On the third day in e city, they arrived at the fifth district of e city early.
There is a huge circular building in this activity area, and a sign is hung at the entrance, which reads: This is a building designed according to Einstein's theory, covering an area of about 4 hectares, and the main building is a circular rotating stage with a radius of 100 meters. The whole stage is supported by a thick and solid rigid shaft, which can be equivalent to a uniform rotation of 380,000 revolutions per second, and the linear speed of the edge can reach 0.8C, forming a curved space-time region.
After reading the introduction, a staff member came over and led them into the interior of this huge building. Looking up, you can't see the rotation of the stage at all, which is no different from the big stage you usually see.
The staff said to them, "This stage looks static, just like a big round stage with a radius of 100 meters. In fact, it is spinning smoothly at high speed. There is a super force on this stage that will push you radially outward. The force is proportional to the product of the distance from your position to the center of the stage and the square of angular velocity. The angular velocity of the table rotation is about ω = 2.4× 10 6 radians/second. Therefore, this radial outward pulling force will increase rapidly with the increase of the distance from the center of the stage, and it will be a great force at the edge of the stage.
"Because any place on the stage except the center will be affected by this force, this forms a circular area where the force vector is distributed: if the mass of an object on the stage is m, it will be subjected to a radially outward force, the magnitude of which is m * ω 2 * r, and the mass of this object will also change and increase with the distance from the center.
As soon as you enter the stage, you will rotate with the stage at high speed, so you are still relative to the stage. However, due to the huge inertial force, I will give each of you a pair of magic shoes. When you put on these shoes, you can avoid such a strong radial outward force, just like walking on a static stage. Therefore, never take off your magic shoes on the stage. Without these shoes, you might be thrown on the wall around the stage and smashed to pieces immediately. "
Then he said, "I will give each of you a clock with the same shape and structure to measure the changes of clocks in different places on the stage;" After measuring the change of time, you should go to the center of the stage and get a ruler of 1 meter, so that you can observe its length change in different places on the stage, measure the circumference of the stage and understand the geometric properties of the stage space. "
"Did you listen to clear? Are there any questions? "
Ilu asked: "How to compare the differences of clocks and the changes of ruler length in different places?" Can you be more specific? "
"That's a good question. I missed this question just now. Whether measuring time or length, the final result is compared with the clock and ruler in the center of the stage. There is an intelligent telescope in the center of the stage, which can clearly see the image within 100 meters, directly read the time displayed on the clock and display the length of the ruler. So when you are doing activities, someone can be at the edge of the stage or other places, but there is always someone in the center of the stage. You can observe through the smart telescope and compare it with the clock and ruler in the center of the stage.
"Well, if there is no problem, you can put on the magic shoes just sent to you and enter the stage to carry out activities. Tell you again, don't take off your shoes on the stage, or the consequences will be unimaginable. "
The three of them put on their shoes and stepped onto the stage carefully.
Chen first corrected the three clocks in the center of the stage, leaving one for her and one for Xiaoyun to take to the edge of the stage. The other one was given to the cotyledon, who stood between her and Xiaoyun.
Yi Ru saw that the clock around her had gone for a whole hour. She picked up the multifunctional telescope. I saw a strange sight: Xiaoyun's clock only ran for 37 minutes and 30 seconds; The clock in the cotyledon shows 54 minutes and 54 seconds. This shows that the clock in the center of the stage moves the fastest, the clock placed in the radial direction will move slower and slower with the radial extension, and the clock at the edge of the stage will move the slowest.
Xiaoyun doesn't feel slow when comparing this clock with her familiar heartbeat frequency, but compared with Owen's clock, her clock is really slow, and she concludes that the heartbeat here is also slow.
The three of them exchange with each other and measure at different time intervals without telescope observation. After putting the clock on the edge of the stage for a while, they brought it back and compared it with the clock in the center of the stage. They all observed the same phenomenon: in contrast, the clock in the center of the stage went fastest, while the clocks in other parts of the stage went slower. The farther away from the center of the stage, the slower the clock goes, and the clock on the edge of the stage goes the slowest.
After running around the stage all morning, all three of them were tired. They walked out of the stage, put on their shoes and went to the nearest restaurant for lunch.
After dinner, they came back soon, put on their magic shoes and returned to the stage. According to the arrangement in the morning, the afternoon is to measure the circumference of the stage.
At first, Chen was still in the center of the stage. Xiaoyun and Cotyledon walked to the center of the stage, and each took a one-meter ruler. Xiaoyun walked to the edge of the stage, and the cotyledon was in the middle of them.
They first placed a measuring ruler along the radial direction of the disc. When they observed with a multifunctional telescope, the readings displayed were all one meter, and the measuring ruler did not change. Then, when they placed a ruler along the tangent direction of the arc (perpendicular to the radial direction), something strange happened: it was easy to find that Xiaoyun's ruler was only about 0.7 meters, while Cotyledon's ruler was about 0.92 meters, and their bodies became narrower. Like young cyclists in Area 1, Xiaoyun is "narrower" than cotyledons. In other words, the ruler placed tangentially will shrink, and the farther away from the center of the stage, the more severe it will shrink, while the ruler in the center will not shrink.
They measured the radius of the stage with a ruler. They measured from the center of the stage to the edge of the stage just 100 times, which proves that the stage radius has not changed, or 100 meters. Xiaoyun and Cotyledon walk along the edge of the stage with their rulers. They put rulers again and again to measure the circumference of the stage. Based on their original geometry knowledge, they know that the circumference measured here should be about 628 meters, but after several tests, the result is unexpected, close to 900 meters. They immediately guessed that this was the result of shortening the ruler to the edge of the stage.
Yi Ru seems to have heard grandpa say that the surface space of the non-rotating stage is straight and conforms to Euclid's geometric relationship, while the high-speed rotating stage will change the space and time here, and the geometric relationship between radius and perimeter will be abnormal, so Euclid's geometry will fail here.
After the measurement on the stage was completed, they were already tired after 7 o'clock in the afternoon. They went back to the hotel.
? On the fourth day in E City, they came to the sixth district of E City to visit the exhibition about Einstein's life.
Einstein's exhibition hall, with a large number of pictures, letters and text descriptions, is a brief introduction to Einstein's life, which is summarized as follows.
Albert Einstein (1879- 1955), the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century, can be listed as two sages who guide human beings to correctly understand the universe, and are the two greatest scientists so far. He initiated a new era of two generations of science and technology. 1999, 19 February, was selected as "the great man of the 20th century" by American Time magazine.
Einstein was born in March 1879 in a Jewish family in Ulm, Baden-Wü rttemberg, Germany. His father is very talented in mathematics, but he has to drop out of school to do business because he has no money to go to school. My mother is very talented in music. Einstein learned to play the violin from his mother when he was young, and classical music became Einstein's lifelong hobby.
Einstein was not a clever boy since he was a child. It is said that he was not very talkative when he was 4 years old. In middle school, except for excellent grades in mathematics, other courses to be memorized, such as Chinese, history and geography, have poor grades. 65438-0896 was admitted to the normal department of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich to study theoretical physics. During his college years, he taught himself other subjects diligently according to his own interests. 1900, under the guidance of Weber, I got my diploma with my graduation thesis of heat conduction. Because I am used to thinking independently, my learning style is outdated, and I have not obtained the qualification of teaching assistant, so I stayed in school.
After graduation, Einstein couldn't find a permanent job. Poverty and hunger drove him to make a living all day, and hepatitis, which had not been cured, fell at this time. However, poverty did not shake Einstein's determination to study science. He is always thinking about the physics topics he is interested in and conceiving his academic papers.
Later, with the help of his classmates, he found a permanent job as a technician in Bern Patent Office. From 1902 to 1909, he worked in the Swiss patent office for seven years.
From 65438 to 0905, Einstein began to publish papers on theoretical physics in the famous Monthly Yearbook of Physics, including papers on special relativity, entitled "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects". This theory expounds some puzzling phenomena such as volume decreasing, time slowing down and mass increasing when moving near the speed of light, and provides clear and reasonable explanations for some phenomena that people could not explain at that time.
19 1 1 year, Einstein was a university professor in Prague, 19 12 years, and he was a professor at the University of Zurich. Later, he worked in Berlin as the director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics (19 14- 1933).
19 16 Einstein published the basis of general relativity and explained the slow rotation precession of Mercury's elliptical orbit which Newton's gravity could not explain. 19 19 His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the eclipse photos taken by the Royal Society of London. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his work on photoelectric effect (introducing the idea of light quantum and photon).
From 65438 to 0922, Einstein visited China, sympathizing with and supporting the people of China in their struggle for national independence and liberation. After the "September 18th Incident", he repeatedly called on the world to stop Japanese military aggression against China by means of joint economic repression. 1936, Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi, Zou Taofen, Shi Liang and other "seven gentlemen" were arrested for advocating anti-Japanese, and they actively participated in rescue and solidarity.
During his stay in Berlin, Einstein was suspected because of some remarks and Jewish background. Einstein left Germany after Hitler came to power. 1934 taught at Princeton university, new jersey, and later became an American. 1940 worked as a professor at this school.
Einstein was also an outstanding liberal and a great old man who called for peace. When the German chemist's research on the possibility of a strong explosion caused by uranium atomic fission caught his attention, he conducted a series of experiments in Princeton to confirm this possibility. At the suggestion of others, he wrote to Roosevelt in September, 1939, asking the president to be alert to the possibility that Germany might make an atomic bomb. Directly contributed to the start of the Manhattan project. After World War II, he actively advocated peace and opposed the use of nuclear weapons. And signed the Russell-Einstein Declaration.
1952 After Weizmann's death, Israel invited Einstein to be president, but he politely declined. In his later years, Einstein tried to combine quantum theory with general relativity through unified field theory (1950), so as to combine subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena into one theory, that is, to study the so-called unified field theoretically. His efforts failed. Judging from his life's research, he always struggles at the forefront of physics alone, and he always only does the most difficult pioneering work.
Einstein died in his sleep at Princeton Hospital. At the age of 76. German scientist Planck called Einstein Copernicus of the 20th century. French physicist Langevin commented: "Einstein will be at the forefront of physicists in our time." He is, and will be, a brilliant superstar in the human universe. It is hard to say whether he is as great as Newton or greater than Newton; However, it is certain that his greatness can be compared with Newton's. In my opinion, he may be greater than Newton because his contribution to science has entered the basic conceptual structure of human thought more deeply. "
Einstein made a will, no obituary, no funeral, no grave, no monument, and scattered his ashes in unknown places. When his body was cremated, no one knew about it except his closest entourage. At the cremation ceremony, his executor presented him with a poem written by Goethe, a famous German poet, in memory of his late friend Schiller:
"We have all benefited a lot,
The whole world thanks him for his teaching;
That belongs to him personally,
Has spread to the public,
He is like a dying comet, radiant,
Combine infinite light with his light forever. "
There are many exhibition halls in the exhibition hall, some introduce Einstein's middle school life, some introduce his work and study in Berne Patent Office, some introduce special relativity, some introduce general relativity, some introduce his work in Princeton, and so on. It's getting late, so Chen, others visited the parts they were most interested in and made a brief record.
It was not until 7: 30 in the evening that they returned to the hotel.
After dinner, they went back to their rooms. According to the records of their visits, the three of them sorted out the pictures and materials that had the deepest influence on them, wrote short articles and exchanged ideas.
Liu was deeply moved by the friendship between Einstein and his classmate Grossman.
She wrote the following words.
After Einstein entered the Federal Institute of Technology, he spent a lot of time keen on reading and studying the scientific and philosophical works of the sages, but he was not enthusiastic about most courses, so he often skipped classes. He also hates exams, because exams force students to memorize a lot of things.
In order to cope with the exam, Einstein borrowed Grossman's class notes and passed the exam.
After graduating from college, I lost my job. My father was ill and his career was frustrated, so he could not continue to support him. Einstein, 2 1 year-old, had to find his own way. He ran around, hit a wall everywhere, and couldn't find a permanent job. He had to do some temporary jobs to help people do some calculations and become a tutor to make a living. In Einstein's poor days, one of his classmates described it like this: "Einstein is nearby, just playing the violin and begging from door to door."
Just when Einstein was desperate, Grossman solemnly talked to his father about Einstein's embarrassing situation. To this end, his father strongly recommended Einstein to his friend Haller, director of the Swiss Federal Patent Office. Haller agreed to arrange a temporary job for him first and inspect it for a period of time. By June of 1902, Einstein was officially employed as a third-class technician by the Patent Office. Since then, he has ended unemployment and poverty for more than two years.
1936, Einstein wrote a letter to Mrs. Grossman, never forgetting this friendship. The letter wrote: I recalled my student days, and he (Grossman) was an blameless student; I am a deviant and dreamer. He has a good relationship with the teacher and knows everything. And I am a tramp, not cute, but we are good friends.
We go to the coffee shop every two or three weeks and chat while drinking iced coffee. This is my happiest memory. Later, our studies ended-I was suddenly abandoned. He supported me and thanked him and his father for their help, which helped me find a position in the patent office. This is a kind of redemption for me, otherwise, even though I may not die, my intelligence will be destroyed.
Einstein was once more interested in natural science than mathematics, and mathematics alienated him. He also believes that there are many specialized fields in mathematics, and each field can consume a person's short life, so he is afraid of "falling into" this field and delaying physics.
However, in physics, the theory leading to the deeper material world is closely connected with the deeper mathematical form. It was when the general theory of relativity was founded that he fully understood this point and felt that he had encountered obstacles in mathematics.
In order to find a suitable mathematical theory to satisfy the mathematical expression of general relativity, Einstein went to see his old classmate Grossman again in 19 12. At that time, Grossman was a professor of mathematics at Zurich University of Technology. Einstein's question immediately aroused the strong interest of his old classmates.
It was with Grossman's help that he found a suitable mathematical tool. This is more than half a century ago, German mathematicians Gauss (1777- 1855) and Riemann (1826- 1866) and later Richie (1853- 1925).
Grossman found a suitable mathematical theory for Einstein. 19 13 years, the two of them completed the paper "Outline of General Relativity and Gravity Theory", in which the mathematics part was written by Grossman.
From here, we can see how much influence Einstein had on his life with the help of a classmate and friend in college. If Einstein doesn't get this kind of assistance, his success may be hindered and may bring losses to the progress of human civilization.
He Xiaoyun was deeply impressed by Einstein's strong curiosity, surprise and positive self-study spirit.
The essay she wrote is as follows.
When Einstein was five years old, his father gave him a compass.
He fiddled and guessed carefully. He found that no matter how he swung, the pointer on the compass always pointed to the north, which surprised him and inspired his curiosity to explore the root of things. He guessed that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon, which left a deep impression on him, so that when he talked about it more than 60 years later, he could clearly recall the scene at that time.
12 years old, Einstein got a little book about Euclid's plane geometry, and he lamented the reliability and clear demonstration of many conclusions in the book. For example, it is not obvious that the three heights of a triangle intersect at one point, but it can be strictly proved without doubt. This little book on geometry has such a great influence on him that it can be seen in the structure and expression of the later established theory.
1953, 14 In March, at Einstein's 74th birthday party, someone asked Einstein, "It is said that you were decisively influenced by the compass when you were 5 years old, and 12 years old was decisively influenced by Euclid geometry. Did these things really affect your life's work? "
Einstein replied, "I think so myself. I believe that these external influences really have a great impact on my development. " He commented on the role of curiosity and surprise: "The best experience we can have is the experience of mystery. It is the basic feeling of sticking to the birthplace of real art and real science. Who can't experience it, who is no longer curious and surprised, is undoubtedly a walking corpse, and his eyes are blurred. " It is precisely because of Einstein's strong curiosity and sense of surprise that he put what others think is not a problem (time, space, gravity, mass, etc. As a big problem worth studying, it has made great achievements.
With a strong curiosity, he found the problem. However, to solve these problems, he must have a solid knowledge base. Einstein laid a solid foundation for himself with tenacious self-study spirit.
Throughout Einstein's self-study career, there are three important periods: the first period is from 10 to 15. Under the guidance of others, he consciously studied some scientific and philosophical works, especially in 12, when he studied Euclid's plane geometry, and he was fascinated by the proof methods of these geometric theorems; The second is four years in college. He studied Maxwell's theory and Mach mechanics hard. The third period is the first three years as a technician in Bern Patent Office. He studied and discussed the works of many masters with two good friends.
1955 In March, Einstein talked about his self-study life in his memoir commemorating the centenary of his alma mater: "... arrange yourself to learn things that suit your curiosity and interest. I am very interested in some classes, but I have' brushed off' many classes and learned from the theoretical physics masters at home with great enthusiasm. " "I spend most of my time working in the physics laboratory, obsessed with direct contact with experience. The rest of the time is mainly spent reading Kirchhoff, Helmholtz and Hertz at home. "
In the first few years of working in Bern Patent Office, he and two good friends formed the so-called "Olympia Academy"-actually a three-person self-study group. They are very keen on learning, studying and discussing the philosophical, physical and mathematical works of Mach, Mill, Hume, Spinoza, Helmholtz, Riemann and Dai Dejin. In particular, Poincare's Science and Hypothesis left a deep impression on him. They spent several weeks reading and discussing this book nervously.
Their discussions are often very heated. Sometimes a page and a half of words, even a sentence, will cause a long and fierce debate. Some important problems may last for a few days.
By 1904 and 1905, two friends left Bern respectively, and such study and discussion stopped. However, during this period, intense study, heated discussion and constant discussion made Einstein's ideas in many papers mature day by day. In this golden age, it had an important influence on Einstein's creation of special relativity and even his whole life.
It is this spirit of self-study that, on the one hand, has acquired systematic knowledge of physics and philosophy; On the other hand, he also developed the habit of independent thinking and prepared for his achievements.
Chen was deeply impressed by Einstein's view of nature.
She did write down her understanding of Einstein's remarks.
Einstein said that nature is "a huge world outside of us, which exists independently without us." It is like a great and eternal mystery before us, but at least part of it is within the scope of our observation and thinking. " Einstein told us that nature does not depend on the independent existence of human beings. It contains countless unknown things, like a great and eternal mystery. However, through observation and thinking, human beings can understand and explore the mysteries contained in this existence, and at least partially solve these mysteries.
Einstein regarded this existence as the god in his heart, and looked up to the god in his heart with a pious mind. This is because he thinks that nature shows an incredible order, harmony, symmetry and unity, shows a great beauty, and shows the super rationality that God built this world in his heart. He said: "The world is full of order and harmony, and we can only grasp the simple beauty of its logic in a humble way." His life's work is to understand God's view of the world. He often says, "I want to know how God created the world. I'm not interested in this phenomenon or that phenomenon. I want to know god's mind, and the rest are details. "
Einstein realized this beauty from his observation and exploration of the unity of nature. He was intoxicated with the perceptual beauty of nature. He also marveled at the beauty of reason hidden in the depths of nature.
Einstein said, "The most incomprehensible thing about this world is that it can be understood." In other words, the world is understandable, but why is it understandable? This is incomprehensible.
This is my understanding of this sentence through this visit.
The reason why this world can be understood is that it is orderly and harmonious, that is, there is an inherent beauty, and the phenomena presented have causal relations and reasonable logical relations, which has become the basis for us to understand this world and enable us to understand it. On the other hand, if the world is chaotic, unreasonable, unorganized and has no causal and logical connection, then we can't understand it.
So, why is nature so beautiful? This is a very difficult thing to understand, which is perhaps the most incomprehensible place in the world.
"God is cunning, but he has no malice." This also tells us that the material world is understandable, because God has no malice, but many problems facing mankind today have not been answered because of God's cunning.
According to the plan, their four-day activity in E City ended. The next trip is to spend a day in Longmen and Daguanlou in the city, then a day in Shilin, and finally go to Jiuxiang.
Their expected week's activities will soon be over.