Specific information:
иванпетровичпавлов (Pavlovivan Petrovich) conditioned reflex theory.
biography
1849 On September 26th, Pavlov was born in Ryazan, a small town in central Russia. His father is a country priest and his mother is a priest's daughter. Sometimes he works as a maid in a rich family to support the family. Pavlov Ivan petrovich
Pavlov, the eldest son of his parents' five daughters, has developed a responsible character since childhood. I studied hard since I was a child and had a wide range of interests. At that time, Tsar Alexander II issued a decree to allow gifted children from poor families to go to school for free. Because my father likes reading, there are many progressive works like herzen and Che Nier Chevsky at home. Under the influence of his father, he climbed into the attic and read his father's books whenever he had time. 1860 entered Ryazan Church Middle School, 1864 entered Ryazan Church Theological Seminary after graduation, preparing to be a missionary in the future. From 65438 to 1960s, some great Russian revolutionary democrats, herzen, belinsky and Chernyshevski, fought fiercely against reactionary ideas in social life and science. During this period, Pisarev learned about Darwin's theory of evolution from the article Progress in the Animal and Plant World, and was influenced by the book Reflection on the Brain published by the famous Soviet physiologist sechenov 1863, so he became interested in natural science and gradually gave up theology. The thoughts of these revolutionary pioneers deeply influenced Pavlov. Although Pavlov was born in a religious family, he himself did not want to be a priest all his life like his father, nor did he believe in the existence of God. 2 1 year-old, that is, 1870-year-old, was admitted to St. Petersburg University with his younger brother, first in the law department, and then transferred to the natural science major of the Department of Physical Mathematics. Sechinov was a professor of physiology here at that time, while the young Mendeleev was a professor of chemistry. Pavlov University's performance in the first two years was average. In the third year of college, he participated in physiology taught by Professor Ilya Sion, became interested in physiology and experiments, found the subject he wanted to major in and devoted himself to the research of physiology. In order to make the experiment handy, he kept practicing the operation by hand, and gradually he was able to complete quite fine operations quickly. Teacher Qi 'ang appreciates his talent and often asks him to be his assistant. Under the guidance of Qi 'ang, in 1874, he and his classmate Afanasev completed the first scientific paper "On the Nerves Dominating the Pancreas" and won the research gold medal. Although he and his brother get good grades in college and get scholarships every year, they still live in poverty and need to be tutors for others to maintain their daily lives. In order to save fares, they have to walk a long way every day. Pavlov took biophysics as the main course in college and studied very hard. Pavlov asked if he didn't understand. Every operation was done quickly and well, and he became famous gradually. In the fourth grade, Pavlov cooperated with another classmate under the guidance of his teacher, completed his first scientific paper on pancreatic innervation, and won the school's gold medal. Because he spent too much time on physiology, he volunteered to repeat the grade in his last year of college. 1875, Pavlov obtained a bachelor's degree in physiology. Then enter the medical college of surgery to study for a doctor of medicine, so that I can be qualified to talk about physiology in the future. During this period, I became the teaching assistant of my own teacher. 1878, at the invitation of Professor Potkin, a famous Russian clinician, he went to his hospital to conduct physiological experiments. The laboratory sounds good, but it's actually a shabby room. It's like a janitor's house and bathhouse, but Pavlov has worked here for more than ten years. Here, he mainly studies blood circulation, digestive physiology and pharmacology. 1879 graduated from medical college and received a four-year scholarship. 3 1 year-old, married Shalafi, a female student of education department. After marriage, his wife kept their lives in order, so Pavlov could not only work with peace of mind, but also have a good rest. From 1878 to 1890, Pavlov focused on the role of blood circulation and nervous system. At that time, the dominance and regulation of the nervous system on many organs had not been clearly recognized. Pavlov persisted in his research under extremely harsh working conditions. He discovered the secretory nerve of the pancreas. Soon, he found that the heart of warm-blooded animals has a special nutritional nerve, which can only control the intensity of heartbeat, but does not affect the speed of heartbeat. People in the scientific community call this kind of nerve "Pavlov nerve". Pavlov has since opened up a new branch of physiology-Neuronutrition. From 65438 to 0883, he wrote his doctoral thesis "Efferent innervation of the heart". Received a doctorate in medicine, a lecturer position and a gold medal from the Imperial Academy of Medical Sciences. During the period of 1884- 1886, I went to Ludwig's laboratory of Leipzig University in Germany for further study and continued to study the influence mechanism of heartbeat. At this time, he proposed that the rhythm and acceleration of heart beating are carried out by two different muscles and controlled by two different nerves. 1886, after returning from Germany, he returned to the university and laboratory and continued to do "heart separation surgery" for dogs. From 65438 to 0887, he gradually turned his research direction to the human digestive system. From 1888, Pavlov studied digestive physiology. He invented a new experimental method, instead of using anesthetized animals to do acute experiments (every time the experiment is finished, the animals will die), he used healthy animals to do chronic experiments, so that the normal physiological process of animals can be observed for a long time. He also created a variety of surgical operations, leading to the whole digestive system, and thoroughly understood the leading role of the nervous system in regulating the whole digestive process. He also found that the tenth pair of vagus nerves distributed on the stomach wall was related to the secretion of gastric juice. The same is true for gastric juice secretion. After vagotomy, it is no longer secreted. But if you don't fake it, you can only stimulate the vagus nerve and secrete gastric juice. What stimulates vagus nerve? It turns out that when the taste organ feels food stimulation, it will pass through the nerve to the brain, and then through the brain to the vagus nerve for gastric juice secretion. This is the conditioned reflex theory. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. He is the first Russian scientist to win this honor. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1904 for his outstanding achievements in digestive physiology, becoming the first physiologist in the world to win the Nobel Prize. Pavlov Ivan petrovich
Since 1903, Pavlov has devoted himself to the study of higher nervous activities for more than 30 years. Through long-term research, he discovered the activity law of cerebral cortex function. Pavlov's higher nervous activity theory of animals and people dealt a fatal blow to idealism psychology and laid the foundation for the establishment of scientific materialism psychology. Pavlov turned to study psychiatry for 10,000 years, and thought that besides the first signal system (that is, the reaction to the direct influence of the outside world), people also had a second signal system, that is, the language that caused great changes in higher nervous activity. Pavlov's second signal system theory explains the unique physiological basis of human thinking. At the beginning of the October Revolution, the Russian people lived in extreme poverty, but Pavlov did not stop studying. Pavlov is a typical scholar who devotes himself to academic research and pays attention to the details of life. When he got married, he agreed with his wife that she would not interfere in his research, that he would not be responsible for family affairs, and promised her that he would not drink, play cards or socialize, that he would work seven days a week from September to May every year, and that he would only accompany his wife to the countryside for a holiday during the summer vacation. After 70, Pavlov still goes to work by tram every day. Once, before the tram stopped, he jumped off the bus and fell to the ground. An old woman on the roadside exclaimed, "Oh, my God! Look at this talented scientist who can't even ride a tram! " Pavlov's enthusiasm for work remained until his death. Finally, when he struggled to get up and get dressed, he fell on the bed and died of fatigue. After Pavlov's death, the Soviet government built the Pavlov Memorial Hall and erected a monument in his hometown of Ryazan.
The main contribution of editing this paragraph
Pavlov's academic contribution mainly lies in three aspects: 1. Nerve function of the heart; The Research Achievements of Pavlov Ivan petrovich
2. Physiological mechanism of digestive gland (Nobel Prize); 3. Research on conditioned reflex. What has the greatest influence on the future development of psychology is the classical conditioned learning theory evolved from his conditioned reflex research. 1. Conditioned reflex was discovered by Pavlov when he was studying the secretion of digestive glands in dogs. The catheter was connected to the salivary gland of the dog's cheek by surgery to extract saliva, and the number of droplets secreted by saliva was recorded with precision instruments. During the experiment, the dogs were fed and their saliva secretion was observed at any time. In this experiment, Pavlov accidentally discovered that besides food, there were other stimuli before food appeared (such as people delivering food or their footsteps). ) may also cause saliva secretion in dogs. Pavlov called salivation caused by irrelevant stimuli other than food in 190 1 year as conditioned reflex according to Sechenov's brain reflex theory. The so-called conditioned reflex refers to the phenomenon that under certain conditions, non-food neutral stimuli also cause brain nerve reflex like food stimuli. From 190 1, Pavlov devoted himself to the experimental study of conditioned reflex until 1936, which lasted for 35 years. 2. Classical conditioning Pavlov discovered the phenomenon of conditioned reflex, originally intended to call it psychological reflex, and later renamed it conditioned response. In later experimental research, he continued to use various stimuli unrelated to food (such as lights, bells, clapping, etc.). ) Observe the saliva secretion of dogs and decide four names: 1. Stimulation that causes saliva secretion (referring to food) is called Unconditional Stimulation (UCS); 2. The saliva secretion caused by food is called unconditional response; 3. The stimulus other than food is called conditioned stimulus (CS); The Research Achievements of Pavlov Ivan petrovich
4. The response caused by stimuli other than food is called conditioned response. Pavlov's fame in the field of psychology first stems from his research on conditioned reflex, which started from his old job-digestion research. It was the dog's digestive research experiment that pushed him into the field of psychological research. Although his heart was full of fierce struggle in this process, his rigorous learning attitude finally led him to risk being criticized by his peers and introduce his own physiological research into the field of psychology that was not so glorious at that time. Later, the result of this study, the theory of conditioned reflex, was absorbed by the behaviorist school and became one of the most fundamental principles restricting behaviorism. Pavlov's second greatest contribution to the field of psychology lies in his classification of higher nervous activity's types, which also began with his research on dogs. He found that some dogs reacted differently to conditioned reflex tasks, so he began to classify dogs, and later divided people into four types according to the same law, which corresponds to the four temperament types of people proposed by the ancient Greeks. Thus, he took another step towards the field of psychology. As he got older, Pavlov's attitude towards psychology loosened. He thinks: "As long as psychology explores people's subjective world, there is naturally a reason for its existence", but this does not mean that he is willing to regard himself as a psychologist. Until his death, he never forgot to claim that he was not a psychologist. Nevertheless, in view of his great contribution to the field of psychology, people still violated his "last wish" and classified him as a psychologist, and regarded him as a pioneer of behaviorism school because of his great influence on behaviorism school.
Edit the main works of this paragraph
Efferent nerve of the heart (1883),
Lecture on main digestive gland functions (1897),
Function of digestive gland (1902),
Twenty years' experience in objective research on animal higher nervous activity (behavior): conditioned reflex (1923), lecture on cerebral hemisphere function (1927), etc.
biography
Pavlov is very busy.
"Pavlov is very busy ..." This was not said by others, but by Pavlov. Pavlov Ivan petrovich
"Pavlov is very busy ..." Pavlov said at the last moment of his life when someone knocked at the door and wanted to come in and see him. What is Pavlov doing in his room? Busy writing wills, dividing property, and explaining the aftermath? Busy praying to God? Are you busy looking back on those wonderful moments in your life like watching a movie? Busy begging the doctor to use the best medicine at all costs? Neither. At the last moment of his life, Pavlov kept a close eye on the deteriorating physical condition and dictated the feeling of life decay to the assistant sitting next to him. He wanted to leave more emotional materials for the scientific career he loved all his life. For people's concern and visit, he had to inhumanely refuse: "Pavlov is very busy ... Pavlov is dying." People were turned away and had to leave with mixed feelings. When the battle between life and death is about to reach its climax, Pavlov's diligence, openness, detachment, calmness, selflessness and fearlessness left a deep impression on me. For an organism, life and death are a pair of contradictions. In Pavlov's eyes, death is not the end of life, but the sublimation of life. The sentence "Pavlov is very busy" ... Pavlov is dying is not a poem, but it is better than a poem. Compared with Pavlov, there are many energetic people around us who are also busy from morning till night, wholeheartedly busy with tickets, houses, seats, cars and so on. And take vulgarity as the trend and self-interest as the noble. This kind of life is like a long dike eroded by termites, which can only bring many unexpected misfortunes and disasters in the long river of history.
A psychiatrist who doesn't want to be a psychiatrist.
Unlike other psychologists, Pavlov doesn't want to be a psychologist. On the contrary, he is a rigorous natural scientist. Pavlov was very opposed to psychology at that time, and opposed to overemphasizing things such as "mind" and "consciousness", which could only be obtained by subjective speculation. He even threatened to shoot anyone who dared to use psychological terms in his laboratory without mercy. However, such a person who despises psychology so much has made great contributions to psychological research-although that was not his original intention! Pavlov's fame in the field of psychology first stems from his research on conditioned reflex, which started from his old job-digestion research. It was the dog's digestive research experiment that pushed him into the field of psychological research. Although his heart was full of fierce struggle in this process, his rigorous learning attitude finally led him to risk being criticized by his peers and introduce his own physiological research into the field of psychology that was not so glorious at that time. Later, the result of this study, the theory of conditioned reflex, was absorbed by the behaviorist school and became one of the most fundamental principles restricting behaviorism. Pavlov's second greatest contribution to the field of psychology lies in his classification of higher nervous activity's types, which also began with his research on dogs. He found that some dogs reacted differently to conditioned reflex tasks, so he began to classify dogs, and later divided people into four types according to the same law, which corresponds to the four temperament types of people proposed by the ancient Greeks. Thus, he took another step towards the field of psychology. As he got older, Pavlov's attitude towards psychology loosened. He thinks: "As long as psychology explores people's subjective world, there is naturally a reason for its existence", but this does not mean that he is willing to regard himself as a psychologist. Until his death, he never forgot to claim that he was not a psychologist. Nevertheless, in view of his great contribution to the field of psychology, people still violated his "last wish" and classified him as a psychologist, and regarded him as a pioneer of behaviorism school because of his great influence on behaviorism school.
Study on digestive tract
Pavlov's research on digestive tract is to cut off the dog's esophagus by surgery, sew both ends of the cut esophagus on the skin of the dog's neck, then let the dog starve for a day, then pull the hungry dog to the laboratory and put a plate of fresh meat in front of the dog. When the dog sees fresh meat, it greedily swallows it, chews it a few times and then swallows it. But in a short time, the swallowed meat fell into the dish again. This is because the esophagus has been cut off and the meat can't enter the stomach at all. Dogs still eat greedily. There is always so much meat on the plate. After the dog ate for four or five minutes, a strange phenomenon appeared. A large amount of gastric juice flowed out of an elephant skin tube leading to the dog's stomach. The continuous secretion of gastric juice is caused by the impulse of the tenth pair of cranial nerves-vagus nerve in dogs. Pavlov also operated on the vagus nerve of the dog and extracted a silk thread from it. Now he only needs to lift the silk thread a little, and he will cut off the connection between the brain and the stomach. As a result, although the dog is still swallowing fresh meat, its gastric juice has stopped secreting. This is the famous "fake feeding" experiment, which allows people to observe the secretion of digestive glands in dogs. In his research experiment, there is a strange phenomenon, that is, with the passage of time, he found that when dogs saw food, the amount of saliva secretion increased, and saliva was secreted before they actually ate food. He called this phenomenon "psychogenic secretion". For this reason, colleagues put forward the "introspection method" popular in psychology at that time to study the saliva secretion phenomenon of dogs (thinking from the standpoint of dogs), but this did not really solve the problem. This phenomenon also aroused Pavlov's interest and began his research on conditioned reflex. He operated on another dog, made a small hole in the dog's cheek and put a small catheter on one of its salivary glands. When the dog drools when eating, some saliva flows out through the catheter. Pavlov found through experiments that as long as food falls into a dog's mouth, it will secrete saliva. If food is wet, it will secrete less saliva; if food is dry, it will secrete more saliva. This reflex activity is inherent in dogs and all other animals, which Pavlov called unconditional reflex. However, in later experiments, he discovered a very important fact. In addition to food stimulating the mouth, other stimuli, such as light and sound, can also cause saliva secretion in dogs. 1903, Pavlov read his experiment and research report at the Madrid international medical conference, and thought that conditioned reflex was the physiological mechanism for higher animals and humans to respond to the environment. 1904, the Nobel Prize Foundation awarded Pavlov the Prize in Physiology and Medicine that year, and Pavlov was the first scientist among the world physiologists to enjoy this honor.
Classical conditioned reflex theory
Pavlov, also translated as Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and psychologist, put forward the famous conditioned reflex and signal theory in neurophysiology and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 65438 to 0904. Pavlov made a famous experiment. He took advantage of the phenomenon that dogs drool before seeing food or eating. Every time before feeding, he will send out some signals (first ringing the bell, then whistling, using the metronome, knocking on the tuning fork, turning on the light and so on). After several times in a row, he tried to ring the bell, but he didn't feed it. He found that dogs drool even if they have nothing to eat, but before repeated training. He concluded that after several consecutive experiences, the dog took "ringing the bell" as a signal of "eating", which led to the drooling phenomenon caused by "eating". This phenomenon is called conditioned reflex, which proves that the animal's behavior is stimulated by the environment, and the stimulus signal is transmitted to the nerve and brain, and the nerve and brain react. The condition of conditioned reflex involves four things, two of which are stimuli and two are physical reactions. One is neutral stimulation, which will not cause the expected response that needs to be learned before conditioned reflex is formed. This is conditioned stimulus (CS), which is the bell in Pavlov's experiment. The second stimulus is unconditional stimulus (UCS). Can cause the expected reaction before the formation of conditioned reflex: before the formation of conditioned reflex, meat, namely UCS, appears, causing saliva secretion. The response of saliva secretion to unconditional stimulus is called unconditional response (UCR). This is a reaction that will occur before any degree of conditioned reflex is formed. The reaction started by conditioned reflex is called conditioned reflex (CR), that is, there is no meat, only crisp saliva secretion reaction. When the two stimuli are repeated immediately (similar in space and time), a conditioned reflex is formed. Usually, unconditional stimulus follows conditional stimulus. After conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus appear several times, conditioned stimulus gradually causes saliva secretion. At this time, animals have conditioned reflex. Once neutral conditioned stimuli (ringtones) can now cause saliva secretion alone.
Edit this period of family life
Pavlov discovered the principle of conditioned reflex through experiments and won him an international reputation. In his most famous experiment, he trained dogs to hear the bell and involuntarily secrete a lot of saliva. But few people know that he once did a similar experiment on his own brother. The details of this experiment have just been revealed. The experiment itself and its tragic progress have further intensified the debate on the ethical issues of scientific experiments on animals or their relatives, and people who oppose human cloning experiments have begun to take this as an example. 1903 One day in the spring, Pavlov attended a luncheon with his parents and brothers. My brother Nicholas is a hat designer, but he is unemployed at home. The relationship between the two brothers is not good, and the younger brother's hatred for the famous scholar's brother has changed from jealousy to naked disgust. At the luncheon, Pavlov talked about his ongoing research and said that he would conduct conditioned reflex experiments on dog saliva secretion. At that time, he was thinking that his brother could not stand the "snoring" when he drank red vegetable soup, so he called the "dog" "dirty dog". Before he finished his plan, his mother interrupted him. "When you study with those bastards, it is better to call your brother to go with you. Your brother is the most greedy, and no one drools as much as him. " "Mom, I know how to work." Pavlov replied. "But your decision will leave your unemployed brother idle at home and give the job opportunities to those despicable people you don't know at all!" In the face of half-blood mother, Pavlov had to cast a look of help to his father. But the poor honest man has been with his wife for too long, and his face is as obedient and flattering as ever. "I think it's a good idea. You two brothers can spend more time together and help each other at work. " The kindness of the old couple obviously didn't have any effect. The two brothers looked at each other angrily when they stepped into the door of the laboratory. Aides can see that there is only hatred between them, and there is no brotherhood at all. Nikolai didn't want to be treated as a mouse, but Pavlov felt that he was not even a qualified experimental animal, even worse than a dog. They quarreled bitterly when choosing a dish that would make Nicholas have an appetite and drool. Then they quarreled again when discussing what food to choose as an auxiliary material for the experiment. Nicholas insisted that only good caviar could make his mouth water at once. Pavlov flew into a rage He said angrily that scientists study for lofty ideals, not to make money. He can't afford caviar himself. How can he feed such expensive things to the dog? After quarreling for several days, caviar flew out of the laboratory and was replaced by toast. Two days before the experiment, Pavlov rang the bell again and again, and then gave his brother a plate of bread. He wrote in the experiment log: "My brother is as annoying as a pustule on his ass, but there is no denying that his saliva reflex is good and he is a suitable experiment." But on the third day, an accident happened. Pavlov rang the bell as usual, but didn't take out the bread. Nicholas's reaction was not to drool uncontrollably, but to put his arm around him, beat his brother to a nosebleed and take Pavlov to the hospital. The mother went to the hospital to visit her son, but she showed no sympathy. "What nonsense experiment are you doing? You rang the doorbell, but you didn't give Nicholas food, "she asked. "You know your brother is like a madman when he is hungry." Pavlov was lying in the hospital, but Nikolai was not idle. He lingered in bars and cafes in St. Petersburg, caught anyone and told him how amazing his experiment was. Nicholas's boasting reached its peak. In an interview with the weekend edition of St. Petersburg Daily, he completely replaced Pavlov's position in the laboratory. "He is just my staff," he boasted to reporters. "I am the head of the whole experiment. When I was careful to drool, he just stupidly rang the doorbell. " After reading this report in the hospital bed, Pavlov couldn't stand it any longer. He ignored his plaster nose and returned to the laboratory. This time, Pavlov found a male shepherd, not his brother. The experimenter and the experimenter finally stopped talking, and the two brothers never spoke again. Pavlov only received a telegram insulting himself once, which he thought was sent by his brother. In his speech of thanks for winning the Nobel Prize, he thanked God, his assistant and the sheepdog, but did not mention Nicholas. After a while, Nicholas gradually disappeared from people's sight. He later entered the rubber factory in St. Petersburg as an accountant. Those who have heard of his glorious past and know his mediocre old age admit that there is no trace of him playing such an important role in the history of science, except, of course, when the telephone rings.
Edit this personal quote
Never get stuck in pride. Because once you are proud, you will refuse other people's advice and friendship. Because once you are proud, you will be stubborn when you agree; Because once you are proud, you will lose your objective criteria. Learn to work hard in science. Second, modesty. Third, be enthusiastic. Remember, science needs all human life. Argument is the best catalyst of thought. Don't think you know everything at any time. No matter how high others think of you, you should always have the courage to say to yourself, "I am a person who knows nothing." Science has no national boundaries, but scientists have national boundaries. The combination of neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus in time is called reinforcement. The more reinforcement times, the more consolidated the conditioned reflex. Conditional stimulation is not limited to auditory stimulation. All effective stimuli from inside and outside the body (including compound stimuli, the relationship between stimuli and time factors, etc.). As long as it is combined with unconditional stimulus in time (that is, reinforcement), it can become conditional stimulus and form conditioned reflex. After one conditioned reflex is consolidated, another new stimulus can be combined with conditioned reflex to form a second conditioned reflex. Similarly, a third-order conditioned reflex can also be formed. In people, multi-level conditioned reflex can be established. When conditioned stimulus is not strengthened by unconditional stimulus, there will be inhibition of conditioned reflex, mainly regression inhibition and differentiation. After the establishment of conditioned reflex, if it is strengthened by conditioned stimulus for many times without unconditional stimulus, the reaction intensity of conditioned reflex will gradually weaken and eventually disappear completely. For example, dogs that form salivation conditioned reflex to bells are only given bells without food reinforcement. After many times, the amount of saliva secretion caused by Bell will gradually decrease, or even cause no secretion at all, and the conditioned reflex will also fade. Pavlov believes that regression is because the conditioned stimulus that can produce the excitement process in the cortex has now become the stimulus that causes the inhibition process, which is the transformation from excitement to inhibition. This inhibition is called regression inhibition. Pavlov pointed out that regression inhibition is an active inhibition process of cerebral cortex, not that the temporary connection between conditioned stimulus and corresponding response has disappeared or been interrupted. Because if you leave the subsided conditioned reflex for a period of time without doing experiments, you can naturally recover; Similarly, if the conditioned stimulus is strengthened again in the future, the conditioned reflex will recover quickly, which shows that the regression of conditioned reflex is not the disappearance of the temporary connection that has been formed before, but the temporary connection is suppressed. The speed of regression is generally that the more consolidated the conditioned reflex is, the slower the regression speed is; The weaker the conditioned reflex is, the easier it will fade. At the beginning of the establishment of conditioned reflex, in addition to conditioned stimulus itself, those stimuli similar to stimulus also have the effect of conditioned stimulus more or less. For example, a tone of 500 Hz is combined with eating to establish food secretion conditioned reflex. At the initial stage of the experiment, many other tones can also cause salivation conditioned reflex, but the greater the difference between them and the tone of 500 Hz, the smaller the conditioned reflex effect. This phenomenon is called conditioned reflex generalization. After that, only the conditioned stimulus (500 Hz tone) was strengthened, but the approximate stimulus was not strengthened, so the generalization reaction gradually disappeared. Animals only produce food secretion conditioned reflex to frequently intensified stimuli (tone of 500 Hz), but have inhibitory effect on other similar stimuli. This phenomenon is called differentiation of conditioned reflex. The importance of Pavlov's works is immeasurable. Shortly after his research was published, some psychologists, such as Watson, the founder of behaviorism school, began to argue that all behaviors were based on classical conditioned reflex. Although this extreme view is not common in the United States, the theory based on classical conditioning in Russia once dominated the field of psychology for a long time. In any case, people agree that a considerable number of behaviors can be done well with the viewpoint of classical conditioning.