into the nasal cavity of children with silver tubes; Or take off the underwear of children with acne and give it to healthy children to infect them. In a word, smallpox can be prevented by making it produce the above antibodies.

As can be seen from the above, China invented vaccination in the second half of16th century at the latest, and it began to be popularized on a large scale in17th century. In A.D. 1682, Emperor Kangxi ordered vaccination everywhere. According to Kangxi's "College Training", "At the beginning of the country, many people were afraid of getting pox, so we had to get vaccinated, and our children and your children were exempted from vaccination. The forty-nine flags out of bounds here and the governors of Gurkha are all destined to be vaccinated; Everything you plant will heal. When I tasted the first seed, the old man felt very strange, but he was determined to do it. Are these thousands of people born by accident? " It can be seen that vaccination had been implemented nationwide at that time.

The invention of human pox inoculation method quickly attracted foreign attention. In Gui Si Cun Manuscript, it says: "During the reign of Kangxi (AD 1688), Russia sent people to China to study acne doctors". This is the first country to send overseas students to China to study human pox. Vaccination spread to Turkey and northern Europe after Russia. 17 17 Margaret montague, the British ambassador to Turkey, learned the method of vaccination in Constantinople. Three years later, she vaccinated her 6-year-old daughter in Britain. Subsequently, European countries and India also tried to vaccinate against human pox. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, this law was also implemented in Tunisia. In A.D. 1744, Li Renshan, a native of Hangzhou, went to Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan and taught Zhe Longyuan the vaccination method. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong (A.D. 1752), the medical gold mirror was introduced to Japan, and the inoculation method was widely circulated in Japan. Later, this method appeared again.

Spread to North Korea. /kloc-In the mid-8th century, the human pox vaccine invented by China has spread all over Europe and Asia. In A.D. 1796, inspired by China's "People's Vaccination Law", Englishman E Jenner successfully tried to plant vaccinia, gradually replacing the "People's Vaccination Law".

China inventor's vaccination is a great contribution to artificial specific immunity. /kloc-Voltaire, a French enlightenment thinker and philosopher in the 8th century, once wrote in "Philosophical Newsletter": "I have heard that China people have this habit for more than 100 years, and it is regarded as a great precedent and model of the smartest and most polite nation in the world". This shows that the human pox vaccine (specific artificial immunity) invented by China had a great influence in the world at that time.

1796 May17 is Qin Na's 47th birthday. On this day, many curious people gathered in Qin Na's waiting room early in the morning. There is a chair in the middle of the room. On the chair sits an eight-year-old boy, phipps, who is eating candy with relish. Jenna walked around the boy and looked a little anxious. He's waiting for someone.

Soon, a girl came in a hurry. Her name is Nim, and she is a milkmaid. A few days ago, she was infected with cowpox from a cow and had a small pustule on her hand. Chen Na is waiting for her. Today, he will boldly implement a plan he has dreamed of for decades: he will vaccinate healthy people with mild vaccinia to prevent smallpox.

Qin Na gently scratched a small mark on the skin of the boy's left arm with a knife, and then took out a little yellowish pus from the scab on the milkmaid's hand and inoculated it to the place where phipps cut the skin.

Two days later, the boy felt a little sick, but he soon recovered. phipps was still playing with other children in the street.

Phipps passed the vaccinia barrier very smoothly.

The most important thing now is to prove that phipps will never spread smallpox again. If so, then the goal has been achieved, and the vaccination of vaccinia has really succeeded!

After a while, Qin Na took some pus from smallpox patients and inoculated it on phipps.

This is a critical moment, and it is also a day when Qin Na feels nervous and worried. If vaccination cannot prevent smallpox, phipps will suffer from severe smallpox. What a terrible thing!

However, a week has passed and another week has passed. Phipps is still strong.

Later, a number of experiments were carried out, which further confirmed the role of vaccinia in preventing smallpox.

Yes, victory! The experiment of preventing smallpox with vaccinia vaccine has finally succeeded!

The news of Jenna's success spread all over Europe and the world at the same time.

However, nothing will develop smoothly. So is the invention of vaccinia vaccine.

1797, when Chen Na wrote a paper about the research results of smallpox vaccination and sent it to the Royal Society, it was rejected. A year later, when Qin Na raised funds to print and publish these papers, it also caused widespread controversy.

Some people expressed their firm support, some expressed their doubts and some expressed their opposition. Opponents are madly slandering, saying that "vaccinia will make people have horns on their heads and make Niu Jiao speak."

However, truth is truth and will not be buried by fallacies forever.

In the face of countless practices, all doubts and objections have been shattered by ruthless facts. The fact that smallpox can be prevented by vaccination has finally taken its rightful place in history.

Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by a virus smaller than bacteria, which can be prevented by vaccinia. At that time, people did not know the word virus, but in the process of scientific practice, this terrible infectious disease has begun to be controlled by people.

At present, smallpox has not occurred in the world for many years, and the United Nations Health Organization has cancelled vaccination as a quarantine requirement for international exchanges. But in the past, every newborn baby had to be vaccinated with vaccinia vaccine, so that the baby could produce its own anti-smallpox epidemic. Since vaccination can only last for about six years, in the past, everyone had to be vaccinated regularly to prevent smallpox.

Jenner's success has opened up a new field, which is immunology.

"Immunization" refers to making the human body resistant to some infectious diseases and protecting the human body from these diseases through natural or artificial methods.

The vaccinia vaccine invented by Qin Na not only saved mankind from the ravages of smallpox, but also opened the way for many scientists to launch new attacks on infectious diseases in the future.

In the field of immunology, with the discovery of germs one by one, new vaccines to prevent different infectious diseases also appeared one by one: Pasteur invented the vaccine to prevent anthrax in 188 1 year, and the vaccine to prevent rabies caused by mad dog bites in 1885 was also successfully developed.