As the largest economy in the world, the United States has published papers in long-term international trade and developed a mature and complex anti-dumping mechanism. The publication of ei paper serves the United States to promote trade protectionism and becomes an effective platform for American industries to seek relief in the face of international competition.
1 the new development of American anti-dumping measures and its reasons
The practice history of anti-dumping measures adopted by the United States in international trade can be traced back to 19 16 and 20 10 sci, but its frequent and large-scale use of anti-dumping measures was from 1960s to 1980s, according to sci magazine. The anti-dumping measures taken by the United States are mainly aimed at industrialized developed countries such as Europe and Japan, whose economic development is lagging behind. Sci papers cover a wide range of products and departments. It is generally believed that the anti-dumping investigation has a close economic and trade relationship with the United States. The publication of sci papers is the direct fuse, and the influencing factors of sci and the imbalance of economic development are the fundamental reasons for the friction. Customized papers, the particularity of national economic structure and trade development, and the difference of international competitiveness of commodities are also important reasons, which are all included in ei.
However, since the mid-1990s, considerable changes have taken place in the target countries where the United States has taken anti-dumping measures. Although Japan is still one of the main countries under anti-dumping investigation in the United States, during the period of 1995-2007, writing assistants and China have replaced Japan as the countries with the largest number of anti-dumping investigation cases in the United States (see figure 1). This is related to the increasingly close economic and trade relations between China and the United States, and the rapid economic development of China, which has been included in ei. At the same time, emerging market economies such as India and Brazil have gradually become the main targets of anti-dumping investigations initiated by the United States. EI search not only reflects the increasing participation of emerging market economies in international competition, but also dynamically reflects the imbalance of international economic development.
And structural change in that global economy. During the period of 1995-2007, the new changes of anti-dumping measures in the United States and the writing of sci papers are also reflected in the changes in the number of anti-dumping investigation cases. The customized papers are shown in Figure 2.
As can be seen from Figure 2, since 1995, the number of anti-dumping investigations initiated by the US government has increased year by year, and the number of graduation theses reached a record 75 in 200 1 year, and then dropped sharply. In ei Village, there were 33 anti-dumping cases on average in the past 10, and the papers were customized, while there were only 8 anti-dumping cases in 2007. However, the number of cases in which the US government implemented anti-dumping measures showed the same law year-on-year, which was written by sci. The last three times
In the ei index, the number of cases in which anti-dumping measures were determined was 18 in 2005, 5 in 2006 and 3 in 2007, with a significant decrease. According to the report data released by the WTO secretariat, the number of cases in which WTO member countries initiated new anti-dumping investigations and rulings and implemented anti-dumping measures increased and decreased slightly, but the average number showed a decreasing trend compared with the past, which was published by the title of the paper. In recent years, the frequency of global anti-dumping measures has also been greatly reduced. The change of impact factor sci and the number of anti-dumping cases in the United States also reflects this trend.
From the above description, EI search will find that the United States has undergone considerable changes in the use of anti-dumping investigations and the determination and implementation of anti-dumping measures in recent years, and graduation papers appear repeatedly. To explore the reasons behind these changes, it is quite complicated to write papers, and EI papers are published. However, the following factors are the main driving force of this trend, writing assistants.
(1) The background of the decline in the use of anti-dumping measures in the United States in recent two years is that the American economy has gradually recovered from the Great Depression of 200 1. Economic development is a cyclical process. Ei periodicals have prospered, and the papers have been heart-to-heart, and there are also periods when economic development is stagnant or declining. The latter comes, anti-plagiarism software, in order to stick to the existing market, industries in various countries will inevitably use various means, including taking trade remedy measures to ensure their market share. EI search journals. According to American anti-dumping law, medical papers and anti-dumping cases must be based on the fact that domestic industries have suffered substantial damage or threat of material injury. Ei compendex, with the improvement of economic prosperity, it is more difficult to establish the fact that the industry has been damaged. After 200 1, there is a high correlation between the economic cycle of the United States and the number of anti-dumping cases filed. Doctoral thesis, as shown in Figure 3, scientific citation index.
(2) Write instructions when the business strategy of the manufacturer or exporter changes. With the recovery of the global economy and the increasing activity of many emerging economies, the publication of the paper makes more manufacturers seek to enter the expanding emerging markets, such as China and India, so as to explore the sales markets and channels of their products and write papers on their behalf. The accompanying sharp increase in the number of anti-dumping investigations among emerging market economies is the obvious evidence of this trend and the influencing factor of sci. Ei compendex, a manufacturer in developing countries, is not willing to regard the United States as the main export market for its products as it used to be. On the one hand, it is influenced by cost factors including freight, and on the other hand, the domestic demand of emerging economies such as China and Indian has also increased greatly, so I write papers on my behalf. As a result, the opportunities for manufacturers in developing countries to export to the United States are also reduced. These countries are usually the main targets of anti-dumping investigations initiated by the United States in the past. The title of the book was published. Under this trend of international trade, 20 10 sci, the products sold to the United States decreased, and the papers were issued on behalf of others, which correspondingly reduced the probability of being investigated by the United States government.
(3) The influence of trade globalization reduces the probability of using anti-dumping measures. Cross-border investment makes countries' economic ties increasingly close, professional titles are published constantly, and the manufacturing, processing and assembly of a product may be carried out in different countries, so the paper will be tested. According to American law, an anti-dumping investigation can only be initiated if the applicant is sufficient to represent the domestic industry. When defining the scope of the so-called "domestic industry", there are many problems in the evaluation and calculation of the proportion of finished products in the "domestic industry" due to the fine division of labor in the global manufacturing process and the assistance of paper writing. EI search journals. According to the WTO agreement, paper net, a manufacturer engaged in similar products or related to the manufacturers involved, must be excluded from the scope of "domestic industries", and ei will include periodicals. Taking the anti-dumping case of wooden furniture in China as an example, the graduation thesis was copied. Although the anti-dumping case was finally investigated and the graduation thesis was tested, the applicants of American domestic manufacturers who opposed academic misconduct encountered great difficulties in applying for anti-dumping in this case in order to obtain sufficient domestic industry representation. EI search, because many American furniture are actually made in China and included in sci, most American furniture manufacturers may have investment and other related industries and engineering villages in China.
On the whole, the reduction in the use of anti-dumping measures by the Senior Project Management Department and the United States does not necessarily mean that the United States will give up using anti-dumping measures to protect its own industries. This change, indexed by ei, is largely a reflection of two aspects: on the one hand, the structural change of the overall global economic environment; On the other hand, the detection of dissertations is also the performance of American economic boom cycle. According to sci search, the strong growth of American economy based on the real estate boom since the bottom of 200 1 accords with this trend.
2 New progress of anti-dumping provisions in American trade law
For a long time, American legislators generally believe that anti-dumping measures are a legal means to combat unfair trade. 192 1 anti-dumping law is a part of 1930 tariff and consumption tax law, which is the basis of American anti-dumping law today. After that, the anti-dumping legislation in the United States has undergone quite a number of revisions. The detection of HowNet is reflected in the trade agreement law of 1979, the trade tariff law of 1984 and the comprehensive trade competition law of 1988, and papers are published on behalf of it. The main line behind the amendment is to make it easier for American companies to file applications for anti-dumping investigations and for the US government to restrict the dumping of foreign products in the United States. In the process of implementation, American anti-dumping authorities download papers, and their overly active means often violate the obligations of the United States under the WTO. Both WTO and NAFTA have ruled that the administrative measures of the United States violate their treaty or agreement obligations. On paper, but as far as the US Congress is concerned, it seems that the rulings of these international judicial institutions only represent the interests of foreign manufacturers, so as to weaken the anti-dumping law of the United States.
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