The pattern analysis of the Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions and the architectural features of China Gardens.

Abstract: Cao Xueqin was indeed the most outstanding novel master in ancient China. Rereading this encyclopedia-like masterpiece with the eyes of modern people, we are surprised to find that Cao Xueqin also plays the role of an excellent China classical garden architect-A Dream of Red Mansions is his magnificent and huge construction site, and the Grand View Garden is his masterpiece that makes him feel "ten years of hard work". It is inappropriate to judge the Grand View Garden by the modern standard of "seven realities and three vacuities" in the novel. Using nature is superior to nature, being close to nature is not equal to nature, and learning from nature is not limited to imitating the shape of natural landscapes.

Keywords: China landscape architecture pattern analysis, functional and characteristic layout

foreword

Cao Xueqin is truly the most outstanding novel master in ancient China. He created A Dream of Red Mansions for us with superhuman imagination, genius editing ability and the appeal of colorful flowers. A Dream of Red Mansions enjoys a high reputation in the history of China literature and even the world literature. Rereading this encyclopedic masterpiece before our eyes, we are surprised to find that Cao Xueqin also plays the role of an excellent China classical garden architect-A Dream of Red Mansions is his magnificent and huge construction site, and the Grand View Garden is his masterpiece that makes him feel "ten years of hard work". The Grand View Garden in the novel has already jumped out of the category of pure literary fiction and become the most complete and grand model of China's gardening tradition since 3000 years ago. It is bound to shine as a master of China's traditional architectural civilization.

(1) Overview of Grand View Garden

It is inappropriate to judge the Grand View Garden by the modern standard of "seven realities and three vacuities" in the novel. The first 80 times, the Grand View Garden accounted for 64 times. As the main characters' activity places and important plots in A Dream of Red Mansions, such as the scenic spots involved in the Grand View Garden before and after the test (17 times), Yuan Fei's home visit (18 times) and Granny Liu's garden visit (40 times), they are all consistent, which is not bad. It's true. This is how the author skillfully uses the method of repeated dyeing of traditional Chinese painting to construct this "heaven and earth scenery" garden for us, which is so harmonious and perfect, so beautiful and amazing. Evaluation of China classical gardens, may wish to focus on the following six aspects:

First, conception, conception, mountains, pavilions, flowers and trees, topics, landscapes, poems and paintings

Combined with the Grand View Garden, let's see how it embodies these aspects.

First, the idea

Anyone who builds a garden must have a gap in his chest before his intention, otherwise he will be a failure. The Grand View Garden has its superb art of conception. "The shilling craftsman tore down the castle of Fang Huiyuan in Ningfu and directly entered the back garden of Dongfu. All the flats in the area east of Ningfu have been demolished. Fang Huiyuan originally introduced a section of flowing water from the North Point wall, in which bamboo village rocks, pavilion railings and other things could be moved. "(Back to the seventeenth session," The Grand View Garden got to the point, Jia Baoyu was clever and clever "), which fully reflected the rational thought of literati and philosophers adapting to local conditions. The use of the original building saved a lot of talents, and the idea became unconventional. Only in this way can the Grand View Garden reflect Cao Xueqin's advanced thought of superiority. Ji Cheng, a master gardener in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, repeatedly emphasized the gardening thought and creative thinking of "adapting the body to suit the circumstances" in Managing Gardens. The so-called "body should be tailored to local conditions" means that landscaping should be tailored to local conditions, yearning for nature and pursuing natural interests. There is a highly generalized saying in "Garden Governance" that "the environment is man-made and the sky is open", and the Grand View Garden has fully played this point. On the basis of existing buildings and original natural scenery, the combination transformation, processing and cutting are skillfully added, thus forming an exquisite and generalized landscape and typical nature. This method of borrowing scenery, clicking scenery, adding scenery and maximizing the use of the original landscape is many times better than deliberately carving!

In addition, we can also sort out the general pattern of the Grand View Garden (as shown in figure 1). There is a saying in A Dream of Red Mansions: "The lords agreed to start from the south first, then from the garden in Dongfu, and then turn to the north. It is three and a half miles in size, so a provincial farewell garden can be built. "

In addition, according to Behind Grandma's Bedroom in Northwest China, we can know how wide Northwest China is. In this way, you can get a general shape (as shown above). Assuming that 23 1.6m is the length of the fuzzy handle shape, it can be deduced that the total area is 20260.8m2, with a maximum of 300mu. There are always people who think that it takes a large area to build a garden to have momentum, but I don't know that China gardens are very particular about seeing the big from the small, always seeing the big from the small, and reaching infinity from the limited. Even if the area is small, it can remind people of the world, and the hair is the feeling of the universe, which is the essence of China's garden art. "Good family" is beautiful, and "small jasper" is also a different kind of scenery. We should know that there are only dozens of acres of lingering gardens listed in the world cultural heritage. How can beauty be discussed in terms of size?

Second, the mountain water resources management

Landscape is one of the most indispensable elements of natural beauty in China landscape architecture. Dou Wu, an architect, made a thorough exposition in the article The Scholar's Garden: "The artistic features of China Gardens are the crystallization of the values, social forms, moral norms, aesthetic pursuits and aesthetic tastes of the literati class in China for two thousand years. To study it, we must start from discovering the natural beauty and the artistic conception of rural life. " What is natural beauty? What is rural life? In "A Dream of Red Mansions" 17 episode, the author broke the news through Baoyu's mouth: "Natural people are born naturally, not made by manpower. This disposal of a grange is obviously made by manpower, far from bearing the weight of Guo, with no pulse on its back, near the tower of Wuyin Temple and no bridge city. It is lonely and lonely, just like a magnificent scenery. The argument seems to be based on the principles and spirit of nature. Although bamboo is planted to attract spring water, it will not hurt the chisel. The ancients said: The word' natural map' is not strong in its place, but strong in its mountains. Although it is exquisite, it is ultimately inappropriate. " Learning from nature is by no means imitating the natural landscape in form, just like building antique buildings in urban reconstruction.

The setting art of rockery is embodied in 17. Through the dialogue between Jia Zhen and Jia Zheng, it is expressed that a rockery is set at the place where the main entrance enters, so that when people enter, the emerald mountains stand in front of them, blocking the sight of tourists, thus avoiding the straightforward and tasteless taste. It's really interesting. If there were no ravines in my chest, how could I think of it here? Nowadays, many garden designs are generally modeled after the ideas of Grand View Garden. The title here is "My road has been curved through a protected valley", because the curved road shows a euphemistic beauty. Its real significance lies in slowing down the travel speed of tourists, increasing the viewing points of viewers, creating a longer time and more space, and giving people the taste of mountains and rivers in the profound spatial relationship. Only music has charm, and only music has interest.

As an expert in Yangzhou, he skillfully used the waterscape setting technique of "Slender West Lake", making people feel that there seems to be water everywhere in the Grand View Garden, just like Fuhai in Yuanmingyuan. Water has roots, and wood has sources. Cao Xueqin explained the water system through Jia Zhen's mouth: "1, originally it flows from that door to that hole;" 2. It was brought to that village from the northeast ravine; 3. Another fork opens to the southwest; 4, it has been flowing here; 5, it is still merged into one place; It came out from under that wall. (back to the seventeenth) "Jia Zhen led the people out of the hospital and saw the Qingxi in front, which was obviously flowing. Starting from the second sentence, the water that raises the water head from the Qin Fang sluice flows from east to west to Daoxiang Village and Nursery Area, and then flows from the sluice to the southwest corner. In order to maintain the water head, the Liudi was built, which is the "southwest upper part" of Yingying's wicker basket 59 times. The so-called "southwest" should include the flowing spring in Cuizhang and the water source of Xiaoxiang Pavilion. This water comes out of Hongyi Garden, then flows into the mainstream of "Slender West Lake", and then comes out from the south wall, thus forming a complete water system of Daguan Garden. If we don't see the role of gates, dikes and lakes in maintaining water head, and confuse streams with lakes, we can't correctly understand the water diversion skills of Daguan Garden, let alone understand why servants will be so wonderful after listening to Jia Zhen's explanation. In the fat batch, Qin Fang Zha has long been praised: "It is extremely important to write down the water source. Gardeners only know how to make stupid and stubborn stones, and the burial of benzene is called scenery. I don't know. Water comes first. This garden is roughly described and has never been out of water. The history of water is not written on the cover. After all, there is only one pulse. It is not easy to be a garden guided by others. " ("Review" page 227) Cao Xueqin's landscaping skills can be seen from this.

Santingge

If there is no obvious functional division of pavilions in a garden, it will be chaotic, no matter how beautiful it is. The Grand View Garden is by no means like this. All its buildings surround the main hall, setting off the dignity of the central main hall like the stars holding the moon. It not only highlights practical functions, but also strictly abides by the norms and combinations of "respect and inferiority" in classical gardens. Etiquette area, the climax of the provincial villa, takes the central axis as the center, fully embodies the royal style and court dignity, and appears majestic and solemn. The quiet area is listed in the east, which is natural, because there is Fang Hui Garden in the east, and the trees are in the forest, which is very quiet and unusual, just like this function. The west handles the logistics area, highlighting practical functions. The building area is farther north than the etiquette area. This layout set an example for future generations.

Just looking at the name of this building is dazzling enough. There are many ancient architecture projects in China, with different functions and characteristics, almost all of which are reflected in the Grand View Garden. A Dream of Red Mansions is almost equivalent to an ancient museum. According to my rough statistics, the names of the buildings appearing in the Grand View Garden are as follows:

Landscape architecture:

Hall: It is the public building of the garden mansion, which is used to meet the tourists' banquets and enjoy the flowers and trees.

(2) Tijen Mude Hall and Buren Yude Hall

Hall: It is built on the central axis of the building complex as a venue for family celebrations.

(3) Jiayintang Xiaocuitang Yuyintang

Architecture: as a bedroom study for viewing, facing the water and backing the mountain.

(2) Jin Pagoda and Daguanlou

Pavilion: used to collect books for sightseeing or for giant Buddha statues.

② Including Fangting and Jinting.

Pavilion: rest and enjoy the scenery, with different shapes. There are octagonal folding fans in Fiona Fang.

(1) Peony Pavilion

Bridge: embellish the environment and block the scenery with the scenery.

(2) Fengyao Bridge Qin Fang Bridge

Xuan: a porch or small room with windows, mostly the name of the study or the font size of the teahouse.

(1) Chat the Wind Pavilion

Pavilion: a garden building built by the water, decorated by the waterfront, enjoying the waterscape.

(1) Ouxiangxie

Zhai: Study and bedroom.

(1) Qiushuangzhai

Garden: all kinds of flowers and trees are the best for greening.

(1) constant source

Hall: study bedroom for entertaining guests or comprehensive use.

(2) Xiaoxiang Pavilion Concave Crystal Pavilion

Temple architecture:

Annie: (2) Dharma Annie and Cui Annie.

Hall: (2) Jade Emperor Hall, Qing Hall

Green area:

Hong Xiang Pu Shao Pu Mu Peng Xiang Cui Yue Xue Lu Hua Ting yeyu Zhu Bajie Wu Rose Garden Tea Shelf

Another example is the plaque from the wind, the apricot curtain in front of us, the red fragrance and green jade, the renewal of Vientiane, the creation of articles, the elegance of literary talent, the brilliance of Zhong Rui and the fairyland. It only takes a few words to point out the symbolic meaning of the building, the finishing touch points out the characteristics of the building itself, and unfolds the landscape into a poetic artistic conception precipitated by history. When it comes to "Hongyi Kuaiqing", people will immediately think of Bajiao and Xifu Haitang, and then think of the poems inscribed by Haitang Society. Only Xie Simin of Daiyu can be worthy of the nobility of "Feng", and the people who live in "Zhi Heng Qingfen" can never be others except Baochai. This is the real unity of man and landscape, and the unity of man and nature.

Planting four-flowered trees

"A fairyland built by a famous garden is not a world of mortals". No matter how beautiful the etiquette building is, it will be dull if there are no exotic flowers, Yao grass and fragrant trees dotted in it. The images that constitute the artistic conception of gardens should include human landscapes, namely palace towers, high halls, pavilions, leaking windows, curved bridges, ancient monuments, screens and antiques. But what is more indispensable is the natural landscape such as green mountains and green waters, purple flowers and red dust, lush forests and bamboos, moonlight starlight, hazy clouds and gloomy wind and rain. The Grand View Garden has its own way of framing. There are green peaks everywhere, where vines are hidden, where winding paths lead to secluded places, where Qingxi snows, where there are stone steps and clouds, which are endless and never the same. Step by step, at different times.

Five scenic spots

In the treasure house of China's classical literature, there are many immortal works left by literati who traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers. Such as Wang Zhihuan's In the Heron Tower and Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower. This has been an evolutionary tradition for thousands of years. In fact, it forms the cultural environment of landscape artistic conception and becomes an indispensable literary foil of landscape. In the seventeenth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Zheng and Baoyu, accompanied by a group of minions, traveled around the Grand View Garden and wrote plaques everywhere. As Jia Zheng said, "Without the name of pavilions, there is no beautiful scenery." Couplets and plaques are the most direct combination of poetry and gardening art, and also the main means for literati to participate in garden creation and express garden artistic conception. The couplets in the Grand View Garden are enough for us to feel the profoundness of China's classical garden art. For example:

There are Feng, Bao Ding, tea, leisure cigarettes and leisure window chess, and the meaning is still not cold.

Where is the apricot curtain in sight? New green flowers add songs, and the clouds protect the Qin pickers.

Singing a nutmeg is beautiful, and it is sweet to sleep and dream.

Guenis

Heaven and earth are generous, and one son feels the same.

Ancient and modern Kyushu national glory.

Most of them can make the finishing point, add feelings to the scenery and blend the scenery into one. In addition, these poetic plots, such as "Dreaming of a bright Yun Xuan", "Realizing Pear Fragrant Garden", "Drinking tea in a green temple", "Sleeping in the Xiaoxiang Pavilion" and "Playing butterflies with Yang Fei in a dripping pavilion", properly integrate garden buildings with human activities, making these buildings lifelike and become classic works in garden buildings.

Six picturesque poems

The essence of China classical gardens can be summarized by the word "elegance". The relative elegance and vulgarity is a kind of bookishness. Excessive rather than paranoid, vivid rather than stagnant, relaxed rather than rich, subtle rather than despicable, these are the connotation of elegance and the quality of classical gardens. It is a special way to deal with the space from limited to infinite, and it blends with the "elegance" that permeates it, giving birth to a special artistic realm. Therefore, in a sense, the garden is a three-dimensional landscape painting and a tangible lyric poem. The Grand View Garden is poetic, with sika deer and mandarin ducks playing in it and a piano and sword hanging on the wall. Stuff the forehead couplets. Others, such as bamboo pruning in Maolin, clear water running, ten-mile lotus flowers, sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance, rain beating banana and beating sound, try their best to blend in with the scenery. Thought-provoking and refreshing. Just look at Xiang's "Long Yin is thin, phoenix tail is deep" written in Xiaoxiang Pavilion, and you will understand the rich rhyme of this artistic conception.

In a word, the Grand View Garden is to transplant natural landscape flowers and trees into a limited space, reproduce the beauty of natural scenery through the ingenuity of courtyard layout, rock structure, road design and plant configuration, and achieve a harmonious and unified artistic effect by comparing the regular shapes of buildings with the irregular shapes of rock trees. Originated from nature and higher than nature, close to nature but not equal to nature, learning from nature and not limited to imitating the form of natural landscape is the essence of Cao Xueqin's architectural landscape art as an outstanding landscape planning designer. He skillfully and skillfully used architecture, calligraphy and painting, art, literature and garden landscape to build such a virtual and real grand view garden. It embodies a kind of artistic ingenuity, and reaches the realm of harmony with nature after full play. Only by understanding the posture and charm of the landscape, and integrating it into the treatment of garden elements, and making it the soul of the garden, can we truly realize the artistry of nature and the naturalization of art.

(B) the architectural details and characteristics of the Grand View Garden

Professor Yu Yingshi thinks the Grand View Garden is a great achievement of Cao Xueqin's artistic creation. From the perspective of architectural landscape architecture, the Grand View Garden is a successful synthesis and artistic practice of China's garden art tradition. The Grand View Garden is fictional, even if a mountain in a certain province or even a place name does exist, it is only the material created by the writer. Never take the drawings seriously to discuss and study some stupid questions such as whether the Grand View Garden is Gongwangfu or Suiyuan, and whether it is in the north or the south. But this does not mean that the Grand View Garden is nonsense, but a fabrication. Cao Xueqin's understanding and application of architectural landscape has reached the point of perfection, so that no one doubts that Cao Xueqin is an excellent landscape architect.

Let's take a look at the detailed pattern of the core building of Grand View Garden. It was originally used by Yuan Fei to save her relatives, so she strictly abided by the norms of "ceremony". The constraint of "ceremony" on architecture is to form a series of etiquette norms about architectural types, which are preserved as the norms of traditional architecture. Among all the buildings in the Grand View Garden, the main hall, namely Jiayin Hall, is undoubtedly the theme part. The front building and the back hall, the hatchback and the hall form a unique quadrangle in China. The front floor is the hall, and the upper floor is the stage. There is a platform in front of the patio, which is the place where Jia arranged to meet. Yuan Fei nominated the front building of the main hall, the left and right flying building and the inclined building. Seventy-five times in A Dream of Red Mansions, it was written that "Jia Mu Hall enjoys the moon, and the platform burns incense, shielding the wind and candles, showing melons, cakes and fruits in various colors, and the moonlight lights are not shaped, and carpets and mattresses are laid on the floor", which shows the importance of purlins. Cao Xueqin is a functionalist architect. These ceremonial buildings on the island are not only plump, complete and solemn, but also conducive to the garrison, which fully meets the requirements of the garrison. From the point of view that the architectural layout obeys the functional zoning, the layout of the Grand View Garden is extremely reasonable. Hongyiyuan and Xiaoxiang Pavilion are located in the south of Oshima, on the east and west sides of the central axis of etiquette building, which are very close to each other, facilitating Baodai to exchange feelings and providing a sustenance for Baodai to get along day and night. Otherwise, the two buildings are thousands of miles apart, so how can it be convenient for Baodai to meet every day? Wu Heng Garden is located in the north of Slender West Lake, near the main mountain. Only vines and herbs are planted in the yard. Even if there are exotic flowers and plants and vines, it is cold and green. There are only a few chrysanthemums and books in a pottery bottle, but it also conforms to Baochai's silly and quiet character at any time. Divided plots and nursery areas are borrowed from each other, and canal water can be used for irrigation. Xue Luan is near the Ouxiangxie. Yezhuyu has aquatic plants, Zi Ling has aquatic plants, the Champs Elysé es has lotus flowers, and Liaofengxuan has aquatic plants. These scenic spots are actually the aquatic botanical garden in the Grand View Garden, which is the water extension of the nursery area. Daoxiang Village is located in the northwest of the garden, adjacent to the residences of Yingchun, Tanchun and Xichun, which is convenient for Li Wan to discipline Sanchun. Cui Qi 'an is located on the outer bank of the east branch of Slender West Lake, to the north of donghu district, which is similar to Daoxiang Village in the west of the park. In addition, some novels of small scenic spots use simple narration, such as Jia Zheng and others who came out of Daoxiang Village, and must have entered the nursery area. So the novel says, "After the tea tree, into the woody canopy, through the peony pavilion, through the peony garden, into the rose garden, out of the Bajiaowu ..." There is not much information in several works, so there is no need for further inspection. In the east-west quiet area, except Qin Fang Gate Bridge, others are briefly described. "Along the way, Jia Zheng didn't go in, or cleared the thatched cottage, or piled stones for walls, or made flowers for flowers, or a secluded Buddhist room under the mountain, or a Taoist temple for Tibetan women in the forest, or a winding cave in a long corridor, or a square pavilion." You don't have to delve into it. The overall situation is settled. If you want to study its details, please refer to the attached drawing "Fang Ming Ying Xi Grand View Garden-A New Examination of Grand View Garden in Dream of Red Mansions", published by Mr. Xu Gongshi in June 1980.

(C) from the Grand View Garden to the future of classical garden art architecture

The Grand View Garden has long been an endless topic for garden art. When it comes to A Dream of Red Mansions, we can't help but mention the future of the Grand View Garden and China classical garden art. Today, when we have just crossed the threshold of 2 1 century, why are the classical gardens in China still full of infinite charm? It is precisely because of its harmonious and unified artistic image, graceful and elegant artistic style, exquisite and unique patterns and subtle and profound artistic conception that it embodies profound national characteristics and national style, so it can be unique in the world gardens and enjoy a high reputation. China has a vast territory and a long history. Five thousand years of cultural precipitation gave birth to a unique and immortal garden system like China Classical Garden in the world. We should cherish the legacy left by our ancestors and never let it be destroyed by our generation. In the study of China's classical gardens, Mr. Yang Hongxun's creation of garden landscape, Mr. Wang's theory of Suzhou garden artistic conception, Mr. Wang's law of ancient architectural design in China, and Mr. Zhou's description of the landscape characteristics of the Summer Palace have been discussed. As pioneers of the first generation of architectural landscape research, they have made great contributions. But now traditional culture is facing a sense of crisis. Western civilization, with its economic strength, is popular all over the world, with a tendency of "Western learning spreading to the east". Even China's own garden research is not as advanced as foreign countries. If we can't systematically and comprehensively study, develop and improve our traditional architectural civilization, it is entirely possible that it will shrink, collapse or even become extinct in a short time. China architects must have a clear understanding of this. If future generations cannot inherit, develop and innovate on the basis of the first generation of pioneers and promote the perfection of the theory, they will inevitably lose the last chance. At that time, we really failed our ancestors and became the black sheep of China.

Acknowledgement: Professor Mu Naitang, a member of the Dream of Red Mansions Research Association, provided information on the Dream of Red Mansions and suggested amendments; Professor Wang personally guided and proposed amendments. Here, I would like to express my deep respect for their warm support!

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