(1) argument
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.
(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:
① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.
(2) arguments
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.
(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.
(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.
(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.
(3) Demonstration
(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", while argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove"
Proof is to solve the problem of "how to demonstrate". The self-purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between argumentation and argumentation.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.
① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.
③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, and the contradiction between arguments.
Fan Wen:
In short, a person's life has been nurtured by his parents since childhood, educated by his teachers at school, and cared and helped by his leading colleagues after work. When he is old, he will inevitably accept the kindness and care of his younger generation. Generally speaking, as individual members of society, we all live in a multi-level social environment, and we all get certain living conditions and development opportunities from this environment first, that is to say, this social environment is beneficial to each of us. Gratitude means that a person has a correct understanding of his relationship with others and society; Gratitude is the sense of responsibility arising from this correct understanding. Without the gratitude and gratitude of members of society, it is hard to imagine that a society can develop normally. In the air of gratitude, people can be calm about many things; In the air of gratitude, people can seriously and pragmatically start from the smallest things; In the air of gratitude, people are spontaneously and truly strict with themselves and lenient with others; In the air of gratitude, people face up to their mistakes and help each other; In the air of gratitude, people will not feel lonely. ...
The road of life is full of twists and turns. I don't know how many difficulties and obstacles there are, and even I will encounter setbacks and failures. In times of crisis, someone gives you a warm hand to relieve the pain of life; Someone will show you the maze and let you know the direction of progress; Some people even hold you up with their shoulders and bodies, so that you can climb to the peak of your life ... You finally overcame your suffering and sailed to the other side of bright happiness. So, can you not be grateful? Can you not pay back? The key to gratitude lies in the sense of gratitude. Reward is to be grateful to those who have nurtured, trained, taught, guided, helped, supported and even saved themselves, and to repay them with practical actions through their own efforts.
Gratitude is a kind of recognition. This kind of recognition should be a heartfelt recognition. We live in nature, and nature has given us too many gifts. No one can live without nature, which is the simplest truth. Gratitude to the sun is an understanding of warmth, gratitude to the blue sky, and our recognition of the purity of blue. Grateful grassland is our admiration for wildfires, which never devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze. Thanksgiving is an eclectic listening to the sea.
Gratitude is a reward. We came out of our mother's womb, and then her mother breast-fed us. What's more, my mother never wants her to get anything. Just like the sun gives us her warmth every day, never asking for anything in return, but we must know how to be grateful.
Gratitude is an admiration. This admiration should be the admiration that gushes from our veins.
The heart of "gratitude" is to thank all the people and things in the world for their help and keep it in mind;
The heart of "gratitude" is an indispensable sunshine and rain in each of our lives, and we can't miss it for a moment. No matter how noble you are, or how you view humility; No matter where you live, or what special life experiences you have, as long as you always have a grateful heart in your heart, it is bound to be accompanied by warm, confident, firm, kind and other beautiful quality of life. Naturally, a moving landscape will appear in your life.
"Gratitude" is an expression of gratitude for kindness, and it is an emotion that haunts everyone who does not forget the kindness of others. Learn to be grateful, in order to polish the dusty heart without numbness, learn to be grateful, in order to never forget the little things you have to pay. For example, we are grateful to our parents who have devoted their lives to our growth.
Gratitude is a philosophy of life and great wisdom of life. Gratitude can dispel all grievances in the heart, and gratitude can wash away all the dust in the world. Life can't be smooth sailing, and all kinds of failures and helplessness require us to face bravely and calmly.
"Gratitude" is a life attitude, a moral character and a heartfelt word. If people lack gratitude, it will inevitably lead to indifference in interpersonal relationships. Therefore, everyone should learn to be grateful, which is especially important for children now. Because today's children are the center of the family, they only know that they have themselves and don't know how to love others. Therefore, to let them learn to be grateful is actually to let them learn to respect others. Always appreciate the help of others. Thanksgiving education lets children know that everyone is enjoying the happy life brought by others through their own efforts. When children thank others for their good deeds, the first reaction is often to do the same in the future, which gives children a behavioral hint and lets them know how to love and help others from an early age.
"Gratitude" is a person's innate nature, an indelible conscience and the embodiment of the healthy personality of successful people in modern society. A person who doesn't even understand gratitude must have a heartless heart. On the road of life, there will be touching gratitude at any time. Not to mention family, that is, the little care and help given by people we meet in our daily life, work and study are all kindness that we should remember with our heart, the selfless beauty of human nature, and the kindness that we don't ask for anything in return. Gratitude is not only about repaying kindness, because some favors are beyond our ability to repay, and some favors cannot be paid off at one time. Only by moving with a pure heart and remembering it forever can you truly be worthy of the person who has given you kindness.
Gratitude is the basis of respect. In the coordinate system of moral values, the origin of the coordinate is "I", and all relationships between me and others, between me and society, and between me and nature are developed by the subject "I". Respect starts from self-esteem, respects others, society, nature and knowledge, pursues the meaning of life in the mutual respect between oneself and others, society and harmony with nature, and displays and develops one's independent personality. Gratitude is the spiritual background of all good non-intellectual factors, and gratitude is the fulcrum of learning to be a man; Gratitude makes the world so colorful and gratitude makes us so beautiful!
A grateful heart is a beautiful feeling. Without a grateful heart, a child can never really know how to honor his parents and understand those who help him, let alone take the initiative to help others. It is an important content in moral education to let children know how to thank those who love and help themselves.
I want to thank my parents for giving me life. Thanks to my parents for bringing me to this colorful world, giving me a chance to taste the joys and sorrows of the world, and thanks to their inculcation, I have a complete personality and am optimistic and positive about life. Thanks to my parents' dedication to me, I understand the greatness of love, the connotation of love and the way of love. ...
I want to thank the teacher for giving me knowledge. Thanks to the teacher's careful cultivation, I learned a lot of beautiful things. Thank the teacher for teaching me all kinds of skills and knowledge, from easy to difficult, many a mickle makes a mickle, let me look forward to the future with wisdom. Thanks to the teacher for teaching me the philosophy of being a man, so that I won't lose myself in the complicated society. ...
I want to thank my friends for giving me a full life. Thanks to my friends' encouragement, they accompanied me through the emotional downturn and made me understand what to end and what to start. Thanks to my friends for their tolerance and understanding, so that my stubbornness and willfulness can be resolved. Thank my friends for sharing my happiness and disappointment, and let me face setbacks and success calmly. ...
Put a small piece of alum in the water, and the dregs can settle down; If we cultivate a grateful thought in our hearts, we can precipitate a lot of impetuousness and anxiety and melt a lot of dissatisfaction and misfortune. Anyway, I thank God for giving me everything in my life, whether it is pain or happiness. At least, I am alive, and life itself is the greatest gift.
Gratitude makes life better, so let's be more grateful, kind and smile in our hearts, for others and for ourselves. I always thank God with a sincere heart. I thank God, the earth, the existence of life, the sunshine and the colorful life.
In the morning, cheerful birds woke me up from my sleep. I opened the window and looked at the blue sky, green grass, crystal dew and clear and refreshing morning. I am grateful to God for giving me another beautiful day.
At night, the night sky is full of stars. I opened my diary and described my life feelings with a clumsy pen. Moonlight reveals a gentle smile and is surrounded by the warmth of night. I am full of gratitude and gratitude for the peace given by the earth.
When friends get together, the wine is beautiful and the feelings are deep. I thank God for giving me so many good friends. I enjoy the warmth of my friends, the mellow life and the friendship like a song.
Out of the house, I went to nature. Looking at every grass and tree, I am grateful for the endless beauty of nature, the selfless dedication of God and the tolerance of the earth. Every day of my life is full of gratitude. I learned to be tolerant, to accept, to give, to be moved and to return. Treat every day with a smile, treat the world with a smile, treat life, treat friends and treat difficulties. Therefore, every day, I have a good mood, and I have a good time every day.
I am grateful for life, the Internet, friends and nature. Every day, I undertake everything in my life with a moving heart. Thanksgiving heart, thanks to fate, flowers bloom and fall, I will cherish the same.
For a long time, a wandering heart suddenly found a place to rest. Sitting at the window, I asked myself: How long has it been since you took a good look at the blue sky, smelled the flowers and listened to the birds singing? How long has it been since I went home to listen to my family? How long has it been since I had dinner with them? Listen to the old laughter. How long has it been since you talked to them and listened to their troubles and their voices? Is it because of the ups and downs all the way that you forgot the rainbow on the horizon? Did you neglect the scenery along the way because you were in a hurry? Besides a tired heart and a numb heart, do you still have a grateful heart? Don't neglect gratitude because life is too heavy!
Perhaps bumpy, let me see the figure of mutual help;
Maybe I failed, and I felt a sincere encouragement;
Perhaps unfortunately, I know how to cherish happiness better.
Life not only gave me setbacks, but also gave me strength, so I had another experience. For those who love life, they are never stingy. It depends on whether you have an inclusive heart to accept the gift of life. Sweet and sour is not the pursuit of life, but it must be the whole of life. Try to feel with a grateful heart, and you will find a different life. Don't lose hope in spring because of the cold in winter. We thank God for giving us the reincarnation of the four seasons. With a grateful heart, you have no complaints, no jealousy, no resentment, and you have a calm and indifferent heart!
Always with such a grateful heart, let us feel the fullness and optimism of life. Because people who know how to appreciate even the smallest harvest will cherish the happiness in their hands, and their desires will gradually withdraw from their bodies; Because people who know how to appreciate even the most painful people are more likely to see the bright side of everything, and complaints will gradually withdraw from their own life track. A grateful person will not ignore or escape the dark side of life, but will face everything with a more positive and optimistic attitude.