Studying the origin of cells and life is perhaps one of the most fascinating scientific explorations. However, even not long ago, people thought that all the sciences for this research were at the end of their tether, and medicine, biochemistry and biology were stagnant, making it difficult to make progress. In order to promote the progress of this important research, researchers from all disciplines must work together. Professor edman from Free University of Berlin initiated and led this multidisciplinary cooperative research project.
In Professor edman's schematic diagram, a combination name frequently appears, which is ribose molecular formula 5SrRNA. The diagram of this molecular formula looks like a dripping faucet. This is the secondary structure model of ribose 5SrRNA of worry nucleus, eumerozoite and protozoa. The main project of Professor edman's research team is 5SrRNA. What is this?
Structure and function of biological cells.
In the process of human blood circulation, cells obtain certain substances, from which ribose makes protein needed by the body. The structure and function of cells mainly depend on protein, and the structure and morphology of protein molecules are stored in the deoxyribonucleic acid in cells. This genetic information was originally considered as messenger RNA, and then transferred to ribose. They first supplied cells to the factory in protein. The basic structure of protein cells is amino acids, among which more than 20 different amino acid structures are known. On the contrary, the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid and messenger ribonucleic acid have only four different basic structures. These basic structures, as typical triplet combinations (codons), contain the passwords of certain amino acids, that is, a password represents the password information of an amino acid. The task of ribose is to chemically connect these basic structures to form protein molecules. In all living cells, these reaction steps will occur to some extent, but in different ways.
Because the above protein combination requires very high accuracy, the structure of ribose is also extremely complicated. Even a simple fungus, its ribose is composed of about 55 different protein molecules and 3 different ribonucleic acids. There is a ribonucleic acid in the ribose of all living things, ribose 5Sr-RNA, which "only" contains 120 basic structures. The subtle differences in the arrangement order of each basic structure illustrate the subtle differences in the arrangement order of every four basic structures, and also illustrate the development stage of each cell, which shows that it is related to a cell of other organisms.
How is the cell itself formed?
Professor edman and his assistant used advanced computer system to analyze the arrangement order of the basic structure of RNA, and artificially synthesized the part stored in DNA. In order to obtain more accurate data, experts even connected with large computers in other European countries and the United States. The key question is, if all living things are ultimately composed of cells, and cells are the basis of life, how are cells themselves formed? Scientists hold two completely different theories about this problem, one of which is the hypothesis of cell formation. Until a few years ago, this theory was considered to be basically correct. According to this theory, for hundreds of millions of years, higher-level cells have evolved from bacterial cells and become increasingly complex due to intra-cell differences.
The second view is denied by most experts, and those who insist on children's theory are even ridiculed as dreamers for nearly a hundred years. This view holds that in the process of biological evolution, several cells are combined into higher-level cells, that is, the so-called intracellular life law is formed. Higher-level cells are interdependent life groups.
Scientists have dramatically clarified this difficult problem through research. At first, people also put forward many negative arguments about the cell hypothesis of the law of life in cells. At that time, the hypothesis of cell formation seemed impossible. But then an important experimental breakthrough happened, that is, people can analyze the arrangement order of amino acids. In the experiment, the original structure of the cell, that is, the combination of four possible basic structures (nucleic acids), was first determined. Scientists have found that whether it conforms to this basic structural arrangement order can be used as a standard to measure whether there is a blood relationship between organic substances. In addition, it is also found that organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) in eukaryotes are actually related to some fungi, that is, they all originated from fungi. Therefore, it can be said that the analysis of RNA arrangement order has obviously contributed to the accepted hypothesis about cells in the law of intracellular life.
According to this theory, a higher-level cell consists of at least two or four schizobacteria. That is to say, a fermentable host bacterium can absorb Schizophyllum trichosporum and bring the exercise mechanism into the cell. Then, schizoid bacteria with respiratory function were added to produce mitochondria in today's cells. Plant cells also need to absorb photosynthetic fission bacteria, thus forming chloroplasts in cells.
The establishment and development of "the internal biology of a cell" in the course of millions of years of evolution, the previously independent schizobacteria in the cell have been transformed into small organs, and these small organs have transferred most of their genetic characteristics to the nucleus, thus making the nucleus an important coordinator in the cell, that is, the higher-level cells are not a new unity formed as a whole. The significance of this understanding is that it proves that all living things are ultimately formed by the combination of schizobacteria and their precursors. This combination obviously occurs when there are no multicellular organisms on the earth.
Compared with fungal cells, this new unity has a decisive advantage, that is, various metabolic forms in a cell are isolated from each other by the cell membrane, so fermentation, respiration and photosynthesis can be carried out at the same time. In common bacteria, a metabolic process can often be carried out at a certain time.
Professor Schwimm Le, a biologist, laid the foundation for the establishment and development of "intracellular biology" and made great contributions to the breakthrough of cell theory of "the law of intracellular life". Professor Schwimm Le pointed out: "So biology can explain its smallest structural components. On this basis, we try to establish a biological sequence system that has never been seen before. People can arrange various cell types into a reasonable system according to the basic structural arrangement order of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Each merozoite absorbed into the cell has its own protein combination mechanism. We believe that this process is still going on, and today's cells are still absorbing fission bacteria and forming small organs.
Scientists pay close attention to the progress of cytology research, while Professor Schwimm Le studies from a completely different angle. He once discovered an insect-a bug, which consists of a host cell, and the schizobacteria it absorbs is regarded as a living body. In the long-term development process, the substances of two single cells are so adaptive to each other that one individual cannot survive without the other.
Professor Schwimm Le pointed out, "Taking cicadas as an example, we can observe how this * * * phenomenon is carried out from living organisms. The schizont living in cicada system is estimated to have been more than 200 million years, and has gradually lost its DNA. At present, we don't know whether the DNA of the merozoite is simply lost or has entered the nucleus of Xiao Zhan. In an egg without viviparous phenomenon, only a brain embryo can be formed without a tail. This shows that the host cell can become a small organ if it is born with genetic information of Schizophyllum commune. " When talking about the mutual penetration of various research fields, Professor edman said: We hope to establish a model system, so as to sort out and divide the origin of the law of life in cells on the basis of analyzing nucleic acids and the law of life in cells. Using this possibility, the whole world can be divided into three "kingdoms": one is the nuclear system, and the other is not including other nuclear systems. However, through the further study of nucleic acid, we found that other systems excluding the nucleus can also be divided into primitive schizobacteria and dominant schizobacteria, while the latter is normal. At present, the existing schizobacteria and primitive schizobacteria often live in extreme conditions, such as high or low PH value, high salt concentration or high acid concentration. Perhaps people find scientists' knowledge interesting, but what practical significance does it have for mankind? However, as confirmed by Professor Schwimm Le's experiments, superficial phenomena are often extremely unreliable. He said: "This basic research will have an extraordinary impact on applied science. It can even be used against devil cancer. Because we believe that only by comprehensively studying the molecular processes in cells can we understand the formation mechanism of cancer. The first question is to understand the basic processes and connections. "