Thesis writing is an academic project with many tentacles. From accumulating knowledge to hiding treasures, and then to distinguishing chapters; From further study to writing, it is not only time-consuming but also complicated. Usually, pay attention to your studies; Writing with a pen and refining the core theme is like pushing the boat with the current, relaxed and competent, and enjoyable. Drafting an outline, such as waterway planning and route guidance, is only the general direction of academic research before writing. It must be repeatedly demonstrated and constantly scrutinized. Once the deviation is found, it must be resolutely corrected and adjusted. The explanation is as follows:

First, study time and core theory.

Erudition, interrogation, careful thinking, discernment and perseverance, The Doctrine of the Mean puts forward five major efforts in learning. It can be used as a guideline for drafting an outline and writing a paper. Devotion and serious thinking are the necessary attitudes to learning knowledge and writing papers, which are related to the effectiveness of learning and the quality of writing. Confucius once said that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", so learning and thinking must complement each other and pay equal attention to each other. The Doctrine of the Mean once suggested that learning should be "knowledgeable, suspicious, thoughtful, clear and trustworthy". Zhu's "Learning Rules of Bailudong Academy" highlights the response, and many inventions are explained in "Notes to Four Books" and "Subclasses of Yu Saito", which can be called the index and golden needle of scholarship, and can be used as the platform and raft for pursuit. Now, it is a logical guide to follow the standards and step by step by borrowing the skills of the golden mean and applying them to drafting outlines and writing papers.

Why write a paper? As far as learning knowledge is concerned, it means publishing results and sharing experiences. If knowledge is not expressed systematically, outlined systematically and put forward logically, it is likely to be just a piece of auspicious light and remain in the deep heart. Papers published, and academic exchanges, so the depth of knowledge is wide and narrow, and the right and wrong of speculation can be revealed. In order to publish achievements and provide academic tests, learning, questioning, thinking and discrimination, as the psychological process of thesis writing, have become the navigation and raft in the vast academic ocean. The extensive pursuit of knowledge, careful examination of questions, careful thinking and judgment of problems and clear discrimination of doubts are inseparable from the mental process of thesis writing. From literature review, to the emergence of problem consciousness, to the choice of research methods, to the ideal choice, of course, it is inseparable from the start of school, asking, thinking and arguing; Subsequent research processes, such as drafting a writing outline and writing academic papers, require time of seeking truth from facts, such as erudition, interrogation, careful thinking and discernment. As a guide and a raft, who says it's inappropriate?

If you have learned extensively, asked well, tried well, thought carefully, distinguished clearly and learned happily, it is called further study, and it is easy to shine. Confucius encouraged his disciples to be quick at words and good at deeds, so the master Zhang used the text as a text, integrating knowledge and practice, and giving consideration to learning and application. For scholars with profound knowledge and profound research, it is not only natural to publish their achievements and share their experiences, but also of urgent interest. Generally, graduate students write papers, although most of them do something, but they should also send them. There are differences in the level of the realm, but there is no difference in the efforts of learning, asking questions, thinking and distinguishing, and the practical performance. Moreover, in ancient times, today, East and West achieved the same goal through different routes, and they are consistent and consistent. Therefore, studying, questioning, thinking and analyzing with great concentration is embodied in drafting outlines and writing papers in a down-to-earth manner, which is worth advocating and popularizing. Before you start writing, you usually have to work hard on the idea. Think about the main body of the paper, extract a core theme from the data as the backbone of the full text, and then form a general structural arrangement. ..... Grasping the refinement of the core theme, we have grasped the key of conception. (Li Jianming's Literacy and Skills of Historians, Chapter 12, Steps of Writing and Expression, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, 2007) Accumulate knowledge to cherish and ask the truth is the basic work of doing research. Think carefully, combine erudition with interrogation, discuss carefully and explore deeper knowledge. The so-called "prepare for a rainy day" and Su Shi's "have answers" are all ideas and ideas obtained through prudent attitude. This kind of idea and conception will be carried out in the future paper writing, and of course it will also be shown in the drafting of the outline. Li Jianming, a historian in Peking University, is concerned about the idea of writing a paper. The main body, core and backbone of the paper are what the author calls "the bright spot of thinking". It is the essence extracted from the original document, and it is a program combed out from the problem consciousness. These essences and procedures will be interwoven in the skeleton structure of the paper in the future, always reflecting the flesh and blood vein. As the saying goes, "If you grasp the essence of the core theory, you will grasp the key to conception". Du Fu's poem "Strong draws a bow, weak captures the king" can be interpreted wonderfully. As the saying goes, "there must be a main peak in the towering mountains, and the dragon will be led by nine chapters." The core key is the main peak program. If the paper has mastered the main peak program, the explanation and demonstration of other chapters and projects will be logical and natural. "Mencius" said: "If you make a great man first, then the small one can't be taken away!" Grasping the core theme can be described as "making it big first".

If you haven't studied the literature, how many supporting arguments are unclear and you will never write a paper. Therefore, it is necessary to interpret and explain the literature from data and literature in order to provide strong evidence. Before writing, we should conceive, which means we should go back to the topic of the paper. The theme of the paper is by no means aimless and imaginary, but is carefully summed up by mastering twenty or fifty documents or reading one or several books. For example, when we read the Collected Works of Song People, we will find that besides Su Shi and Su Zhe, there are also Qin Guan, Chao, Hong, Li Gang, Feng Yi, Cao Xun, Yang Wanli, Wang, Wang Zhi and Yu Liang Neng. Only by mastering the above literature can we make a further choice: to study "Harmony and Communication Acceptance"? Or "Harmony and Simulation Creation"? The subject value is not worth discussing, but depends on the subject of academic research and the discussion of academic peers. If people have studied it, come to a conclusion, come to a conclusion, and even become common sense, there is no need to waste pen and ink. Therefore, the literature screening before formal writing research is very important for the evaluation, narration and review of research results. The research topic is to extract information and think. From the data, and feedback to the data, let's repeatedly scrutinize and think, and then extract a core theme from the data as the Taishan Beidou for paper writing. It can be seen that the core topic, as the coordinates of the paper, is not fabricated out of thin air and made out of nothing, but refined with the support of literature. Extract the core argument from the data and then feed it back to the data itself when writing later, so that the argument evidence will not be invalid, weak or unconvincing. After refining and refining, the argument can be regarded as the core theme and the backbone of the full text. Therefore, if there are benchmarks and coordinates for the demonstration, whether divergent thinking is used for radiation or convergent thinking is used for convergence and focus, it will be original and justified. Zhu's "Random Thoughts on Reading" said: "What's so clear about asking about the canal? Because there is flowing water from the source. "Extracting core papers from data and documents is like having a source of flowing water, reliable and not lacking, so that writing papers will not be abandoned and trapped.

Bees gather flowers to make honey; Eating mulberry leaves into silk; People brew all kinds of grains and fruits into fine wine, all of which are refined and become useful. Gold diggers in Alaska and Ghana have screened hundreds of tons of sand, and may only need to count two pieces of gold; Scrap copper and iron are piling up, and ten catties of fine steel may not be refined. It can be seen that the work of refining, elutriation and smelting, or one in ten thousand or one in one, is a busy and arduous process, but the price is precious and beautiful. Before writing, the carefully refined core topics and the backbone of the full text constitute the main structure of the paper and the highlight of thinking. Its original materials, such as flowers, grains, sand and rags, are all mixed in shape, with fine and thick, and there is no difference between thick and thick. The problem consciousness is established, and the core theory is formed, and the data is collected and the literature is screened accordingly. Therefore, after elutriation, peeling, carving, selection, Excellence and extraction of essence, the literature is taken as honey, mulberry silk, rice wine and sand into gold, or one percent or one tenth. Literature can become the core or backbone of the paper after being eliminated, extracted and fed back.

Two. Assumed direction and outline drafting

The so-called outline is mostly based on assumptions at first, perhaps because it is intuitive and arbitrary. Can it be established? Reading card. Don't be preconceived and arbitrary. Otherwise, the concept mastered first will crowd out the heterogeneous, thus showing arrogance and prejudice against the new concept. To become a scholar and expert, most of them have experienced a lonely, arduous and long academic journey, and naturally have a deep experience in learning and raising. Therefore, we can draw up an outline based on these experiences. In the realm of scholars, if you master about 60% to 70% of the materials, you can begin to study, estimate, demonstrate and achieve more results. If you are still a graduate student, you are not very experienced in learning and raising, and you are not very proficient in the operation of research methods. Other subjective conditions and objective karma need to be strengthened. I suggest you don't draw up an outline by intuition, arbitrariness and inertia. Because this outline is no different from catching shadows, it is usually untenable. The outline looks safe and beautiful, but it can't stand the evidence of the literature and can't be convincing. Without concrete evidence, no matter how beautiful the outline is, it won't help. Because the outline is drawn up out of imagination and fabricated on the wall, the hypothetical proposition cannot be established. At the beginning, the writing outline mentioned above is only a hypothesis of thesis writing, because writing has not yet started, and it is a bold assumption of the future direction of thesis writing. Can the outline be established? Should the outline be revised? Will it be white? Will it be too small to open? It depends on whether you have fully mastered the research materials and read the second-hand materials before drafting the outline to evaluate the feasibility of the research. All this depends on whether there is a wealth of documentary evidence. In short, whether the outline can be established, whether it is a master or a beginner, depends entirely on the evidence. Never draw up an outline at will, intuitively and subjectively. No matter whether the evidence is shallow or the literature is insufficient, it is still like no one's watching, arbitrary and absolute, reckless and rash, bent on sketching an outline. Behind closed doors, of course not. The generation of problem consciousness is based on rich and varied literature, and then it is judged whether it is possible through subjective evaluation. Once determined, it can be a guide to learning about the ocean. From this point of view, the difference between problem consciousness and wishful thinking and arbitrary thinking makes the academic effect even more different.

There is a passage in the Diamond Sutra, which is very enlightening. For the drafting of an outline, writing a paper often has a triggering effect: "You should live in your heart instead of color, sound, taste and touch." The Diamond Sutra tells us to let go of persistence and let things go. Everyone has a transcendental view. The longer the life course, the richer the academic experience and the stronger the persistence. This persistence comes partly from learning and partly from experience, which is often the case with the confidence of scholars and experts. Therefore, learning and experience form self-confidence, and self-confidence is manifested as inertial thinking. For new topics, they often fall into the obstacles of professional association, making inaccurate judgments and unconsciously. It is what it is, not what it is, it always exists. The book "Academician Thinking" puts it well: "The concept of mastering first will crowd out the heterogeneous; Thus showing arrogance and prejudice against new concepts. " In order to avoid preconceived fallacies, the Diamond Sutra mentions "keeping one's color and one's heart", which is self-confidence and complacency about knowledge and produces arrogance and prejudice. Then, the preconceptions of advanced entry graduate students are obviously another level: perhaps ignorance and lack of knowledge lead to catching shadows; Maybe the teacher is self-employed and self-taught, which is a boring thing. What's more, if we talk about research without literature, we must make an illusion on the wall, and it is the same. In fact, preconceptions are a common problem of ordinary people. If you enter the house, you will become a slave. You tend to identify one and exclude the others. Of course, experts and scholars can't have this disease, and graduate students who have just started to learn should take a warning and introspect when they see bad people. "There is more than one answer, please think!" Kenichi Ohmae, a master of fashion, mentioned in Thinking of Innovators the so-called "living without a fixed place" in the Diamond Sutra, both of which are worthy of reference. The outline of the thesis is only the current cognitive understanding and the hypothetical direction formed from it. Often due to the amount of supporting materials, it is added or deleted. Therefore, don't be preconceived, don't carve a boat for a sword, don't be persistent, and don't be infatuated. Before writing a paper, no matter how long it takes to prepare, after all, I haven't started writing. Although the paper has not been formally written, the research direction must be planned. Just like planning to go to Taipei, you should first plan whether to take the expressway or take the high-speed rail or bus. You must make an appropriate plan before you put it into action. Now the cognition and understanding may be better, but not the best? It must be planned and tested. Since it is the current judgment, it is only a principle at best, just a set direction. Don't cling to misunderstanding, thinking that the rules are fixed and don't want to change. According to this cognitive understanding, what is the research direction? What is the research focus? What areas should be explored? What concepts should be studied? Are all current assumptions. After extensive contact with the literature, the hypothetical imagination has been tested by reality and found to be infeasible, and the viewpoint cannot be established. You have to overthrow the hypothesis yourself, you can't correct your mistakes and go your own way. This process is called careful verification. Very often, we will delete or change the outline because of lack of supporting materials.

If the topic of the writing outline is too big to be supported by data, there are two options: First, modify the topic and narrow the coverage of the topic, which is the simplest and easiest. Modify the topic to echo the existing literature to supplement the literature evidence. Second, the title does not change, expanding the quality of documentary evidence. I intend to explore such a large area, but it is not enough to rely on thirty or forty pieces of information. What's more, I haven't started writing my thesis yet. These materials are not necessarily reliable and available, but they can all be used as proof. Maybe it was a misjudgment, maybe it was a mistake. By then, there will be less than 20 of these 30 or 40 cited documents. Can you write a chapter? There's obviously something wrong. Since we want to write a chapter, we should expand the scope of information search and make it full of literature. If the literature in this chapter is insufficient in the face of the worst result, it is better to declare it invalid. As for the relevant literature, it can be merged into other chapters, which is also an expedient relief method.

Therefore, drafting a writing outline should be tailored to suit the genre; The outline structure must keep pace with the times, just like self-cultivation. "After that, you are not afraid to change." Don't be preconceived, don't carve a boat for a sword, don't make a fuss, don't be persistent, don't be infatuated. Generally speaking, we should seek truth from facts, rely on data to prove, rely on evidence to speak, and avoid private use and random evaluation of evidence.

After reading one of A's books, I will turn to A's book B. When I find that B's point of view is different from A's, I will actively adjust my original cognition and use B's new knowledge to demonstrate the concept of experience gained by A.. If you read more books, even listen to a speech and take a class, you may reverse and mutate your old experience because of the collision between old news and new knowledge. Generally speaking, you will know which statement is more accurate after comparison. Never read only one or two books. As the saying goes, don't listen to one side of the story. This is called partial listening. If you only read one book, you will find it really good and true. This is called biased and one-sided words. Keep reading the second book, and you will find it is different from the first one. Who is right and who is wrong? It's hard to tell the difference. Never mind, keep reading the third, fourth and fifth books. Read more, you can know the essence, beauty and evil in your mind, and you can write a book review. Which book is written in detail, the argument of which book is very credible, the pros and cons will come out, and you will naturally have the ability to judge for yourself. The more books you read, the wider and deeper your thinking, and the deeper and more accurate your opinions. I don't take the trouble to push the card repeatedly like this. If we can read all the research results at home and abroad, fully grasp the academic information and study a certain topic, we can collect all the information.

Third, the writing outline must be inferred repeatedly and keep pace with the times.

You can read a book with a general idea, or you can read other books and change old news. Old news will change with new proofs, and historical events will be new and more accurate. Pushing the card repeatedly is painstaking. To collect historical materials, you can prepare well first, and then write a book, so as to be immortal. (He Bingsong's Historical Research Law) If there is * * *, there will be reaction, so the ancients said that "opening books is beneficial" is to accept reaction. In order to avoid ignorance, we should read widely and in many ways. Reading will lead to restlessness and reflect on it. Once the old news and new knowledge are broken, it is possible to "change the old news", and the argument will "change with the new evidence" or even "gain new insights and become more accurate". Such a wonderful harvest must be based on the solid foundation of "collecting historical materials first and preparing everything". Documentary, original, initiative; On this basis, the outline is drawn up, and the writing of the paper is logical.

The so-called "borrowing from other countries' strengths and changing old news" is advocated by historians, and professors in the School of Management also advocate constantly consulting literature and adjusting research direction. Dr. Gao Qiang, former president of the National national cheng kung university, said: A study must constantly consult the literature. When new literature appears, which contains similar contents to those currently carried out, it is necessary to adjust the research direction. President Gao Qiang's so-called "the same content" and "adjusting the research direction" have three meanings: the research literature is basically the same, so we must give up the original topic and start a new stove. Second, the research methods are equivalent; Third, the research perspective is close; As the saying goes, great minds think alike, so we can adjust the research methods and revise the research angle to deal with it. Literature is the basis of all research; The basics are similar, and the conclusions are hard to be different. Since the new literature has been published first, if you still insist on not giving up, it is suspected of plagiarism. By using different methods and changing different perspectives, unique and brand-new research results will be obtained, so the literature retrieval work should be continuous. Once new literature appears, we must make a decision quickly, make an appropriate response, and carefully evaluate and adjust the research direction.

As the saying goes, "a research must constantly consult the literature", which can be used as a touchstone to test the writing outline, and any college is no exception. I often make mistakes in my papers in the College of Liberal Arts, as if I were the first person to study this topic since Pangu opened the sky. In the introduction of the first chapter, we will make a comment on the relevant research results of domestic and foreign peers and scholars, and understand their advantages and disadvantages for reference. Maybe you are talented, maybe you are serious, but if you don't care what others study, what conclusions you get, what ideas you put forward, what experiences you highlight, will the written results be great minds think alike? Of course it's possible! Professor Wang Zhaopeng of Wuhan University did an experiment when he was a doctor: he liked Li Qingzhao's ci very much, and he planned to write a paper. Before 1993, Chinese mainland scholars, including Professor Tang Guizhang, published Li Qingzhao's works, but he deliberately ignored them and wrote four essays on Li Qingzhao's Ci. The more he wrote, the more proud he became, and he felt that he had finished his masterpiece. Put it in the drawer and don't contribute for the time being. Go back and read other people's monographs and papers in turn. As a result, he was very depressed. He suddenly found that people had already said what he thought was original, invented, learned and unique. Everyone else has published it. If you still contribute, there will be two views in the academic circle: First, you copy other people's works, copy other people's views, and do not indicate the source. Even if clarification is an independent study, no one will believe it; Second, if you believe in your personality and don't copy it, you can't escape the accusation of ignorance in academic research. Can you learn without friends and know nothing? These two crimes must be punished. Professor Wang Zhaopeng's personal experience tells us that we must consult and review the literature before doing research.

Jobs (1955-2011) has a classic saying about creativity. He said: "Creativity has two key words, borrowing and linking." The premise of creativity is to "know what others are doing first". Only by knowing what others are doing, knowing the pros and cons, and comparing the pros and cons, can we borrow reference. "Book of Rites" said: "Learn, and then you will not know enough." If you don't know enough, then you can react; You can reverse yourself, and then you can get what it can't. Only by borrowing other people's viewpoints, advantages, strengths and experiences can we relate to our research. If you don't know anything, you can't borrow links, and it's hard to trigger, create and invent. As President Gao Qiang mentioned, all departments are the same: "When a new document appears, the content is similar to what is being done at present, the research direction should be adjusted." Among them, the tips are like the morning bell, which is thought-provoking. The drafting of the thesis outline must keep pace with the times. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. As the saying goes, "Today is not yesterday" and "Live with your heart if you don't live". Therefore, the drafting of the outline is closely related to the writing of the paper. The drafting of thesis outline must keep pace with the times. The so-called keeping pace with the times, that is, "old news changes with new evidence" as He Bingsong said, and "adjusting research direction at any time" as President Gao Qiang said; Outline drafting and thesis writing can be described as a combination of reality and reality, starting with * * * and ending with * * *. When collecting data, we read the results, draw up several keywords, then extract the keywords and conjugate them, which becomes the whole concept. When it is formally written, it may be different from what you read and think, so you should adjust and change it at any time. Even after the paper is finished, we will carefully scrutinize the arguments of the whole book from a holistic perspective to find out whether the topic is too big or too small. Or the content tends to be alienated, and the discussion does not focus on the theme. After the future manuscript is completed, the title of the chapter project is a highly concentrated narrative, which is the current writing outline. The outline keeps pace with the times and can be adjusted at any time. Make appropriate modifications and adjustments according to the research situation. In particular, the highlights of police strategy should be added to the writing outline at any time. If you find that your recent thinking is more correct, more detailed, more creative, more popular, or even a good highlight, why not look over yesterday's settings? Yesterday's outline was written like this. Today, I read more books and think more deeply. Why not overturn the previous view and support today's idea? Suzuki Junwen, the founder of Japanese business god 7 1 1, advocates "changing schools in a hurry", which is very enlightening. The principle of "living in nowhere" in the Diamond Sutra can be regarded as the same principle when drafting the writing outline, and the condensed text is "living in nowhere". To live is to stick to your own opinions, not to be too stubborn and persistent. The Analects of Confucius Zi Han contains the words of Confucius, emphasizing "nonsense, no need, no solidity and no ego". It is suggested that we should not speculate, be absolute, be opinionated and self-defeating, and we can invent each other with what is shown in the Diamond Sutra. Because the drafting of the outline is only an idea when reading and thinking, why force it too much? When we find new evidence, we must accept good suggestions and make corresponding adjustments, instead of insisting. If you insist, isn't it equal to carving a boat for a sword? The Diamond Sutra says, "See the Tathagata when you see something different!" May * * encourage it.

The drafting of the outline is almost from the beginning to the end of the thesis writing. Even if it is finished, the outline can be adjusted again because it has been checked several times. Even before the book is published, you can modify the outline and title according to the latest content. If the text of the topic is not ideal, modify the topic in order to have a wonderful echo with the content. What is written in the content must be presented in the title. Therefore, the title is a condensed narrative. What is written in the chapter, condensed, is the title text. If there is any discrepancy, it must be revised appropriately: First, the topic is too big, and the issues originally planned to be discussed have a broader vision and rich materials. Later, due to various reasons, the scope was narrowed, and the topic needed to be revised in order to be moderate in size. Secondly, at the beginning, I didn't have much ambition, just wanted to make a mountain out of a molehill. Later, I accepted the advice of the instructor, or expanded the scope and field of research in response to a certain opportunity, so the paper was very big, grand and big. Looking back, the topic is still so small and exquisite. If the topic is not changed, it will become an adult's children's wear, which is no longer applicable and very inappropriate. It must be tailored. The width of the content should correspond to the size of the topic, just like the clothes of the same genre, so it is appropriate. If there are differences, it is suggested to adjust the topic of the paper, which is the simplest. If the topic is good and you don't intend to adjust it, you can of course adjust the content. The result must be to roll with the punches and waste time. If the topic is too small, you might as well give up what you want and delete the redundant writing content to meet the coverage of the topic. If the original topic is very big and the completed manuscript is only three-quarters of the topic, it is necessary to add a quarter of the content to make the topic echo the chapter. This is the case with a book, and so is a paper.

Tao Yuanming's "Return to Xi Ci" said: "If you understand the past and don't remonstrate, those who know can pursue it. It's not far from being lost. I don't think today is yesterday. "There is a very clear explanation about the changes in the source of goods and the loose-packed. Suzuki Wenmin advocates "changing schools sooner or later". Once said: "Only by putting aside the pollution of experience can we have new thinking." Another cloud says, "Where everyone thinks it is impossible, there are opportunities and values. "The drafting of the outline of the paper is related to the writing of the paper, including the beginning and the end, as well as the mention and tearing of Tao Yuanming and Suzuki Wenmin, which deserves our repeated scrutiny.

(Author: Chinese Department of Hong Kong Shue Yan University) New Bookshelf

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