Unit 1: Biology and Biosphere

1, the same characteristics of organisms: plant nutrition: most of them make organic matter through photosynthesis; Animal nutrition: Get ready-made nutrition from outside.

2) living things can breathe.

3) Organisms can excrete wastes from their bodies.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.

The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.

4) Organisms can respond to external stimuli. Exodus: The zebra flees quickly after discovering the enemy's harm. The response of mimosa to stimulation.

5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.

6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

2. Scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

3. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

4. Environmental factors affecting biological survival:

Abiotic factors: light, temperature, moisture, etc. Biological factors: other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism.

Exodus: Ladybug septempunctata preys on aphids, which is a predatory relationship. Weeds and rice in rice fields compete for sunlight, which is a competitive relationship. Division and cooperation of family members of ants and bees.

5. Exploration: the influence of light on the life of rat and girl.

1) Question: Will light affect the life of female rats?

2) Make a hypothesis: light will affect the life of a female rat.

3) Make a plan: to test whether the hypothesis is correct, we need to explore it through experiments.

The experimental scheme requires that a control experiment needs to be designed, and illumination is the only variable in this inquiry experiment. Other conditions are the same.

4) Implementation plan

5) Draw a conclusion

6) Expression and communication

6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:

1) Example of biological adaptation to the environment: Camels in the desert have little urine. The underground roots of Alhagi are much longer than the aboveground parts. Seals in cold seas, thick subcutaneous fat on the chest, flag trees, etc.

2) Biological impact on the environment: Earthworms move in the soil, which can loosen the soil, and their feces increase the fertility of the soil; Sand plants such as windbreak and sand fixation belong to the biological influence environment.

7. Concept and composition of ecosystem

Concept: The unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area is called ecosystem.

Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

8, food chain and food web:

The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. There are often many food chains in an ecosystem, which often cross each other to form a food web.

Third unit

27. Distinguish common algae, mosses and ferns.

Algae: Most of them live in water and can carry out photosynthesis without differentiation of roots, stems and leaves.

Common algae plants: Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Kelp and Porphyra.

Bryophytes: Most of them live in humid land environment, and generally have stems, leaves and rhizomes.

Common bryophytes: pumpkin, reed.

Pteridophyte: Most of them live in humid environment and have roots, stems and leaves.

Common ferns: Dryopteris nephrolepis, Selaginella Selaginella, Rhizoma Osmundae, Cimicifuga, Manjianghong.

28. Experiment: Observe the structure of seeds.

(1) Observe the structure of kidney bean seeds;

① Take a soaked kidney bean seed and observe its shape.

(2) Peel off the outermost seed coat of the seed and separate the closed two cotyledons.

③ Carefully observe cotyledons, radicles, embryos and hypocotyls with a magnifying glass to see what they have.

(2) Observe the structure of corn seeds:

① Take a soaked corn seed and observe its shape.

② Cut the corn seeds longitudinally from the center with a blade.

(3) Drop a drop of iodine solution on the outline, and then carefully observe the endosperm dyed blue and the pericarp and seed coat, radicle, embryo, hypocotyl and cotyledon that are not dyed blue with a magnifying glass to see what their characteristics are.

29. Distinguish common gymnosperms from angiosperms.

Gymnosperms: The seeds are bare and there is no pericarp coating outside.

Common gymnosperms: pine, fir, cypress, ginkgo, cycad, etc.

Angiosperms: The seeds are covered with pericarp.

Common angiosperms: peach, soybean, rice, rose, etc.

29. Explore the conditions of seed germination:

See page P90 of the first volume of Grade 7.

30. Main structure of seeds (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)

similar

discrepancy

Bean seed

There are seed coat and embryo.

Without endosperm, nutrients are stored in cotyledons. Two cotyledons.

Corn seed

There are seed coats and embryos.

There is endosperm in which nutrients are stored. Cotyledons.

3 1, seed germination conditions

Self-condition: The seed must be intact and the embryo must be alive.

External conditions: moisture, air and suitable temperature.

32. Nutrients for plant growth

Moisture, inorganic salts (inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are most needed) and organic matter.

33. The structure of peach blossom

Pedicels, sepals, petals, pistils (stigma, style, ovary), stamens (anthers, filaments).

34, the formation of fruits and seeds

The ovary develops into fruit, the ovary wall develops into fruit skin, the ovule in the ovary develops into seed, and the fertilized egg in the ovule develops into embryo.

35. The characteristic of roots is that they are suitable for absorbing water.

The part of root system that absorbs water is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area.

36, the role of catheter

Transport moisture and inorganic salts.

37. Conditions, raw materials and products of photosynthesis

Conditions: light energy, chloroplast raw materials: carbon dioxide, aquatic products: organic matter, oxygen.

38, the respiration of plants

Plant cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and store them in

Fourth unit

Explain that human beings originated from forest apes.

The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes.

40 Structure and Function of Male and Female Reproductive System (P9)

Testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen.

Ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen.

4 1 Physical changes in adolescence

(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced.

(2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

42 main nutrients needed by human body

Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Three nutrients in human body: sugar, fat and protein.

43 main diseases caused by vitamin deficiency in human body

Lack of vitamin A: dry skin, night blindness (unclear at night), dry eye, etc.

Vitamin B 1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B 1 deficiency), indigestion, loss of appetite, etc.

Lack of vitamin C: scurvy, decreased resistance, etc.

Lack of vitamin D: rickets, osteoporosis, etc.

Vitamin D can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development.

The composition of human digestive system. (Book P32 Diagram and P34 Explaining Graph)

The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.

The digestive tract is a long tube. Digestive glands can be divided into two categories:

Some are large digestive glands located outside the digestive tract, such as the liver, and some are small glands distributed on the wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

Starch, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, they are gradually decomposed into simple materials before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion. Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes. Besides salivary amylase in the mouth, there are many digestive enzymes in the stomach, small intestine and other organs.

Starch maltose glucose; Fatty glycerol and fatty acids

Protein amino acid

Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. The stomach can absorb water, inorganic salts and alcohol. The large intestine absorbs a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.

Salivary amylase that begins to digest oral sugar.

Stomach protein begins to digest pepsin.

Small intestine sugar, protein and fat can digest enzymes that digest sugar, fat and protein.

46 Pay attention to food safety

1, pay attention to the nutritional ingredients, whether there are additives on food packaging, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and manufacturer's address.

2. According to the production date and shelf life, it is estimated whether it will expire.

3. When you buy food, you should see whether the color of the food is fresh or not, and whether it is hard to touch with your hands. When buying fish, it depends on whether the color is shiny and whether the meat is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.

Composition of human respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs. (Volume 43)

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus in the respiratory system are the channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs, which are called respiratory tract.

The nose is the starting position of the respiratory tract, and the throat is the channel for breathing and the organ for making sounds. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system.

47. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. How did this change happen?

The inhaled gas reaches the alveoli formed at the end of the thinnest branch of the bronchi along the branches of the bronchi in the lung. Extraalveolar bread is surrounded by abundant capillaries. Both alveolar wall and capillary wall are flat epithelial cells. When inhaling, many alveoli bulge like small balloons, and oxygen in the air enters the blood through the alveolar wall and capillary wall. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through the capillary wall and alveolar wall, and then is excreted with the exhalation process.

Composition and function of blood

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells.

(1) plasma (morphology): After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid.

(Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.

(2) Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

A. red blood cells: (morphology) after blood stratification, red blood cells are in the lower layer and are red. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.

Places with high oxygen content are easy to combine with oxygen.

It is easy to be separated from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

(Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.

B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection.

Features: White blood cells can penetrate the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.

C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of vascular types.

Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood vessels are thick and elastic, and the blood flow velocity in the tubes is fast.

Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the heart. The blood vessel wall is thin, the elasticity is small and the blood flow is slow.

Capillary connects at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins, and is the place where blood and intercellular substances exchange. The tube wall is thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)

The wall of the heart is mainly composed of myocardium. The heart has four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Only the ipsilateral atrium is connected to the ventricle (Figure P69). The aorta is connected with the left ventricle, the pulmonary artery is connected with the right ventricle, and there are valves between the atrium and the ventricle on the same side, and between the ventricle and the artery. These valves are open in one direction, and can only flow in one direction, but not in reverse.