The first chapter is the origin of creation and the initiation of design.
Design is human behavior.
Although there are many seemingly designed behaviors in animals, most of them come from heredity or imitation, not from independent and active creative thinking activities.
And according to the expected purpose, engaging in conscious practical activities is the most important dividing line for all other animals of human beings.
The most essential characteristics of people's creative activities are purpose, foresight, consciousness and regularity.
Design is a combination of material culture, intelligent culture, institutional culture and conceptual culture.
It is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture created by human beings and the carrier of human culture.
As a comprehensive design of various cultural forms, we discuss each period from the following three aspects:
1, as the ideological trend of social philosophy, the change and development of political opinions and aesthetic needs, is the main feature of design concept and design style under the influence of institutional culture and conceptual culture.
2. The change and development of social organization structure, economic form, mode of production and science and technology as the economic foundation, that is, the basic characteristics of design formation process and realization process under the influence of intelligent culture.
3. As the phenomenon analysis of the basic life style of human beings formed by the integration and mutual penetration of the above two, that is, the basic characteristics of design objects influenced by material culture in various fields.
In addition, for the design history staging, we grasp the "industrial age" as the core of the definition, which mainly reflects the concept change and style form brought by technical factors, which basically conforms to the development law of design history.
Therefore, the history of design will be analyzed and discussed from five stages: embryonic stage, handicraft stage, early industrial stage, mature industrial stage and post-industrial stage.
First, the overall characteristics of the initial design.
This is a period when human design consciousness came into being and developed slowly, which can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age and the early Neolithic Age.
In order to survive and develop, human beings must obtain basic living conditions through labor. In the long labor process, human physiological and psychological conditions have been gradually improved and improved, and the appearance of stone tools means the beginning of human purposeful and conscious design activities.
Utilization-selection-combination-transformation-creation-the law of tool production and development.
The form of chaotic fusion of pleasure and aesthetic feeling-the formation of formal aesthetic feeling in the process of tool manufacturing
The props of primitive religion are greater than the meaning of artistic expression-the essence of primitive painting
At first, humans only used natural stones or sticks as tools. Later, after countless times of experience accumulation, they gradually learned to choose stones. This choice inevitably requires them to observe, judge, compare and other conscious thinking activities, and gradually mastered the improved simple processing technology, resulting in the emergence of early stone tools. Although these processed stone tools don't look much different from natural objects, from then on, human beings no longer instinctively meet the standards and needs of their own species like ordinary animals, but began to purposefully and consciously change the shape of natural objects according to certain concepts (needs) already existing in their minds, as Marx said: "Apply their own inherent (or internal) standards to objects to make." This is the beginning of creation and human design activities. Marx's exposition of "self-consciousness" just proves the inevitable conditions for the emergence of human design consciousness.
With the development of history, the processing technology of stone tools is also constantly improving. From beating to polishing, the smooth appearance, symmetrical shape and sharp practical value of stone tools reflect the early aesthetic pursuit and understanding of practical functions of human beings. The combination of practicality and aesthetics endows design with both material and spiritual functions, which is the basic feature of human design activities. Although from the perspective of consciousness, aesthetic pursuit is later than practical purposeful pursuit, and there are essential differences, when this consciousness has been sublimated into conscious pursuit after a long historical period, human design civilization has entered a new period.
Third, the design of the Neolithic age in China.
China is one of the birthplaces of mankind. The primitive society in the history of social development in China is also called prehistoric times, that is, the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age in archaeology.
In the Paleolithic Age, people's main labor tools were forged stone tools, engaged in economic activities of gathering and hunting. In the long Paleolithic period, our ancestors gradually sprouted aesthetic ideas in the process of making stone tools.
Since about 10 thousand years ago, human society has entered the Neolithic Age. At that time, the main labor tool was regular grinding stone tools, and the outstanding achievement in the technical field was the invention of pottery, with "Yangshao culture" as the main representative. At the same time, China's Neolithic teeth, bones, stone carving and other arts and crafts have also made some achievements.
Art originated from labor. In the long primitive society, human beings created labor tools in productive labor. Tools are the earliest man-made products, which run through the primitive.
In the early Paleolithic period-about 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Peking man was able to make simple kitchen knives, scrapers, triangular pointed devices and other different shapes.
In the middle of Paleolithic Age-about 200,000 years ago, he was born in Dingcun, Shanxi. The improvement of stamping technology and the diversification of types and varieties show that the use and stamping technology have been improved.
Late Paleolithic Age-18000 years ago. Neanderthals Bone horn, bone needle, microliths, slender stones and other composite tools.
The Neolithic Age, marked by the use of grinded stone tools and the invention of pottery, is a new starting point for the development of ancient social culture. China's pottery originated very early. 1962, pottery over 8000 years ago was unearthed in Xianren Cave, Wannian County, Jiangxi Province, which is the earliest pottery data found in China.
Morgan once regarded the invention and use of pottery as a sign that human beings entered civilized society from barbarism.
Pottery is the first thing created by changing the chemical composition of a substance.
Painted pottery refers to reddish-brown or brownish-yellow pottery painted with hematite and manganese oxide pigments on orange-red walls. 192 1 was first discovered in Yangshao Village, Mianchi County, Henan Province, and was named "Yangshao Culture". Distributed in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Hubei.
1, Yangshao cultural stage: Banpo type, Miaodigou type, Majiayao type, Banshan type and Machang type.
2. Pottery modeling: bowls, bowls, cans, pots, pots, beans, bottles, pots and plates.
3. Decoration: geometric patterns, plant patterns, animal patterns and figure patterns are decorated by painting, stamping, marking and stacking.
4. Pottery making process: clay strips are coiled, kneaded by hand and wheeled.
Various designs of primitive society have inspired us a lot:
1. Unity of practicality and decoration.
2. The influence of technology on art.
3. The application of sense of form.
4. The artistic skills of numbering.
Design in Handicraft Age (I) —— Ancient Egypt
First, the definition of time:
From the appearance of smelting technology to before the industrial revolution.
From about 3000 BC to17th century in the west.
In China, it can be traced back to the early Xia Dynasty in the 2nd1century BC, and the closed agricultural economy began to collapse in the middle of the 9th century.
Second, the characteristics of the handicraft era
1. During the handicraft industry period, the religious and class concepts in the ideological field standardized the functional significance and aesthetic principles of design. Several major religions, such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. They all came into being in this period, and influenced the content of design concept through the adjustment and function of human spiritual life.
2. The division of classes shows political and social ethics, and also integrates into the formation process of design concepts, which makes design often have a certain social utilitarian purpose and embodies a strict concept of hierarchy and rights. This is quite different from the design concept of simply pursuing the combination of practical efficiency and formal beauty in the embryonic period. The special social ideology in the handicraft industry period enriched the functional significance to some extent, that is, emphasizing and pursuing the cognitive function and symbolic function of the design object. From the perspective of aesthetic principles, due to the differences in aesthetic tastes and needs, different classes also show more profound features. Specifically embodied in the design style, it is the palace style and folk style formed in this period.
3. In addition, different regions and nationalities in the world have formed their own unique design cultural traditions due to their special natural environment, natural conditions, different social forms, humanistic environment and other factors, which makes the design style of handicraft industry period show diversified characteristics.
4. Although the means of transportation have developed, the language barriers and interpersonal communication barriers between regions are still widespread during the handicraft industry period, thus causing residents in various regions to adapt to local conditions, adapt to local conditions, and use local materials to create different product styles suitable for the living needs and functional needs of their own nation and region.
For example, the design style of early Egypt has a strong sealing and stability, which is not unrelated to its hot climate, water conservancy conditions of the Nile, unique polytheism, centralized Pharaoh system and so on. Before the prosperity of maritime traffic, ancient Indian civilization also maintained quite strong regional and national characteristics. The integrity and continuity of Chinese national handicraft design style are the most prominent in this period. The Confucian culture that lasted for more than two thousand years and the unified centralized rule made the design involving various fields mature and complete, forming a relatively unified national style. Although it has gone through different historical stages, it has not shaken the same style.
Of course, the objective geographical environment and inconvenient transportation have not completely blocked the communication between different regions, which is reflected in the design style, that is, the organic integration of different styles within the possible communication scope. The "Hu Feng" in the design of China's metal utensils, ceramics, dyeing and weaving in the Tang Dynasty illustrates this point. At the same time, China's perfect and advanced design culture has an important influence on Japan, North Korea, Southeast Asian countries and even countries as far away as the Mediterranean coast. In this way, the design is purely nationalized and regionalized, and it has rich connotation and breakthrough vitality because of the integration of different degrees of exotic characteristics.