Since the reform and opening-up, from the perspective of industrial organization structure, the protagonists who promote the sustained economic growth and sound development of China are not large state-owned enterprises in the traditional sense, but the vast number of small and medium-sized enterprises, including township enterprises. According to the Interim Provisions on the Standards for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises jointly issued by five ministries and commissions, statistics show that there are currently more than 8 million small and medium-sized enterprises in China, accounting for more than 99% of the total registered enterprises in the country. Their total industrial output value, sales revenue, realized profits and taxes and total exports account for more than 60%, 57%, 40% and 60% of the country respectively, providing about 75% of urban employment opportunities. The rapid development of Zhejiang economy in recent years is also inseparable from the sudden emergence of small and medium-sized enterprises, which have become the main force of Zhejiang market economy.
Although small and medium-sized enterprises have made great progress in recent years, the overall development level is not high, and they are still in a weak position in the increasingly fierce market competition. Their survival and development are faced with many difficulties and problems that cannot be ignored. How to correctly face and solve these problems and accelerate their development is of great significance to the overall economic development of our country.
We should fully understand and objectively evaluate the status and role of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Small and medium-sized enterprises have a wide range and a large quantity. On the one hand, they have created tax sources for the country and increased fiscal revenue; On the other hand, especially in the current employment pressure, they have become the main channels to create employment opportunities, absorb laid-off workers in cities and towns and transfer rural surplus labor, and played a very important role in ensuring social stability. Small and medium-sized enterprises can make full use of scattered natural resources and abundant labor resources with less investment. It has simple organizational structure, flexible management mode, low management cost and strong ability to adapt to the market, which is conducive to giving play to the creativity of employees. The rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises has also accelerated the development of regional characteristic economy, and further accelerated the formation and development of a number of regional characteristic economies. Taking Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province as an example, industrial clusters with distinctive local characteristics and huge competitive advantages have emerged one after another, such as leather, woolen sweaters, wood industry, clothing, chemical fiber, silk weaving, optoelectronics, small household appliances, electroacoustic electronics, etc., which are mainly formed by small and medium-sized enterprises. In Zhejiang, small and medium-sized enterprises have become a new force in the export-oriented economy, and traditional foreign trade such as processing with supplied materials and export by order in Zhejiang Province has become the world of small and medium-sized enterprises.
As mentioned above, small and medium-sized enterprises have become an important part of the national economy. They play an increasingly important and irreplaceable role in promoting market competition, increasing employment opportunities, facilitating people's lives, promoting technological innovation, promoting national economic development and maintaining social stability. Small and medium-sized enterprises are also the foundation of establishing a socialist market economic system, and have made important contributions to providing supporting services and division of labor and cooperation for large enterprises.
From the external and internal environment of the current development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the main problems are as follows
First of all, from the external environment, there are mainly the following problems.
The first is that the macro-management system is not smooth. According to relevant data, at present, most counties and cities have not yet formed a special management organization to rationally plan, support, supervise and coordinate the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in accordance with the requirements of social internal division of labor. In practice, the macro-management of small and medium-sized enterprises is scattered and inconsistent. As a result, government decrees are not unified, some state-owned and collective small and medium-sized enterprises are too dead, while most non-state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises are rarely cared for and guided, which leads to small and medium-sized enterprises being at a loss. Moreover, leaders in many places are keen on building "aircraft carriers" and how many tens of billions and billions of projects are carried out, with little attention paid to the living environment of small and medium-sized enterprises. All these lead to the government's lack of comprehensive grasp of the situation and development trend of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as macro planning, guidance, coordination, supervision and support.
Second, small and medium-sized enterprises lack financial support, and financing is quite difficult, especially non-state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises. The shortage of funds and the inability to give full play to production capacity have become one of the main problems restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. There are many reasons for this: financial institutions are reluctant to lend, afraid of lending, and refuse to lend; The current laws, regulations and policy guidance of listing financing, bond issuance and trust financing are incomplete (the entry threshold of the newly launched SME board is still high, and most SMEs are still difficult to enter); There are few venture capital institutions and small scale; The regional capital market is imperfect, the financial support ability is insufficient, the investment channels are too few, and the credit guarantee has just started, which makes enterprises lack an effective fund replenishment mechanism. At the same time, the state strengthened macro-control, tightened monetary policy, commercial banks strengthened financial risk prevention, and the interest rate control in the RMB market was not completely liberalized, which also seriously affected the financing problem of SMEs. Therefore, the long-standing problem of "financing difficulty" has not been fundamentally solved. According to statistics, more than 90% of SMEs' funds come from internal fund-raising, relatives and friends, and various abnormal channels (such as private high-interest loans and fund pools). ), which not only increases the operating costs of enterprises, but also disrupts the normal financial order.
Third, the socialized service system is not perfect. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises needs not only the financial and fiscal policy support of the government, but also the intermediary support provided by social intermediary organizations from education and training, management consulting, marketing, technology development and legal support. Intermediary support is as important as government policy support. From the foreign situation, the government's policy support often plays a role through intermediaries, while in China, this socialized service system has not been fully established.
Fourth, the legal guarantee system is not perfect. At present, the powerful laws and regulations for small and medium-sized enterprises mainly include the Regulations on Urban Collectively Owned Enterprises, the Law on Township Enterprises and the newly implemented Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. The first two laws and regulations are classified according to the nature of ownership and different organizational forms, and lack of unified legislative standards and behavioral norms, which easily leads to unbalanced development and irregular operation of the legal status and rights of small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership and different organizational forms, while the latter law lacks corresponding supporting measures for implementation. At the same time, there is a lack of laws and regulations on financial credit, taxation, technology development, personnel training, and restrictions on industry monopoly, which leads to the existence and development of small and medium-sized enterprises being restricted in many ways.
Fifth, the social burden of small and medium-sized enterprises is heavier. Most small and medium-sized enterprises think that they generally bear a lot of extra burdens and share their careers. Take Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province as an example. In recent years, small and medium-sized enterprises have been financing Nanpai Project, Taipu River, urban flood control project and education. In addition, some departments and township governments raise funds to apportion.
Sixth, the cooperative relationship between enterprises is not harmonious. The organizational relationship between large, medium and small enterprises is quite loose. As a "protagonist", large enterprises also act as a "supporting role" and engage in "big and comprehensive". As a "supporting role", small and medium-sized enterprises also play a "leading role" and engage in "small and comprehensive". It is difficult for large enterprises to obtain low-cost and high-quality spare parts and intermediate products from small and medium-sized enterprises, while it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain capital, technology and management support from large enterprises. Only a few small and medium-sized enterprises can cooperate with large enterprises. According to statistics, more than 80% of the product sales of small and medium-sized enterprises depend directly on the final market. All these run counter to the trend of specialization, scale operation and division of labor and cooperation in economic development.
In addition, the support of local governments in finance, technology development and information services is not enough. Especially at present, the unfair distribution and serious shortage of monopoly resources such as energy and electricity have also seriously restricted the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Second, from the perspective of SMEs themselves (that is, the internal environment), there are mainly the following problems.
First, the layout of small and medium-sized enterprises is scattered, the overall scale is small, the industrial level is low, the brand awareness is weak, and most of them are "small but comprehensive" and low-level redundant construction. "Every village ignites and every village smokes" is a true portrayal of the layout of small and medium-sized enterprises. Many small and medium-sized enterprises rush headlong into it just by watching others make money. They can't really produce marketable products according to market demand and their own reality. There are many rough-processed products and few deep-processed products. There are many general products, few famous products and weak brand awareness; There are many low value-added products and few high value-added products. Most small and medium-sized enterprises have weak product development ability, slow upgrading, backward product technical structure and low scientific and technological content. Facing the reality of China's entry into WTO, compared with other developed countries, they show more competitive disadvantages and greater pressure.
Second, the industrial structure is similar, the adjustment is weak, the technological progress of enterprises is slow, and the technological innovation ability is insufficient. "Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress." Judging from the development track of small and medium-sized enterprises, they often start from the family industry and are born out of the individual and private economy. In addition, the small area (village, town, county, city) and weak cultural and technical support lead to small factory scale, large decentralized enterprise organization, low product technology content and slow technological progress of enterprises. According to the relevant data of Hangzhou, SMEs generally have problems such as similar industrial structure, low-level repeated investment, scattered layout and lack of reasonable and effective division of labor. Small and medium-sized enterprises in all districts and counties are mainly engaged in some labor-intensive and traditional resource rough machining industries, and often rush into high-tech fields.
Third, the knowledge structure of employees is unreasonable, the overall quality is not high, talents are scarce, ideas are outdated, and management is backward. Man is the most active and positive factor in productivity, and human capital becomes the first capital in production. As far as most small and medium-sized enterprises are concerned, many of them grew up in the soil full of traditional natural economy and small-scale peasant economy, which inevitably has a strong feudal color and small-scale peasant consciousness. They are often managed by three relatives and six relatives and their brothers and sisters. This "three-closed" management state of closed personnel, closed property and closed economic operation has certain advantages in the initial stage of the enterprise, but when the enterprise develops to a certain scale and the market competition is extremely fierce,
Fourth, regardless of their own capabilities, blind investment, attack from all sides, excessive expansion. Whether enterprises should diversify their operations has always been difficult to draw a conclusion. South Korea's Hyundai, ge and other large global companies have stripped off non-mainstream products, and Coca-Cola has only been making drinks for a hundred years. The small and medium-sized enterprises in China have always had the complex of "everything should be big" and "to be big for the sake of being big". There are quite a few well-developed small and medium-sized enterprises, which have entered unfamiliar areas because of "being besieged on all sides" and over-expanded, instead of "concentrating their efforts" to give full play to their own advantages, and finally bankruptcy cases abound.
How to solve the above problems is of great significance to the sustained and healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises and China's entire national economy.
First, establish and improve the legal system and form a good macro environment conducive to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
It is necessary to further improve the government and the whole people's understanding of the status and role of small and medium-sized enterprises and form a good public opinion environment for enterprise development; Strengthen legislation, speed up the construction of laws and regulations for small and medium-sized enterprises, take the opportunity of implementing the SME Promotion Law, actively formulate supporting national and local laws and regulations, and change the legal protection mechanism for small and medium-sized enterprises; To effectively change the macro-management mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises, the government should change its functions, do a good job in the formulation, implementation, supervision, guidance and service of macro-policies such as the development and management of small and medium-sized enterprises, create a good policy environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, bring the assistance of small and medium-sized enterprises into the legal track, form a legal policy system conducive to fair competition of various small and medium-sized enterprises, and form a good market competition order. According to international practice, governments at all levels should focus on supporting the construction and development of specialized areas, service consortia and socialized service systems for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Second, it is imperative to effectively solve the financing difficulties in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
First, broaden the financing channels for SMEs.
The first is to establish a reserve system for the development of SMEs. Reserves held by the government are mainly used to support the upgrading of local small and medium-sized enterprises' industries and products, support the development of high-tech industries, and realize paid use and rolling development. The initial funds can be raised through financial allocation, the proceeds from the sale of the original state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises, and the withdrawal of certain development reserves by small and medium-sized enterprises.
The second is to establish small and medium-sized enterprise banks and encourage the establishment of financial institutions with diversified business models. Encourage the establishment of regional SME mutual cooperative banks and investment consortia with SMEs as the main shareholders and mutual assistance among enterprises as the main business scope, and legally stipulate the policy of capital investment (mainly for SMEs) and support. At the same time, major commercial banks should also actively provide financing support for SMEs.
Third, set up SME loan guarantee institutions, speed up the establishment of SME credit guarantee system, and provide paid services for enterprises. For example, at present, there are 1 13 credit guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises in Zhejiang province, which have provided 9.488 billion yuan of secured loans for small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of these credit guarantee systems has played a role of "four or two". However, the scale of these institutions' funds is still relatively small, and their ability to take risks is also very weak, which is far from meeting the development requirements of the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the state should, on the basis of summing up the pilot experience of the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises in relevant provinces and cities, learn from the successful practices of Japanese and other countries and Taiwan Province Province of China, and actively explore the establishment of a national credit insurance company for small and medium-sized enterprises and a credit guarantee association for small and medium-sized enterprises in China to provide reinsurance services for credit guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises in provinces and cities.
The fourth is to organize small and medium-sized enterprises to establish mutual funds. In some rural areas, agricultural mutual funds established by farmers' voluntary occupations have played an active role in agricultural production. Therefore, learn from this experience, set up mutual funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, and increase the sources of funds for enterprises.
Fifth, small and medium-sized enterprises are allowed to raise funds in non-credit ways such as stocks and bonds. It is necessary to encourage qualified small and medium-sized enterprises to list in Shenzhen and Shanghai, and select qualified small and medium-sized enterprises to jointly issue corporate bonds by taking risks. The state should speed up the development of the capital market.
Second, give preferential treatment to the capital policy.
First, the government gives direct subsidies to small and medium-sized enterprises, and establishes a small and medium-sized enterprise development fund with prefecture-level cities as the unit, which is specially used for the entrepreneurial support of laid-off workers in state-owned enterprises and the incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises to absorb laid-off workers and unemployed people in urban and rural areas. This means that unemployment benefits are converted into production funds, which is more conducive to social stability and economic development. At present, Zhejiang province has implemented the subsidy policy for the development of small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises, which has made some small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises develop well.
The second is to give preferential treatment in terms of loan interest rates. It is suggested to adopt interest-free, discount interest, low interest and other incentive mechanisms to encourage loans, support small and medium-sized enterprises to start their own businesses, expand the interest rate range of small and medium-sized enterprise loans, especially credit guarantee loans, simplify the mortgage procedures and conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises, and allow fixed assets and intangible assets to be used as collateral.
The third is tax incentives. Encourage all sectors of society to increase investment in small and medium-sized enterprises. Enterprises and individuals investing in fixed assets to start small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as engaging in the processing of agricultural and sideline products, the production of export products and the preservation of ancient handicrafts, should be reduced or exempted within a certain period of time; Taxable but temporarily difficult, you can postpone the payment.
Third, establish and improve the socialized service system.
First of all, we should organize and guide small and medium-sized enterprises to form self-discipline and self-service self-discipline organizations. These organizations should actively provide various services for small and medium-sized enterprises and safeguard their rights and interests. Through reform, the government should gradually transform the relevant administrative functions into service functions and transfer them to these organizations, forming a pattern of "small government, big service".
Secondly, we should learn from foreign experience, implement the consultation service subsidy system, cultivate and expand social intermediary service organizations, and provide all-round services such as entrepreneurship counseling, enterprise diagnosis, information consultation, marketing, technical support, talent training, introduction and legal consultation for small and medium-sized enterprises. All sectors of society should actively bridge the gap between small and medium-sized enterprises and be the matchmaker and carrier of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Fourth, straighten out the working system of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Combined with the reform of government institutions, we should change the management mode and system of small and medium-sized enterprises at all levels of government as soon as possible, abolish the existing government departments that manage small and medium-sized enterprises according to ownership, industry and region, gradually realize the transformation from government-led to social-led, management-led to service-led, and business-led to supervision-led, and resolutely stop arbitrary charges and arbitrary apportionment.
Fifth, cultivate talents and renew ideas for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Small and medium-sized enterprises, whether they are senior management talents or professionals engaged in various professional management and technical work, are far from meeting the requirements of their development, and they are unable to realize the self-cultivation of on-the-job personnel themselves, which requires the help of the government and society. Small and medium-sized enterprises should also update their concepts, establish the concept that human resources are the first resource for enterprise development, be willing to invest in talent training, and establish the talent concept of "not for my use, but for my use".
Six, to provide a good market environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises
The advantage of small and medium-sized enterprises lies in competition, but they must be open and fair. Therefore, we should deepen reform, develop market economy and form an ocean suitable for all kinds of enterprises to swim in. It is necessary to lower conditions, simplify procedures and reduce costs in the industrial and commercial registration of small and medium-sized enterprises. For industries that can be liberalized, it is necessary to break the monopoly through reform and liberalize as soon as possible. Where foreign enterprises are allowed to enter the industry, private and individual enterprises should be allowed to operate.
Seven. A new platform for accelerating the development of small and medium-sized enterprises: the construction of industrial parks for small and medium-sized enterprises.
All localities should make overall plans, intensify the integration of industrial park construction, and give full play to the advantages of scale operation. As far as possible, reduce the cost of enterprises entering the park, form the enjoyment of information and resources, and strive to create a new platform for the development and growth of enterprises.
Eight, increase investment in technological transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, form a technological innovation mechanism for small and medium-sized enterprises, and form new advantages for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Zhejiang, whose economic development ranks in the forefront of the country, has a prominent contradiction between regional scientific and technological innovation ability and economic development, which has become the soft rib of "Zhejiang phenomenon". In order to solve these deep-seated contradictions, in recent years, governments at all levels and scientific and technological departments in Zhejiang have made unremitting exploration and practice. The "great introduction of technology and talents" has been implemented, and high-level scientific and technological service centers have been established (for example, Zhejiang Province and Tsinghua University have established Tsinghua University Zhejiang Science and Technology Research Service Center in Jiaxing, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology is preparing to set up a research center in Yuhang, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is also preparing to set up a research center in Zhejiang. ), thus making Zhejiang a "big province of scientific and technological innovation" marked by independent intellectual property rights, building a first-class regional scientific and technological innovation system, forming an advanced manufacturing base, and providing a powerful force for technological transformation and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, small and medium-sized enterprises should also actively strengthen ties with scientific research institutes and universities, be willing to invest in technological transformation and innovation, form their own core technologies and products, form their own characteristics, and clarify where their "core competitiveness" lies. Only by "becoming stronger" and "doing better" and taking the road of "small but expert", "small but excellent", "small but fine" and "small but strong" can we really go well and go far.