At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was turbulent, wars were frequent, people were in dire straits, and disasters and plagues raged. Thousands of people were swallowed up by the disease, which caused an unprecedented disaster. RoyceWong, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, described a painful scene at that time in "Seven Wounded Poems": "When you go out, you can't see it, but your bones are covered in the wild. There are hungry women on the road, leaving the grass with their children in their arms. Wen Gu burst into tears and cried alone. " I couldn't bear to hear that when I drove the horse away. "Cao Zhi wrote in Talking about Epidemic Qi:" Every family has the pain of zombies, and every family has the sorrow of wailing. Either close the door and die, or the whole family will be buried. "
This is the age when Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Nanyang, lived. According to historical records, Zhang Zhongjing was the magistrate of Changsha. Born in the first year of Heping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (150), he died in the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19). There used to be more than 200 people in his family, but in less than ten years, two-thirds of them died of epidemic disease, so he decided to study medical skills. At first, I worshipped my uncle Zhang Bozu as my teacher. Because of his cleverness and diligence, he soon dazzled you. However, after he became famous, he still studied tirelessly. As long as he knows that a doctor is good at medicine, he will not hesitate to travel long distances and ask for advice.
The statement that Zhang Zhongjing is the prefect of Changsha is widely circulated. The preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases revised by Lin Bu and others in the Northern Song Dynasty notes: "Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Nanyang, is also known as Ji, and Zhongjing is also a word. He is a filial piety and an official in Changsha." 198 1 year, an ancient tombstone was found in Nanyang medical shrine, which was later designated as a national second-class cultural relic. There is the word "Five Years of Xianhe" in the official script behind the tablet seat. The tablet is named "Tomb of Zhang Zhongjing, a doctor in Changsha in Han Dynasty", and "Five Years of Xianhe" is in 330 AD.
Legend has it that when he was a magistrate in Changsha, he closed his business on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar and set up a case for consultation in the lobby, which was called "sitting in the hall". So there are still pharmacies called "Tang", such as Tong Ren Tang, Changchun Tang and Hu Qingyu Tang. The attending doctor in the pharmacy is a "sitting doctor". Later generations honored Zhongjing as Zhang Changsha, and its side was Changsha side, which also originated from the satrap theory.
There are many legends about Zhang Zhongjing's superb medical skills, the most famous of which is RoyceWong's diagnosis. Say: You are sick. You lost your eyebrows at the age of forty, and you died after losing your eyebrows for half a year. You can avoid taking Wushi decoction. Zhong Xuan doesn't like his words, so don't drink soup. After staying for three days, I met Zhong Xuan and asked: Did you drink soup? Said: I took it. Zhong Jing said: The color of the face is not the diagnosis of taking soup, so why not commit suicide! Zhong Xuan still doesn't believe it. "In the last 20 years, his eyebrows fell off, and he died in the last 187 days, just as he said." It is amazing that Chinese medicine knows people's life and death. However, since "Five Stone Soup" is so magical, it is doubtful why it is not described in Zhang Zhongjing's medical book. However, this incident reflects Zhang Zhongjing's view that "the disease should be cured before it is cured" and that prevention is better than treatment. This anecdote is recorded in different versions in A-B Jing Xu and Taiping Yu Lan.
Legend has it that Zhang Zhongjing went to Tongbai Mountain to collect medicine. He met a doctor and said, "Why is it necessary for a son to have a pulse on his wrist?" The man told the truth: "I am an old ape." Zhongjing took the pills in the capsule and it was fine. The old ape thanked Zhang Zhongjing and gave him a piece of wood the next day, saying, "This evergreen tree is also good for you." Zhong Jing made two guqin from this piece of wood, one called ape and the other called wannian. Diagnosis and treatment of Emperor Huan
"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records that in the winter of Yuan Jia, Emperor Huan felt cold syndrome and called for treatment. Sick 17 days, the doctor (that is, the machine, Zhang Zhongjing's name) diagnosed typhoid fever. I'm going to take a dose, and I will taste it in two ways. I will sweat like rain and feel cold. When I saw that the imperial court was wrong, I sighed: Your disease can be cured, but the disease of the country is difficult to cure. So I ran away.
Zhang Zhongjing enjoys a high honor in the medical history of China, and is honored as a "medical sage" by the world. Author of Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the earliest monograph on clinical diagnosis and treatment in China.
A book has its own independent destiny since its birth, and even its creator can do nothing about it. For a famous book, its fate is as wonderful and tortuous as its content.
At the beginning of the 3rd century, Zhang Zhongjing read widely, collected all kinds of books, and concentrated his whole life on writing Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Typhoid referred to by Chinese medicine is actually the general name of all exogenous diseases, including plague, an infectious disease. This book was written about 200 ~ 2 10. At that time when paper was not widely used and printing was not invented, this book was probably written on bamboo slips.
Zhang Zhongjing died on 2 19. Without the protection of the author, Treatise on Febrile Diseases began its world tour. At that time, the spread of books could only be copied by hand, which was very difficult to spread.
When the time came to the Jin Dynasty, the first key figure in the fate of Treatise on Febrile Diseases appeared. A doctor named Wang Shuhe came across the book. The book was broken, and Wang Shuhe read this wonderful book intermittently with excitement. As an imperial doctor, he tried to collect all kinds of manuscripts of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and finally found all the parts about typhoid fever and sorted them out, named Treatise on Febrile Diseases. There are 22 treatises on febrile diseases, and 397 treatments are recorded. There are 1 13 papers with a total of more than 50,000 words, but there are no traces of miscellaneous diseases in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Wang Shuhe's contribution, in the words of Xu Dachun, a famous doctor in Qing Dynasty, is that "if there is no uncle, there is no book".
Wang Shuhe has a deep relationship with Zhang Zhongjing, not only sorting out medical books for him, but also leaving us the earliest written records about Zhang Zhongjing. Wang Shuhe said in the preface to pulse meridian: "The use of medicine depends on people's life. And magpie, Jude or Garth; " Zhong Jingming tried the case clearly and waited for evidence. If in doubt, he will take the exam to verify. "
After that, the book gradually spread among the people and was highly praised by doctors. Tao Hongjing, a famous doctor in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, once said: "Zhang Zhongjing is the only one, the ancestor of all." It is conceivable that this groundbreaking and pinnacle work has made people know its author and pushed the author to the lofty position of medical sage.
The Song Dynasty, 800 years after Zhang Zhongjing's death, was a dynasty in which Treatise on Febrile Diseases was revived. When I was in Song Renzong, an academician named Wang Zhu found a "bamboo slip eaten by insects" in the stacks of imperial academy, with the title "synopsis of the golden chamber". Part of this book is similar to Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and the other part is about miscellaneous diseases. Later, when the famous doctors Lin Bu and Sun Qi were ordered by the imperial court to revise Treatise on Febrile Diseases, they compared it with Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, knowing that it was written by Zhongjing, but renamed it Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and published it in the world. There are 25 articles and 262 articles in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. At this point, several key figures in the fate of Treatise on Febrile Diseases all appeared.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber were both revised and published in the Song Dynasty. What we see today is the revised version of the Song Dynasty. In addition to repeated prescriptions, 269 prescriptions were included in the two books, and 2 14 kinds of drugs were used, which basically summarized the commonly used prescriptions in clinical departments. Together with Huangdi Neijing and Shennong Materia Medica, these two books are called "Four Books of Traditional Chinese Medicine"-four books, and Zhang Zhongjing alone accounts for two books. In other words, the four classics of TCM are Huangdi Neijing, Difficult Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Shennong Herbal Classic. )
Treatise on Febrile Diseases is a must-read classic for later generations of doctors, and it has been highly praised by doctors of all ages. Up to now, it is still one of the main basic courses offered by Chinese medicine colleges and universities, and it is the source of Chinese medicine learning. During SARS last year, books and Zhang Zhongjing once again became the focus of attention. This is unimaginable in western medicine, because it is impossible to have any anatomical works of19th century as today's textbooks, and it is impossible for western medicine to find a basis for its treatment from its ancestors hundreds of years ago.
In this book, Zhang Zhongjing created three firsts in the world: artificial respiration, drug enema and biliary ascaris treatment were recorded for the first time.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases has been full of vitality for nearly 2000 years. It is recognized as the originator of China's medical prescriptions, and is regarded as the most influential clinical classic with emphasis on syndrome differentiation and treatment. Most of the prescriptions listed in the book are well matched, and many of them have been proved by modern science. Later generations of doctors can achieve good results every time they use it according to the law. In history, four or five hundred scholars have explored its theoretical prescriptions, leaving nearly a thousand kinds of monographs and monographs, thus forming a brilliant and unique typhoid school in the academic history of traditional Chinese medicine. According to statistics, as of 2002, there were nearly 2,000 books on Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases has not only become a must-read book for physicians in China, but also spread widely overseas, such as Japan, Korea, Viet Nam, Mongolia and other countries. In Japan, in particular, there was once an ancient school specializing in Zhang Zhongjing in history. Until today, the Japanese traditional Chinese medicine community still likes to use Zhang Zhongjing's prescription. In some famous Chinese medicine factories in Japan, typhoid prescriptions generally account for more than 60%.
According to relevant records, in addition to Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Zhang Zhongjing has the following works: Zhang Zhongjing's Prescription for Treating Women, two volumes; "Zhang Zhongjing Fang" fifteen volumes; Zhang Zhongjing's remarks; Zhang Zhongjing's "Comment on Diseases" and so on. The above bibliography may be a single book of some contents decomposed from Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and may not be otherwise explained.
"Nanyang City East, Renji Bridge West, Wenliang River", a listen to this place, Nanyang people, as well as people in the field of traditional Chinese medicine at home and abroad, will emerge in their minds that personalized mother and son que and door yiguang.
"The Yaowang Temple is all over the world, and the Medical Temple is alone in Nanyang". Who would have thought that the birth of the only medical shrine in China actually depended on the strange dream of a Confucian scholar.
In the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, Feng Ying, who was born in Lankao, caught a cold and nearly died. One night in the middle of the night, a man wearing a yellow gold crown touched Feng with his hand, and Feng was "full of vitality". He asked, "Who gave birth to me?" The man of God claimed to be Zhang Zhongjing of Nanyang, and his tomb was "forty miles east of Nanyang Prefecture". He was "lost for a long time and razed to the ground" and asked Feng Ying 'ao to rebuild the mausoleum for himself.
The first time I heard this story, I felt that Zhang Zhongjing's behavior was quite suspected of "urban human feelings." Feng Yingao's narrative is not Zhang Zhongjing's credit, but a smear. Looking at this story again this time, I feel that it is beneficial to attract people's attention by this kind of paranormal to raise funds to repair the temple and establish Zhang Zhongjing's authority.
Feng Yingao once wrote the Ling Ying Monument to record this dream. The existing medical holy land on the stone tablet.
According to the records on the stone tablet, Feng Ying 'ao rushed to Nanyang, not far from where his illness occurred, and saw a temple in the place mentioned by God-not dedicated to Zhang Zhongjing, but to Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi. Among the top ten famous doctors in the temple, Zhang Zhongjing has a male eyebrow and is with Feng Yingao. Feng Yingao also learned that there is an ancient tomb stone tablet behind the temple, which has become a vegetable field over time. Ao found the family of Zhu, the owner of this land, and asked to buy the land near the original tomb. Zhu's family thought his request was nonsense. The vegetable plot is 40 mu, and he only bought a small piece. "Has anyone in the world bought brocade and cut it?" Rejected his request.
A few years later, a gardener dug a well and got a stone tablet more than two feet high, which read "Tomb of Zhang Zhongjing, the satrap of Changsha in Han Dynasty". When drilling a well, all kinds of strange things happened, and people gradually believed Feng Yingao's statement.
According to historical records, in the 25th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1546), the Tang Dynasty captaincy initiated the creation of Huang San Temple, which should be the place where Feng Ying 'ao saw Zhang Zhongjing's portrait after his recovery. After 1 10 years, it is the thirteenth year of Qing Shunzhi (1656). Nanyang Zhang Fucheng Sanyi raised funds to build a medical shrine, and the name of Huang San Temple was no longer mentioned. At that time, Ao, who passed the imperial examination and became the discipline of Yexian County, came to Wan again, set up a monument to describe the whole story of his visit to the tomb, and carved the monument again.
Wu Youxing, a good word, lived in the 1980s of 16 and the 1960s of 17. He is a famous doctor in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, and one of the important representatives of the school of febrile diseases. Wu Youxing lived in an era of frequent military incidents and epidemic diseases. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, when Wu Youxing was 49 years old, epidemics spread all over Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei and other places.
Epidemic febrile diseases, equivalent to infectious diseases in modern medicine, are very harmful to human beings and can spread among people under certain external environmental conditions, causing epidemics. During the epidemic period of epidemic febrile diseases, the incidence is rapid, the symptoms are serious, the number of people affected is large, and the scope of influence is large, which seriously endangers the lives and health of the broad masses of people.
Infectious diseases in ancient China continued to spread, resulting in a large number of deaths. Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it happened in large numbers. According to some statistics, there were 64 pandemics of infectious diseases in 276 of Ming Dynasty and 74 pandemics of infectious diseases in 266 of Qing Dynasty, showing that infectious diseases were frequent. Doctors in China have attached great importance to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Medical classics such as Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Etiology, Ganjinfang, and Waitai Secret Recipe all contain records of experience in preventing and treating infectious diseases, but these records are not systematic. When Wu Youxing lived, the epidemic was prevalent, and many doctors still couldn't find a good treatment. Instead, they stick to the law of typhoid fever and the treatment effect is very poor. Wu Youxing witnessed some infectious disease areas at that time. "There are more than a hundred houses in one lane, and no one is only free; A door has dozens of mouths, not one left. So I studied hard, regardless of my own safety, and went deep into the epidemic areas to carry out medical practice. He deeply felt that typhoid fever has been recorded in detail in medical treatment since ancient times, but the epidemics at that time were all divided into epidemics, and the treatment according to epidemics did achieve good results. Through repeated and meticulous research, meditation, combined with my own rich treatment experience, analysis, summary and arrangement, I finally wrote the first treatise on febrile diseases in the history of Chinese medical development in Chongzhen 15 (AD 1642).
Treatise on febrile diseases is Wu Youxing's only masterpiece handed down from ancient times. * * * Two volumes. A volume of 50 articles mainly explains the etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome and treatment of febrile diseases, and discusses the difference between febrile diseases and typhoid fever. The second volume contains 30 articles, focusing on various syndromes and treatments of febrile diseases, and also setting up many articles on the right and wrong of febrile diseases and the syndrome and treatment of epidemic diseases.
The book on febrile diseases put forward the name of infectious diseases at that time. The cause of "epidemic disease" is "not getting its qi" Treatise on Febrile Diseases holds that diseases such as typhoid fever are caused by feeling the righteousness of heaven and earth, and "epidemic disease" is caused by feeling the plague of heaven and earth. Epidemic febrile diseases distinguish epidemic diseases from other epidemic diseases, thus making the cause of infectious diseases break through the shackles of the previous "six-qi theory" Epidemic febrile diseases first established a new argument in China that the body has poor disease resistance and is infected with rage.
"Epidemic Febrile Diseases" points out that the transmission route of "sudden anger" is through air and contact, and through the nose and mouth. Epidemic febrile diseases also point out that hostility is specific, and only specific hostility can cause corresponding infectious diseases. The book also believes that the treatment of surgical diseases such as sores and back problems is due to miscellaneous gas infection, not "fire". The theory of febrile diseases classifies surgical infectious diseases and infectious diseases into one category for the first time.
Epidemic febrile diseases also attach great importance to the importance of physical resistance. The book holds that "the wood is full of vigor, and evil can't enter", and the body has strong resistance. Although there is the possibility of contact infection, it is unlikely to get sick. If "vitality is deficient, exogenous pathogens take advantage of it", the body's resistance drops and it is infected, then you can get sick.
"Epidemic Febrile Diseases" also suggests that the route of infection of infectious diseases is "being naturally infected". "Natural exposure" refers to air infection, and "infection" refers to contact infection. Therefore, it is said in the book that "the nose of every population is connected with the weather" and "between breaths, external evils take advantage of it". According to epidemic febrile diseases, the epidemic form of infectious diseases can be epidemic or sporadic.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases is very scientific in discussing the source, etiology, immunity and prevalence of infectious diseases. Especially before the emergence of bacteriology in the middle of17th century, the theory of epidemic febrile diseases put forward that "epidemic febrile diseases are diseases, not wind, not cold, not summer and not wet, but the weather has strange smells", which is called "sudden anger". This theory is very advanced. The discussion on immunity of epidemic febrile diseases in Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases is really admirable. The book said: "As for the invisible qi, those who are partial to animals, such as rinderpest, sheep plague and chicken plague; Duck plague is not only a human epidemic, but also a disease. However, cattle sick sheep are not sick, chickens sick ducks are not sick, and people sick animals are not sick. The injury varies with the qi. " This is a wonderful exhibition.
The temperature theory records many new methods to treat infectious diseases. If the book thinks that it is appropriate to use Dayuan drink at the beginning of infectious diseases, wait until the illness is deep; Some, that is, the so-called "education of vicious criminals", that is, they take pains to "rush to prove and attack". These methods laid the foundation for the treatment of infectious diseases in later generations. Treatise on Febrile Diseases has a great influence on later generations. Some famous physicians in Qing Dynasty, such as Dai Beishan, Liu, Ye, etc., all developed and created Treatise on Febrile Diseases to some extent. Physicians of past dynasties created the theory of febrile diseases in the practice of fighting infectious diseases. Treatise on febrile diseases originated in Neijing, conceived in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, originated in Jinyuan and matured in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the development of epidemic febrile diseases, as the first monograph on the treatment of infectious diseases in China, Epidemic Febrile Diseases has made great contributions. Up to now, China has applied the principles, methods and prescriptions of epidemic febrile diseases to treat some infectious diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever and dysentery, and achieved high curative effect. Many of them inherited and developed the theory and experience of febrile diseases. Of course, Wu Youxing, like all the great medical scientists in history, has limitations that can't surpass the times. For example, although he invented the "hostile" theory and made many correct descriptions of the basic characteristics and pathogenic characteristics of epidemic factors, it is not a real microbiology, but only a scientific hypothesis; His proposal to find targeted drugs still embodies the syndrome differentiation and treatment based on attacking evil and eliminating evil, so it can only be an ideal to enlighten future generations, and these should not be demanding. The book also mistakenly classifies non-communicable diseases such as crane knee wind and senile stroke as epidemic diseases. Although we put forward the correct proposition of opposing cold in cold, we don't know that Coptis chinensis can only clear "internal heat" but not "evil heat", and we don't know how to treat the epidemic with Coptis chinensis. It is also inappropriate to think that there is no difference among epidemic febrile disease, epidemic febrile disease and plague. Epidemic febrile disease and epidemic febrile disease are divided into broad sense and narrow sense, including epidemic febrile disease, which is only one kind of epidemic febrile disease. Wu's treatment of epidemic diseases is still not rich, especially in preventive measures. Although Wu has some wrong arguments, prejudices and shortcomings, his shortcomings cannot be concealed. With his medical practice, wisdom and innovative spirit, Wu left an extremely important and indelible glorious chapter in the history of medical development in China and even in the world.
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