/kloc-In the 8th century, India used a lot of rocket weapons in many wars against the British and French armies, and achieved good results. Therefore, it promoted the development of European rocket technology.
Later, a sophisticated guidance and control system was developed, which has the characteristics of long range, fast firing rate, strong firepower, high impact and high hit rate, and established its position in the history of military weapons development.
When robert goddard installed supersonic nozzle in the combustion chamber of liquid fuel rocket engine, modern rocket was born. This kind of nozzle converts the hot gas in the combustion chamber into cold supersonic jet gas, which increases the propulsion force by more than two times and greatly improves the efficiency. Prior to this, the early rockets were inefficient because of the waste of heat energy with gas emission.
1920, Goddard published The Way to Reach the Altitude of Exlem: This is the first book that seriously discusses the use of rockets for space travel after tsiolkovsky. This book has attracted the attention of the whole world and won admiration and ridicule at the same time, especially in the aspect that rockets can reach the moon. The New York Times's editorial even accused Goddard of deceiving the world, thinking that rockets can't run in space.
1923, hermann oberth rejected his doctoral thesis at the University of Munich and published a version called "Rocket to Planetary Space".
On March 1926, robert goddard launched the world's first liquid fuel rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA. 1920s, the United States, Austria, Britain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, Italy, Germany and Russia successively set up organizations to study rockets. 1In the mid-1920s, German scientists began to test liquid propellant rockets that could reach high altitude and long distance. 1927 A group of amateur rocket engineers formed the German Rocket Society. 193 1 year launched a liquid propellant rocket (using oxygen and gasoline).
From 193 1 to 1937, the largest rocket engine design took place in the gas power laboratory in Leningrad. With sufficient funds and good personnel management, Valentin Grushko led the production of 65,438+000 experimental rockets. The project includes regenerative cooling, auto-ignition and fuel injectors, including rotary and dual-propulsion hybrid design. However, this project was reduced due to the arrest of Grushko caused by Stalin's purge in 1938, and Austrian professor Eugen Sanger also carried out similar but smaller work.
1932, Weimar Defence Force (renamed German Defence Force after 1935) became interested in rocket technology. Because the artillery ban of the Treaty of Versailles limited Germany's access to long-range weapons, when the German Guards saw the possibility of using rockets as long-range artillery, they began to fund the German Rocket Society. However, after discovering that their goal was purely limited to science, they were founded and owned by the national defense forces. The research team led by hermann oberth, under the command of military leaders, von Brown, a young rocket scientist with strong ambitions and ideals at that time, and two former members of the Rocket Society joined the army to develop long-range weapons used by Nazi Germany in World War II, especially the A-series rockets, the predecessor of the V2 rocket that became famous later.
V2 rockets have been produced since 1943. V2 rocket has a combat distance of 350km and carries1000kg Amato explosive warhead, which is only slightly different from modern rockets. There are also turbopumps, inertial guidance devices and many other functions. Although they can't be intercepted, V2 rockets can't aim at military targets accurately.
At the end of World War II, Russian, British and American military and scientific personnel were afraid to obtain rocket technology and well-trained personnel from Penemende's German rocket program. Russia and Britain have made some achievements, but the United States has benefited the most; The United States acquired a large number of German scientists and brought them back to the United States as part of Operation Paper Clip. This group of scientists used the same rocket originally designed to attack Britain to develop new technology vehicles. V2 rocket became the Redstone rocket of the United States and was used in early space missions. After the war, rockets were used to study the high-altitude environment, temperature and pressure by radio telemetry, cosmic ray detection and other research. These studies continued under the guidance of von Brown and others.
On the other hand, rocket research in the Soviet Union was led by korolev. With the assistance of German technicians, V2 rocket was copied and improved into R- 1, R-2 and R-5 missiles. The original German design was abandoned in the late period of 1940, and these German workers were repatriated. The new series of engines built in Grushko and the invention based on Alexei isaev formed the original intercontinental missile R-7 ballistic missile. R-7 launched the first satellite, the first astronaut, the first lunar probe and interstellar probe. It is still in use today. These rockets have attracted the attention of high-level politicians and invested more money in research.
When people realize that rockets have become the launching platform of nuclear weapons, and the rocket cars carrying these weapons have basically no defense ability after launch, rockets in the form of intercontinental missiles have become extremely important in the military.
Due to the cold war, the1960s became an era of rapid development of rocket science and technology, including the research of the Soviet Union (Orient, Soyuz and Proton) and the United States (X-20, Gemini) as well as other countries such as Britain, Japan and Australia. It eventually led to the manned landing of Saturn V on the moon in the late 1960s, which made The New York Times retract his previous editorial about the impossibility of a space mission.