On the operation and management mode of urban rail transit Paper 1: On the operation and safety management of urban rail transit Abstract: Starting from the safety status, hidden dangers and phenomena of rail transit, this paper expounds how to better control safety through effective management means.
Keywords: track; Security; operate
Based on the current situation, problems and phenomena of rail transit safety, this paper discusses how to better control safety through effective management means.
Keywords: track; Security; manage
China Library Classification Number: U2 13.2 Document Identification Number: a document number:
1
Since the opening of Beijing Subway 1965, by the end of 20 12, the national subway is expected to open 1600 kilometers, carrying more than 30 million passengers every day. The subway environment is closed, the space is narrow, and the personnel and equipment are highly dense. In the event of a safety accident, it is difficult to evacuate and rescue people, and improper disposal will cause huge personal and property losses and harm to social economy and life.
The construction of urban rail transit safety system is particularly important for improving the ability of rail transit to resist major accidents and disasters and ensuring the safety of rail transit.
2 subway safety management problems and hidden dangers
2. 1 The management system of urban rail transit needs to be further rationalized.
Urban rail transit should do a good job in safety management from the whole process of preliminary demonstration, planning, design, construction and operation. At present, the planning, design, construction and operation of urban rail transit in China are out of touch with each other, and the management system of urban rail transit needs to be further straightened out.
2.2 Relevant safety management regulations need to be further improved.
The laws and regulations of subway safety management are the basis of realizing the legalization and standardization of subway construction, operation and management, and also the basis of realizing the safe, healthy and sustainable development of subway. Last year, the Ministry of Construction formulated and issued the Measures for the Operation and Management of Urban Rail Transit, but this alone is not enough, and the regulations on the safety management of subway operation need to be further improved.
2.3 The relevant safety standards and specifications have not yet formed a complete system.
The establishment of subway industry safety standards plays a vital role in standardizing the safe operation of enterprises. To formulate safety standards for the subway industry, we should not only consider the possible level of the subway industry, but also fully consider the expectations and recognition of passengers and all sectors of society. How to formulate a unified safety standard, determine accident classification, accident grade and its division method, and then form a complete safety standard system are all unsolved problems.
2.4 did not form a sense of national security.
The safety of subway operation is directly related to the personal safety and property safety of passengers, and is closely related to the vital interests of the broad masses of the people. In order to realize the safe and orderly operation of subway, on the basis of strengthening the safety education of employees, it is necessary to educate passengers, urge them to abide by the rail transit safety management system, and raise the safety awareness of the whole people. There is still a lot of work to be done to form a comprehensive awareness of urban rail transit safety in China.
2.5 subway accident emergency plan is not detailed enough, lack of drills.
Because of the characteristics of subway operation environment, accidents are dangerous and urgent, so it is very necessary to make various plans in advance and carry out simulation drills for accident emergency treatment. Especially for new subway lines, different types of drills such as recovery, rescue, emergency repair, emergency rescue, fire fighting and emergencies should be carried out during the trial operation. At present, most subway companies have made some emergency plans, but the outstanding problem is that they are not detailed enough and lack regular drills.
2.6 The safety assessment system needs to be further developed and popularized.
Security assessment is an important means to ensure system security, which runs through the whole process of system life cycle. Before the rail transit project is put into operation, the operating enterprise must conduct preliminary inspection and safety assessment of the system through the safety supervision department in conjunction with the fire department; When entering the operation stage, the safety supervision department must conduct regular safety inspections on the operating enterprises, or designate professional scientific research or consulting institutions to conduct safety assessment on the operating enterprises, and order the operating enterprises to make rectification for the problems found in the inspection and assessment to ensure the safety of rail transit. China's rail transit industry needs to be further promoted and deepened in establishing a scientific and effective safety assessment system and determining a unified and standardized safety assessment standard.
2.7 All localities have not invested enough in urban rail transit safety.
Safety work is a systematic project, involving management, technology, funds and so on. Safety standards are directly proportional to the investment of people, money and materials. To achieve the controllable safety standards, we must increase investment. China's rail transit investment in safety is still insufficient.
3 Main measures of subway operation safety management
3. 1 Establish and improve safety rules and regulations to ensure safety in production.
Perfecting safety rules and regulations is the guarantee of doing a good job in operational safety. Rules and regulations are the basis of management, so it is very important to establish a scientific, perfect and comprehensive safety production management system to make safety production have rules to follow. Pay close attention to the construction of safety rules and regulations before the opening and operation of the subway, restrain the work behavior of employees with rules and regulations, and provide safety production guidance for employees. While strictly implementing the national, provincial and municipal safety laws and regulations, establish and improve the systems and operating procedures such as the Measures for the Administration of Work Safety and the Measures for Safety Rewards and Punishment, covering all majors and production links of the company, so as to make the safety management of all majors have rules to follow and promote the standardization and institutionalization of the company's work safety.
At present, many domestic subways have been certified by ISO900 1 quality system and OHSMS 18000 occupational health and safety management system, and the country has also issued "Evaluation Standard for Subway Operation Safety", which provides a basis and standard for standardizing operation safety production and should spare no effort to publicize and implement it.
3.2 Establish a three-level safety network and implement the responsibility system for production safety.
Adhere to the working principle of "safety first, prevention first", fully implement the safety production law, and strengthen the institutionalization, standardization and scientificity of safety management. Insisting on production management must be managed by someone, and the main responsible persons at all levels of production safety should personally take charge of it and give full play to its role? Longitudinal tube to the end, transverse tube to the edge, special tube into a line, tube into a net? The role of safety management network forms a network safety supervision and management system with first-level safety work, first-level protection and first-level supervision; Pay close attention to the implementation of the responsibility system for production safety, sign the responsibility form for production safety and the responsibility form for comprehensive social management step by step from the general manager to the grass-roots employees, incorporate the safety production objectives into the assessment content, clarify the safety responsibilities and safety production objectives at all levels, earnestly implement the safety production responsibilities, and form a good atmosphere in which everyone is responsible for production safety.
3.3 Establish a safety inspection system to prevent operational accidents.
Strengthening the supervision and inspection mechanism is the key to do a good job in operational safety. Safety inspection is an important part of effective management of safety work. Learn to use it? Broken window theory? Seize the hidden danger, seize the loophole, and the loophole will inevitably lead to great disaster. Establish a system of weekly team inspection, ten-day center inspection, monthly professional management system inspection and quarterly company inspection, adopt the method of combining regular inspection with irregular spot check, comprehensive inspection with special spot check, and adhere to the safety inspection focusing on self-examination, self-correction, bottom-up and insufficient search. Strictly grasp the hidden dangers and rectify them, according to? Five realizations? That is, the tasks, personnel, funds, quality and time are implemented, and the rectification is completed on schedule; While doing a good job in safety inspection, we should gradually establish a safety hidden danger management mechanism, unify safety inspection and hidden danger management, implement them in the work system, form a perfect inspection network, and implement effective monitoring.
3.4 Establish a safety training system and create a safety culture atmosphere.
Improving employees' safety awareness and skills is the basis of doing a good job in operational safety. Conscientiously carry out training and education on safety production knowledge, organize responsible persons of all units and safety production management personnel to participate in safety production law training and obtain safety production qualification certificates; Implement three-level (company level, center level and post level) safety education for new employees; In addition to the special types of work specified by the state, special work items specified internally; Formulate safety management measures for special operations personnel and a system for training special operations personnel with certificates; Use safety publicity month, 1 19 fire day and other activities to distribute practical safety manuals to the public in publicity positions such as stations and trains, so as to continuously improve the safety awareness of employees and citizens. The safety culture quality of cadres and workers can be effectively improved by extensively carrying out safety production training and education activities.
3.5 Establish an emergency rescue system to improve emergency response capability.
According to the experience of subway operation and rescue at home and abroad and the characteristics of emergencies, establish and improve the emergency plan system, and formulate corresponding emergency plans for rail transit operation lines in case of abnormal reasons affecting operation such as fire, train derailment, train conflict, large-scale power outage, explosion and natural disasters, and formulate corresponding emergency plans in case of national and local emergencies and epidemic spread.
Organize employees to learn various plans and conduct drills as planned, including training, desktop drills and sudden drills. During the drill, each safety point has a special person to check the safety, so that the drill can be conducted in an orderly and safe manner. Regular actual combat drills can expose the defects of the plan in time, know whether the rescue equipment is sufficient, whether the operating equipment is in good condition, whether the employees are familiar with various regulations, improve the ability of coordinating operations between departments, enhance the proficiency and confidence of employees, and improve their safety awareness; Through the practice and inspection of rules and regulations, equipment and plans, employees' business skills are improved and their ability to deal with emergencies and stories is enhanced.
3.6 Establish accident handling mechanism and implement accountability system.
Establish and improve the accident handling mechanism, according to? Four don't let go? Principles and? Safety rewards and punishments? , determine the reason, determine the nature, determine the responsibility, and severely punish. Through education and punishment, let employees learn lessons, improve their consciousness, and enhance their post awareness, responsibility awareness and discipline awareness; Will. Reduce the failure rate and accident rate? As a long-term special study of working mechanism, we should carry out case studies of subway accidents, learn advanced and first-class operational safety management, learn from others' strengths, learn from each other's strengths and make use of them. The principle of throwing stones? Prevent employees from being careless and constantly present? Splash on the calm water? Let every employee realize that at any time, don't overestimate the situation of safe production, and always keep a sense of crisis and anxiety; At the same time, it is necessary to change the concept, look at the essence of accidents from the outside to the inside, analyze the deep-seated reasons from the leadership and management, study and formulate targeted measures to solve the problems in safety work, change passive management into active management, change punishment after the event into prevention in advance, and continuously improve the ability of accident analysis and handling.
3.7 Establish a police-ground linkage mechanism to ensure subway safety.
Subway operating units should strengthen cooperation with subway public security, fully rely on public security forces to ensure subway safety order, establish measures for the implementation of police-ground linkage work, and clarify the linkage regular meeting system, work contact mechanism and linkage emergency mechanism. Through sincere cooperation between the two sides, the subway will be safe.
refer to
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On the operation and management of urban rail transit: Analysis of the operation and management of urban rail transit Abstract: With the rapid development of economy and science and technology in China in recent years, the process of urban development is also accelerating. As an indispensable urban transportation facility, with the development of urban modernization, the demand is increasing, and the phenomena such as environmental pollution, frequent traffic accidents and traffic congestion caused by urban traffic prosperity are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, the operation of urban rail transit has become a key management means to solve urban traffic congestion. Aiming at the problems existing in the development of urban rail transit in China at present, this paper studies and analyzes the operation status and benefits of urban rail transit, expounds the problems existing in the current operation mode and system of urban rail transit in China, and puts forward some suggestions for reference, so as to improve the operation efficiency of urban rail transit and promote the stable development of urban rail transit in China.
Keywords: urban rail transit; Operation management; problem analysis
Urban rail transit system is an important part of urban comprehensive transportation system, and its unique traffic characteristics determine that it has obvious advantages in urban transportation. In urban development, rail transit plays an important role in three aspects. The first point is to greatly improve the supply level of urban traffic, thus alleviating the increasingly congested road traffic in big cities. The second point is that it can guide the urban pattern to develop according to the planning intention, thus supporting the large-scale construction of new districts; Third, invest huge funds and material resources to build urban rail transit, inject vitality into the urban economic chain from the source, and effectively improve the overall quality of the whole city while bringing huge social benefits. However, with the prosperity and development of transportation industry, there are many problems to be solved urgently in urban transportation, so the operation and management of urban rail transit is extremely important. Only by implementing its management and finding and solving existing problems can the transportation industry develop steadily and healthily.
1 Problems in the operation and management of urban rail transit
1. 1 Operation and management of urban rail transit.
In recent years, China has vigorously developed urban rail transit, and has indeed achieved high-value results. However, there are still many problems in the operation and management of urban rail transit, which restrict its development. These problems are mainly summarized in the following aspects: (1) excessive funds for urban rail transit construction lead to poor management; Urban rail transit operation and maintenance investment subsidies and huge bank loan interest repayment make enterprises and governments overwhelmed; As a convenient mode of transportation, urban rail transit can not balance its profit and cost, and it is difficult to absorb private capital, so the phenomenon of capital loss is very serious. In addition, the business model and traffic management of urban rail transit lack effective management. Therefore, except for a few cities such as Singapore and Hong Kong, rail transit can achieve traffic profit, and more than half of the subways in the world suffer serious losses. The loss of urban rail transit in China is particularly prominent, even in Guangzhou, which is in good operation, the relative loss is only slightly lower.
1.2 Main contents of urban rail transit operation management
The main problems existing in the operation and management of urban rail transit in China are as follows: First, the operation of urban rail transit in China is basically inefficient. Urban rail transit in China is basically invested, constructed and operated by government departments. There are many problems in this management mode, which is completely invested by the government. For example, the preparation of feasibility study report, bidding design units and government departments did not fully implement the principle of separating government from enterprises, which caused a serious monopoly in the urban rail transit industry; Second, urban rail transit lacks market competition mechanism. As a large-scale urban infrastructure project, urban rail transit is closely related to public life. In addition, urban rail transit has the characteristics of natural monopoly, which requires government departments to strengthen the supervision of urban rail transit. However, because China's urban rail transit is invested and operated by state departments and depends on government financial subsidies, it not only increases the government's burden, but also leads to problems such as low decision-making ability, out-of-control cost and low service level because there is no market competition pressure at all. Third, the investment and financing channels of urban rail transit are very single. At present, China's urban rail transit construction funds are mainly composed of government investment, domestic and foreign bank loans, bond issuance and special funds, which are not attractive enough to private capital and cannot meet the current and future needs of urban rail transit construction and development; Fourthly, the fare customization of urban rail transit enterprises is in a passive state. Because China's urban rail transit has two characteristics: monopoly and public welfare, it also directly determines that the pricing of urban rail transit is regulated by the government.
2. Play an important role in the reform of urban rail transit operation management.
The management system of urban rail transit is established by the government, and the management mode and construction funds are very single. Through the reform of urban rail transit management system, the operation and management mode is changed from simple government-led to public-private partnership mode, the financial burden of the government is reduced by introducing private capital, and then the competition mechanism is introduced into the management system of urban rail transit, which greatly improves its market competitiveness and operational efficiency. As a developing country, China has limited financial resources and the urban rail transit industry market is not perfect. It is impossible to pay for this huge source of funds by relying solely on the government and the market. Therefore, it is inevitable and objective to develop urban rail transit in cooperation with private capital and government finance. As one of the most important infrastructures in the city, urban rail transit has a huge investment, and the main body of its investment comes from government investment. After the urban rail transit is put into operation, the ticket revenue is difficult to pay for the construction cost of urban rail transit, and it usually relies on government subsidies to maintain the normal operation of urban rail transit, which will bring heavy financial burden to the government. Therefore, by reforming the management system of urban rail transit, we can make maximum use of the available rich space resources and passenger flow, develop the comprehensive resources of urban rail transit in an orderly manner, vigorously develop various business models, and make maximum use of urban rail transit resources to ensure the stability of the rate of return. In particular, the derivative resources of urban rail transit can obtain economic benefits from various business models, thus filling huge construction funds, effectively making up losses, fundamentally reducing the government's investment and subsidies for urban rail transit, better implementing the operation and management of urban rail transit, and taking the unified planning and comprehensive development of urban rail transit as a prerequisite to ensure realistic profits.
3. Suggestions on the reform of urban rail transit management system
The development of urban rail transit industry is closely related to the preferential policies given by the government, so doing a good job in supporting urban rail transit management has a positive effect on urban rail transit management. Considerable return on investment can make the rail transit industry fully attract social funds, so investors must get reasonable returns in order to realize diversification of investment subjects. Therefore, by establishing a reasonable fare mechanism for urban rail transit and perfecting a long-term effective investment mechanism for urban rail transit that is attractive to investors, the financing channels can be effectively broadened and a virtuous circle of urban rail transit investment and financing can be realized. Domestic urban rail transit companies basically lose money all the year round. One of the most important reasons is that most urban rail transit fares are set very low, and the fare setting is usually controlled by the government. However, urban rail transit enterprises and companies familiar with the management and operation of urban rail transit do not have the right to determine fares according to passengers and operating costs, so urban rail transit will lose money all the year round. Nowadays, with the rapid development of social economy, people's living standards, income levels and ability to pay have been greatly improved. Therefore, the government can appropriately hand over the right to set urban rail transit fares to urban rail transit enterprises and companies. The formulation of urban rail transit fares can be put forward by rail transit companies first, and passed by the hearing. With the approval of relevant government departments, the fare can truly reflect the fare cost of rail transit. In addition, the competition mechanism should be introduced reasonably, and the strategy of comprehensive development, diversified investment and overall planning should be implemented in the operation and management of rail transit.
4 conclusion
As an important infrastructure of the city, the operation and management of urban rail transit should naturally attract attention. Through reasonable management strategies such as fare setting, comprehensive development, diversified investment and integrated planning, the problems existing in rail transit management can be effectively solved.
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