The time of national subjugation is an important issue that people who study Vietnamese history and culture care about, and people have not yet reached a unified understanding of it. On the one hand, this is due to the lack of historical materials in the Warring States period, and more importantly, the scarcity of materials in Vietnam and the contradictory records of the remaining materials in the Warring States period. On the basis of referring to various viewpoints, this paper probes into the time when the State of Yue perished after Gou Jian and the relationship between Chu and Vietnam.
one
At present, there are roughly two views on the demise of Yue State: one is Chu State and the other is Qin State. The theory of "dying in Chu" is different. Yang Kuan agreed with Huang Yizhou's investigation, and thought that in the twenty-third year, that is, in 306 BC, Chu destroyed Yue; [1] Li Xueqin also believes that in 306 BC, he also pointed out that "the State of Yue was never completely annexed by the State of Chu, and the military system of Yue was never cut off in the pre-Qin period". "According to Yuejueshu and the Table of Ancient and Modern People, it can be said that it was destroyed in 333 BC, but as far as the lineage of Yue State is concerned, it should be said that it was not until Qin annexed Kanto that Yue State was abolished. [2] Chen Wei believed that Yue was destroyed in the period of Gao Lie in Chu, and pointed out that the king of Chu and Wei was defeated by Yue, and when he was pregnant with the king, he took land in Jiangdong County. After King Gao Lie, the decentralized regime still existed. [3] The main representative of the theory of "dying in Qin" is Meng. He believes that the more Chu State is destroyed by Qin, the more it still exists and finally dies in Qin. [4] He Hao, [5] Liu, and others also hold this view. [6] The differences of these views mainly stem from a record in Gou Jian's Family History:
When the king was not strong, he fought harder and harder, attacking Qi in the north and Chu in the west to compete with China. During Chu Weiwang's Northern Expedition, Qi Weiwang made people say that the King of Yue had said so, so he set Qi free and attacked Chu. Chu Weiwang led the army to attack it, defeated Yue, and was unable to kill the king, so he took Wu into Zhejiang and broke Qi in Xuzhou in the north. And the more dispersed, the princes and grandchildren will fight for each other, or for the king, or for the king, at the seaside in the south of the Yangtze River, and serve the DPRK in Chu State. [7] This record is inconsistent with other historical materials or difficult to understand.
First, the book "Textual Research on Gou Jian's Family": "The chronicle says,' Ten years after the death of Confucius, Xuzhou was captured by the State of Chu', but it did not say that the State of Chu was not defeated, and the more it killed, the stronger it became." [8] Chronicles only recorded the situation of Chu attacking Xuzhou, but did not record the situation of defeating the enemy without fighting. Compared with cutting Xuzhou, it seems that the influence of the former is not less than that of the latter, because it is not recorded in the chronicle, so it is difficult to understand. Secondly, when the emissary said that he was the King of Yue, there were many places in the conversation between them that were inconsistent with the situation when he was the King of Wei, but consistent with the situation when he was pregnant with the king later. Both Huang Yizhou in Qing Dynasty and Yang Kuan in modern times noticed this problem. Thirdly, since then, Yue events have frequently appeared in relevant historical materials, until the six countries returned to Qin.
Therefore, there are two influential views on the time of national subjugation: the 23rd year of Chu Huaiwang (306 BC) and the 25th year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC). The author believes that to find out the specific time of national subjugation, we must first find out how to define the "extinction" of national subjugation. "History of Chu Family" mentioned that all the countries destroyed by Chu were "destroyed" in fifteen years, and all the countries destroyed were Deng, Britain, Kui, Jiang, Liu, Bi, Yong, Shu, Chen, Tang, Dun, Hu, Cai, Qi and Ju, except Chen. Mozi Non-Attack describes that the conquered people "mow their crops, cut down their trees, bump into their battlements, annihilate their gullies and ponds, kill their fetters, burn their ancestral temples, kill their people, cover their old and weak, and move their heavy weapons." [9] Here, "burning the ancestral temple" and "moving its heavy weapons" are considered by the author to be important symbols of the country's "destruction". Chu surrendered to many small countries, some of which were not "extinct", and immortality was largely reflected in retaining the heavy weapons of their temples. Yue Yi said that she was a Miao descendant of Yu and was buried in Huiji for Yu, so Huiji is the seat of Yue Temple. Although Gou Jian once moved his capital back to the old capital of Wu, the position of Huiji's birthplace and base has never changed. Therefore, it is difficult to establish the theory that it will be destroyed without breaking. "Biography of Qin Shihuang" contains: "Twenty-five years, Wang Jianding is south of Jingjiang River; Down to Yuejun, set up Huiji County. " 【 10 】 The county of Huiji was set up, so it can be seen that after Huiji was broken, the monarch of the State of Yue fell to the State of Qin, so the State of Yue perished at this time.
So, what's the explanation for the record in Goujian Family? The author thinks that this is the mistake that Tai Shigong confused the events of three different eras.
First, Chu Weiwang attacked Xuzhou. This is an important event in the history of the Warring States, and there are many related records in the Warring States Policy and Historical Records. Qi Ceyi: "Chu Weiwang defeated Xuzhou and wanted to chase the baby in Qi." [1 1] Wei Ce Yi: "Qi Wei agreed to attack Chu, and Wei took Dong Qing as the quality. Chu attacked Qi, defeated it, and Wei Fu saved it. Tian Ying was furious and wanted to kill Dong Qing. " [12] "Wei Ce II": "Wei Qi fought in Maling, but Tian Ying didn't listen and went to Wang Wei, but he took his anger out on the king of Chu again and again with the Duke of Qi, and cut the Qi by himself. Zhao Yingzhi was defeated by Xuzhou. " [13] "Qin Ce IV": "Wei Ying Wang heard about it, and he didn't sleep, so he was handsome to everyone in the world. He met Shen Bin in Surabaya, but was defeated by Shen Bin. " [14] Chu Family: "In the seventh year (Wang Wei), Tian Ying, the father of Meng Qi Changjun, bullied Chu and cut Qi, and was defeated by Xuzhou." [15] "Tian Wanjia": "Next year (nine years, this should be delayed), Xuzhou will be the king. Ten years (ten years, wrong again), Chu surrounded me in Xuzhou. " [16] "Biography of Meng Changjun": "Qi Xuanwang and Wei Xiangwang (this mistake is Qi Weiwang and Wei Huiwang) will meet Xuzhou and become the king. Chu Weiwang heard about it and angered Tian Ying. Chu will be defeated in Xuzhou next year, and people will chase Tian Ying. " 〔 17〕
Chu Weiwang conquered Xuzhou in 333 BC, the seventh year of Chu Weiwang. From the above quotation, we can know the general process of this matter: and being king of Xuzhou in Qi State. Hearing this, Chu Weiwang was furious and sent troops to attack Xuzhou and defeated Qi. Textual research on Gou Jian's Family History: "Chronology:' Ten years after the defeat of Confucius, Xuzhou was captured by Chu', and there is no saying that Chu was defeated and killed." It is not the "Chu's inability to kill" of Ji Nian, but Chu Weiwang's attack on Xuzhou, which is getting harder and harder.
Second, Chu Huaiwang killed no strong, county Jiangdong. Mr. Yang Kuan's two articles, Textual Research on the Destruction of Chu Huaiwang and the Establishment of Counties in the East of the Yangtze River and Re-discussion on the Time of the Destruction of the State of Yue, discussed this in great detail. He believed that the defeat of Gou Jian's family was a mistake in destroying Yue, and the international situation of dialogue between the envoys of Qi and Yue was not when Wang was pregnant. Chronology, National Policy and Historical Records contain many historical events about Chu Huaiwang period. Chronology of six countries: "Chu Huaiwang has been a city for ten years." [19] The tenth year of Chu Huaiwang was 3 19 BC, and Guangling was located in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. "Chu Ce III": "When the Five Kingdoms captured Qin and Qin, Zhao Yang said,' Wei defeated Chyi Chin, how could Zi save it? The more tired the East is, the less the North is. It is lonely to decide on Chyi Chin. [20] In 3 18 BC, in the eleventh year of Chu Huaiwang, the Five Kingdoms attacked Qin's Notes on Water Classics and Rivers, citing the Chronicle: "In April of seven years, the King of Yue sent his division to sail a boat. At first, there were 300 ships, 5 million arrows and rhinoceros horns like teeth. "[2 1] This is 3 12 BC, the seventeenth year of Chu Huaiwang." "Chu Ce Yi": In the eighteenth year, Zhang Yi said that the king of Chu said, "Besides, your king and Wu people died of three wins in five wars, and Chen died." [22] The eighteenth year of Chu Huaiwang was 3 1 1 BC. Biography of Zhang Yi is also included with it. "Chu Family": Twenty-six years (actually twenty-three years by mistake) The book of the King of Qi said that the King of Chu: "The king takes the land of Wu Guan and Shu Han, and the richer he is, the better the river and the sea. If the Han and Wei dynasties attack the party and go west to Hanguguan, the king of Chu will be stronger than one million. " Huai hesitated, and Zhao Wei said: "Although he is king, he will take the land of Qin, and then it will be enough to wipe away the shame of princes." [23] Twenty-three years BC, 306 years. "Biography": "Newly married with Qin (Fan Huaiwang):' However, if you want to use Zhao to slip in Yue, it is difficult to understand Zhang's meaning and the country is in chaos, so Chu 'nan was blocked and the county is in Jiangdong. If Wang can do this, the country will be in chaos and Chu will rule it. "[24]" Chu Ce Yi "also contains the king of Chu:" And Wang wants to use (shout) to slip away, while the inner chapter is difficult to understand, and the more chaotic it is, so the southern part of Chu inspects the lake and is wild in Jiangdong. The more chaotic, the better. " [25]' Chu Family Letter':' (Wang Huai) twenty-four years, back to Qi and Qin. The early establishment of King Qin Zhao was due to Chu State. Chu went to meet the woman. " [26] The relationship between Gaifan and Wang Huai was in the twenty-fourth year of Wang Huai, that is, in 305 BC.
From what is quoted above, we can know that. First, judging from Guangling, Huaiwangcheng and the statement that the more tired Chu was, the more he turned to Wei Xiancai. In 397 BC, the King of Yue moved to Wu, and at least in 3 19 BC and 3 18 BC, he owned a large area of land south of Guangling, which was quite powerful and could contain Chu and actively unite with Wei to resist Chu. 2. Angry Yue dragged Chu down, and made an alliance with Wei to resist Chu. In 3 1 1 year BC, Yue was attacked and "died with three wins out of five wars". The "death" here is not "death", but "death" of "escape"; Although Chu fled, it also suffered heavy losses-"all the soldiers were gone." The third is to absorb the heavy losses of cutting Vietnam. Wang Huai sent someone to sneak into Vietnam by phone to disturb the enemy from the inside and then look for a favorable opportunity to attack the outside. The more you cut Qi, the more Qi instigated you to cut Chu. Chu Huaiwang saw that the time was ripe, so he broke Yue in 306 BC, failed to kill him, forced Yue to move the capital, occupied the land in the north, and set up Jiangdong County. Four J may be Chu Huaiwang's revenge on Chu by cutting Xuzhou after the destruction.
two
In 306 BC, after Chu Huaiwang killed Jiangdong, a county with no strong power, the more he refused to yield to the enemy, the more he could find it in the history books.
Han Feizi Yu Lao: "If you want to attack Yue, Zhuang (Du) said,' If you attack Yue?' Ziyue Du, who said that "the government is chaotic and the soldiers are weak", said: "I am knowledgeable, and I can see a hundred paces away, but I can't see myself. Wang Zhibing was defeated by Qin Jin and lost hundreds of miles. The soldier is very weak. Zhuang Ji is a thief in China, but officials can't ban him, so is this political chaos. The king's weakness and confusion did not cross the line. And if you want to cut corners, this wisdom is as good as your eyes. "Wang Naizhi." [27] Here, "Zhuang Wang" is wrong, and Meng Kaozhi. "It was twenty-eight years after the birth of King Zhuang Ji. Thirty years later, the State of Chu will conquer Yue, and the King of Chu should not be the King of Zhuang in the Spring and Autumn Period, nor the King of Huai, but the King. " [28] The uprising began in the 28th year (30 1 BC) and entered Yunnan in the 20th year of the King of Chu (279 BC), so the upper and lower limits recorded in Yu Lao should be 30 1 BC and 279 BC.
Qi: Su Qin said to the king, "What's more, the world prefers to use soldiers. Qi fought Yan, Zhao was Zhongshan, Qin and Chu fought endlessly against Korea and Wei, and Song and Yue served their country faithfully. These ten countries are all aimed at opposition, but those who are single-minded, why? " [29] In 296 BC, Zhao destroyed Zhongshan and died in 284 BC. So Su Qin said this between 296 BC and 284 BC. At this time, the more likely it is to "offer its soldiers." "Chu Family": In the eighteenth year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, a good shooter said to King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, "It is a pleasure to travel to Liaodong in the north and Yueji in the south." [30] In the eighteenth year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, 28 BC1year. At this time, he lived in seclusion in his native land in the southeast. Biography of Yue Jue Wu Shuji: "Gou Jian moved to Langya, and in 240, King Gao Lie of Chu surpassed Langya. In the last forty years, Qin Chu merged. " [3 1] The same book "Biography of Land": "Chu Weiwang is invincible. When there is no hadron, self-reliance is king. Hou Zizun, Shi. Respect your son, lose your job, chop it up and go to Nanshan. " [32] Gou Jian destroyed Wu in 473 BC, and the first year of King Gao Lie was in 262 BC. It was more than 200 years since he moved to Langya, the capital of Vietnam, and when King Gaolie of Chu severed his kinship.
As we can see from the above, after Chu Huaiwang killed Jiangdong, a weak county, the Vietnamese forces did not completely disappear. Chen Wei believes that Jiangdong may have been acquired by Vietnamese again shortly after it was in Chu Huaiwang County. [33] According to the records in "Han Fei Lao" and "Qi", this statement is reasonable: the more likely it is to take advantage of the civil strife in Chu at the end of the year, or the king tried to conquer the country again, but gave up because he was unable to do so; During the reign of King Xiang of Chu Qing, the more he took Huiji as his stronghold, the "fighting exclusively" was still one of the objects that Chu wanted to separate. During the period of King Gaolie of Chu, Chu regained strength, and Chu took advantage of the Vietnamese army's "losing the public" to attack Vietnam again, forcing the Vietnamese army to retreat to Kuaiji Mountain (Nanshan).
King Gao Lie of Chu was a successful monarch in the late Chu Dynasty. During his reign, he destroyed Yong, Pi, Xiao, Fei, Lu and other countries [34], so Spring Biography said, "When the time comes, Chu will be strong again." [35] "Lu Shijia" contains: "(Qing Palace) nineteen years, Chu cut me and took Xuzhou. In twenty-four years, King Gao Lie of Chu destroyed Lu. " [36] Nineteen years of Lu Qinggong, 26 1 year BC (two years of Kao Lie, King of Chu). The Biography of Chun Shen Jun contains twelve counties in Huaibei in the first year of Kao Lie. Fifteen years later, it was sealed in Jiangdong, and Chun built the city with the ruins of Wu as its capital. It can be seen that during the period of Chu Huaiwang and Wang, Chu always owned the land of Huaihe River, so it was not until the first year of the examination that it was named Chun; The land of Jiangdong (Wu's hometown) was taken away from the Vietnamese in 23 years in Chu Huaiwang, but it was quickly recaptured by the Chu rebellion. During the Gao Lie period of Chu (probably shortly after Chu conquered Xuzhou, Lu and destroyed Lu), Chu used internal contradictions to conquer Yue and recapture the land of Jiangdong.
The battle between Chu and Yue in Jiangdong's hometown of Wu was fierce, and the hometown of Wu was destroyed in ruins. The Biography of Wu Shuji, Yue Jue, said that the relatives of the Yue army "lost the masses", and speculated that there might be great differences within the ruling group of the Yue State at that time. After Chu defeated Yue, the Yue Army Group was protected in Huiji Mountain, while other power groups "dispersed in this way, and the princes fought for positions, or were king or monarch, bordering Jiangnan", some even "worked for Chu", and of course some continued to confront Chu. [37] At that time, Sun Kai refused to peacefully resist Chun Shen Jun.
At the end of the Warring States Period, the reason why Chu Gaolie was able to destroy harmony, pi and Jiangdong was because there was a Shen Jun in the spring, and more importantly, Qiang Qin was too busy attacking Sanjin to attack Chu, so Chu was able to destroy the country and expand its territory in Jianghuai and Jiangdong. Qin destroyed Korea in 230 BC, defeated Zhao Jun and Wang in 228 BC, destroyed Wei in 225 BC, and Chu died in 223 BC. After Wang Jian, the general of Qin Dynasty, entered Shouchun and died in Chu, he immediately decided to settle in Jiangnan, demote the monarch and destroy Yue, and set up Huiji County.
three
The delay of Gou Jian's family's "Wang Wei killed Yue without Qiang Bing" resulted in different understanding of the history of Yue State, especially the time of its subjugation. Through the above comprehensive investigation of various historical materials, we can draw the following conclusions.
(2) In Goujian Family, it is recorded that "Wang Wei killed no powerful country and destroyed Yue" because Taishi Gong confused three historical events: Chu Weiwang cut Xuzhou in Qi, Chu Huaiwang killed Jiangdong, and Chu Gaoliang took Xuzhou in Lu to cut Yue. In 333 BC, it was a famous event in the Warring States Period to surrender Wei Xuzhou in anger; In 306 BC, after Zhao Liu had been sent to disturb Yue from the inside, he took advantage of Yue's attack on Chu to kill Jiangdong in one fell swoop, and then it was possible to immediately attack Xuzhou. In 26 1 year BC, after King Gao Lie of Chu took Lu Xuzhou, he used internal strife to cut the state of Yue, making the king of Yue "take the South Mountain". It may be that Emperor Sanchu attacked Xuzhou, and historical materials were scarce, so Tai Shigong mistakenly attributed the three things to the famous Chu Weiwang. To sum up, we can roughly outline the historical outline of Yue after Gou Jian as follows.
In 465, Gou Jian died, and his son stood with Lu Ying.
In the first 459 years, it was established with a pawn and a short-lived son (blind aunt).
In the first 449 years, Shoushou was killed and Zizhugou (Weng) was established.
Before 4 15, Zhu Gou destroyed Teng.
Before 4 14, Zhu Gou destroyed Tan.
Before 4 12, Zhu Gou died and Zi Yunli stood.
In the first 405 years, the wizard destroyed the wizard.
Before 397, Ming moved its capital to Wu.
Before 376, in July, the prince was killed; In October, the Vietnamese killed all the monsters; Wu people mistook Fu for a monarch.
In the first 375 years, the area of Doctor Temple became more and more chaotic, and Yu Yu became the monarch.
In the first 364 years, the brother of Dafu Temple was killed.
Before 363236 1 year, there was no monarch in the last three years.
In the first 360 years, the Yue people established Wu Zhuan (Hou, Wang Zishou) as the monarch.
In the first 343 years, there was no death and no power.
In 333, Chu Weiwang conquered Xuzhou ten years after his death.
Before 3 19, Chu became "tired" and the city Guangling refused to cross.
Before 3 12, in April, Yue sent a public teacher to present an arrow to Wei.
3 1 1 Years ago, he defeated Yue and "died with three wins out of five wars". However, Chu also suffered heavy losses, so he sent someone to summon Yue.
In the first 306 years, the more you cut Qi, the more you instigated the attack on Chu. Chu Huaiwang took the opportunity to cut Yue, killed no strong, and took Jiangdong County; The more you retire, the more you will record.
About 30 1 year ago-261year ago, after the Chuzhuang uprising, the more Chu rebelled, the more he fought back and recovered the land of Jiangdong; At that time, the more "dedicated to its soldiers", it was still a threat to Chu, and it was one of the objects to be cut off by Chu.
About 26 1 year and 248 years before, King Gao Liewang took Lu Xuzhou in 26 1 year, and soon after, he crossed the country again because of the disagreement of relatives and other power groups. Yue Jun's relatives surrendered to Kuaiji Mountain, and other power groups "dispersed in this way, and princes and sons competed for each other, either king or king, bordering the sea of Jiangnan". Some ministers are in Chu, while others continue to fight against Chu.
In the first 222 years, after Chu was destroyed, Huiji was broken, Yue army was lowered, and Huiji County was established.
References:
[1] [18] Yang Kuan. Re-discussion on the era of the demise of Yue State [a]. Selected Works of Yang Kuan's Ancient History [c]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2003. 278.294.
[2] Li Xueqin. On the era of the demise of Chu [J]. Jianghan Forum, 1985, (7) :56-58.
[3] [33] Chen Wei Several problems about the Chu-Vietnam War —— A discussion with Mr. Yang Kuan [J]. Jianghan Forum, 1993, (4) :54-58.
[4] [28] Meng. Examination of Vietnamese history [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1983. 30.40.
[5] [34] He Hao. Research on the subjugation of Chu [M]. Wuhan: Wuhan Publishing House, 1989.304+0 1.
Liu. Textual research on the lineage of King Yue [J]. Journal of Shaoxing University of Arts and Sciences (Philosophy Edition), 200 1, (6) :47-49.
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[27]-Shen (Qing Dynasty). Han Feizi's collection [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1998. 168- 169.
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[37] (Song), (Tang) and other notes. History of the later Han Dynasty [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1965. 3489-3490.
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