Practical research on innovative ways of ancient poetry reading teaching Abstract: Ancient poetry reading teaching is an important part of today's Chinese teaching.
It is imperative to explore a way for students to learn ancient poetry with half the effort. This paper focuses on some new attempts in cultivating students' interest, stimulating students' curiosity, enhancing students' initiative and creativity in learning ancient poems and guiding students to read aloud. Key words: Research on innovative ways of ancient poetry reading teaching Reading is the most vital, infectious, shocking, creative and brilliant factor in Chinese classroom teaching.
Reading teaching is a traditional Chinese teaching method and one of the successful experiences of ancient Chinese education in China. Inheriting and carrying forward the fine tradition of reading teaching plays a very important role in cultivating students' Chinese ability, especially in improving their learning level of ancient poetry.
Reading teaching of ancient poems is an important part of Chinese teaching today. With its unique voice and emotional way, it creatively reproduces works, restores life, narrows the distance with the ancients, communicates with the ancients, and blends with the soul to realize learners' perception, understanding and experience of works, thus injecting a stronger sense of making the past serve the present and a stronger humanistic color into classroom teaching, and further playing an irreplaceable role in developing students' minds, cultivating students' sentiment and perfecting students' personality. Modern new curriculum standards require reading ancient poems, not only to accumulate consciously, but also to have their own feelings and understanding, to be able to use them flexibly, and to improve their appreciation ability and aesthetic taste.
However, due to the influence of exam-oriented education, many students memorize by rote, but the memorization time is not long, too laborious and time-consuming, and the effect is not good. At present, the scores of reciting ancient poems in the Chinese test paper of the senior high school entrance examination also account for a large proportion. It is imperative to explore a way to make students learn ancient poetry with half the effort. Through one year's teaching practice, some new attempts and practices in the teaching of ancient poetry reading are briefly described as follows, in order to get peer correction.
1. Cultivating interest and stimulating students' thirst for knowledge, initiative and creative reading are the embodiment of one's ability and a kind of beautiful creation. Reading can stimulate inspiration and make people understand and experience inspiration. Good reading can delight people's mood, cultivate people's sentiment and give readers a sense of accomplishment.
To achieve this effect, we must first be interested in reading. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy."
It is undoubtedly an urgent task for teachers to stimulate students' interest in reading and make them willing to participate through classroom reading teaching. In class, teachers can infect students through colorful demonstration reading; Students can be cultivated by reading with music or playing reading recordings; Can guide students to read in different roles according to the content of the text and experience emotions; Students with reading skills can also be encouraged to understand reading in a personalized way, so as to encourage other students to actively participate.
The most prominent point in the teaching of reading ancient poems is to read out the feelings and truths conveyed by the works through reading. Here, students will naturally be deeply moved by the true feelings and philosophies expressed by the author, and will naturally be amazed and impressed by the superb artistic techniques of the works, thus having a strong interest in learning ancient poems and realizing that learning ancient poems is so wonderful and wonderful.
For example, in the reading teaching of Example, Peach Blossom Garden and Yueyang Tower, students are all shocked by the artistic conception created by reading and the emotional philosophy conveyed. They are all happy with their creative reading performance in reading teaching class, and they are all amazed that they can freely express their opinions and have an appreciative debate in class. Students found that the learning class of ancient poetry was so fascinating and wonderful, and the teaching of reading was so wonderful. As a result, there is a high enthusiasm and strong interest in learning, a strong urgent desire to learn, and a stronger thirst for knowledge among students, and inquiry learning is carried out in the classroom. Because the teaching of ancient poetry and prose should convey the spirit of the works through reading, and the themes, thoughts and emotions expressed by the works will have different understandings due to the readers' different life experiences, knowledge and experiences, and many works themselves have ambiguity in understanding, which provides a broad space for students to actively participate in and creatively read.
Here, students' curiosity is stimulated and they can creatively use the works provided by reading teaching. Grasp the tone of the work, control the mood, handle the level of good voice, use it flexibly, and show the work that you understand in your mind.
Reading materials, such as Yueyang Tower, Car Shop and Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, are brilliant because of the students' unique interpretation. This process is the active participation of students, who fully mobilize their own culture, life and ideological literacy to perform their own interpretation and enrich their creativity.
This kind of active and creative second creation is the highest level of readers' participation and perception in literary works. Reading teaching has achieved this goal while giving full play to students' enthusiasm and creativity. 2. Skills and methods to guide reading (1) Grasp the emotional tone of the work and demonstrate reading. In the teaching practice of ancient poetry reading, almost every text is demonstrated on the basis of students' independent reading.
When preparing lessons, read the text repeatedly and try to read out the emotion and charm. You can't shirk your responsibility and obligation to demonstrate just because you can't speak Mandarin well or have a bad voice.
"The power of example is infinite." Teachers themselves are the best role models for students.
In the demonstration, guide students to find the intersection of emotions in reading, or find the breakthrough point under the guidance of emotions, so that students can observe the text intuitively, make sounds, hear and hear their own voices, experience their feelings, understand their reasons, think about their own demeanor, imitate their own tone and taste their own mentality, just like you. Only in this way can they be truly integrated with the author's emotions. Teachers should guide students to grasp the emotional tone of their works.
For example, The Story of Little Stone Pond: Let the students know that this article went out of the humble room and went to self under the background of the author's participation in political reform, failure and relegation.
2. Reading methods of classical Chinese
Guidance on reading methods of classical Chinese 2009-06-04 20:5 1 Speaker of classical Chinese The guidance on reading methods of classical Chinese plays an important role in cultivating students' love for the language and culture of the motherland, improving their self-cultivation, cultivating noble sentiments and inheriting traditional culture.
In recent years, the basic articles in class are mostly used as reading materials for the selected passages of classical Chinese reading questions, and the easy-to-understand articles are used as reading materials for extracurricular reading. Generally speaking, whether in class or after class, we pay attention to the examination of reading transfer ability.
The knowledge examined mainly involves the following aspects: ① Read the text thoroughly and master the sentence reading of the text. ② Understand common notional words and function words, and understand the general idea of the sentence.
③ Understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the text. ④ Understand the main artistic features and expressive techniques of the text.
How to read classical Chinese? The methods are as follows: First, clear the obstacles and understand the meaning. Reading the full text of classical Chinese after class is particularly important, because it is the premise of doing well in the examination questions. So how can we do this step well? The first is the overall reading. Read through, browse or skip the full text first, and get a general understanding of the style of classical Chinese excerpts.
If it is a narrative, it is necessary to find out "when, where, who and what, and what is the result." At this time, don't expect to read the whole text at once and get entangled in some difficult words, but put it down temporarily and circle the marks in the corresponding places in the text.
Then we should be good at using it and try to figure out the meaning. The proposer of classical Chinese will give some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems.
For example, in the senior high school entrance examination in Yangzhou in 2006, there was a saying, "You can get the shape by touching the candle, and you will think it is tomorrow." With the help of the notes in brackets, it is much easier for candidates to understand the meaning of the text.
To understand the meaning of the text, you can also quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the multiple-choice questions in the content summary category. After careful reading, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of these questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the other three are all correct. Even if there are mistakes, it is often a detail problem. Then, by reading such questions, you will immediately understand the content of the full text, and then read the original text, which will be more effective and easier.
The third is to reread the text. After the first two steps, candidates have been able to understand 70% to 80% of the articles and have a direction of thinking. Therefore, when reading again, they can recognize the full text from a higher level and correct the deviations in the first two steps.
When you encounter a difficult paragraph, you should read it through repeatedly, so that "words can't be separated from sentences, sentences can't be separated from texts, and you can grasp it as a whole", and use various means to deduce before and after to complete the interpretation process. Second, lay a solid foundation and apply what you have learned to word interpretation and sentence translation, which are all required questions in classical Chinese. To answer these questions well, we must rely on daily accumulation.
In recent years, the classical Chinese test questions have examined the interpretation of typical notional words. When encountering these notional words, candidates should first recall whether there is this word in the classical Chinese they have studied before. If so, does its meaning make sense here? For example, in the examination questions of Weifang Middle School in 2006, there was a request to explain the word "Jue" in "Moonlight You Ching". Although this sentence comes from extracurricular, it has been learned in class, and candidates should think of "oral scene". In 2006, the interpretation of the word "yes" appeared in the senior high school entrance examination in Jiangxi Province. Looking back on what we have learned, there are two explanations about "Shi", one is the judgment verb, and the other is the pronoun "this", such as "Shi Nian" and "Shi Ri". Obviously, the definition of "yes" here is "this".
If it doesn't make sense in class and it is difficult to judge, we should infer its exact meaning from the perspective of judging the part of speech by using glyph analysis or syntactic analysis of the sentence where the word is located according to the specific context. The meaning of some notional words cannot be correctly explained according to their own usage, so we should consider their usage or flexibility.
For example, we have learned two meanings of the word "pawn" in the sentence "because of pawn", which is translated as "finally" in "pawn depends on the man" (Zhao Pu) and "all pianists are dead" as "died a month later", but it is meaningless to use it in this sentence, and it is obviously not a noun "soldier". Sometimes, the mid-term exam topics will also involve the usage of commonly used function words. Although there are many function words, they are nothing more than "zhi", "qi" and "er", which requires us to remember the basic meaning and main usage of commonly used function words, such as "zhi". There are "structural auxiliary words, de", "pronouns, referring to people or things" and "used in the subject" in junior high schools.
The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasping the key words in sentences, translating word by word, and doing well in leaving, supplementing, deleting, modifying and adjusting. The translation methods of classical Chinese generally include: ① Stay.
That is to say, people's names, place names, official names or words with the same meaning as modern Chinese are retained. 2 make up.
That is, to supplement monosyllabic words with disyllabic words, or to supplement ellipsis. 3 delete.
That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. 4 change.
That is, replace ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤ Tuning.
That is, adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to the habits of modern Chinese. Third, the overall perception, trying to figure out the highlight of the classical Chinese test questions is the general analysis of the paragraph content and the inquiry test questions. This kind of test questions are mainly investigated from the following aspects: 1. Fill in the blanks with the original sentences. For example, in the examination questions of Fuzhou Middle School in 2006, "Zou Ji first used personal experience as a metaphor, then compared family affairs with state affairs, and finally came to a conclusion, which made Wang Qi accept his suggestion with conviction.
Since then, the King of Qi has made great achievements in opening up roads and improving politics. "This kind of question is relatively simple, as long as you grasp the overall situation, grasp the key points, grasp the central sentence, find the key sentences according to the stylistic characteristics, and clarify the level of the article.
On the basis of grasping the main points and centers, it is enough to analyze and judge the details and find the main information. The second is to understand and remember the feelings expressed by the author.
3. Classical Chinese reading skills
The focus of learning classical Chinese is mainly on pronunciation, sentence breaking, sentence meaning understanding, reciting exquisite paragraphs and summarizing the main points of the article. In recent years, in order to better improve the reading ability of classical Chinese, we have also expanded the simple reading of classical Chinese outside textbooks.
Study guide: 1. Correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters.
These are the key points of study. 2. Learn to read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence, and pause between words according to the meaning. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were mostly used to express the meaning, so don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words as compound words in modern Chinese.
Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence ① Understand the meaning of the sentence with the help of text notes and reference books.
② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. ③ Understand the meaning of the sentence in the context.
4. If you want to recite beautiful paragraphs quickly and remember them firmly, you should first read the text correctly, word by word, without losing words, and read them carefully word by word. After reading it, you should consider reciting it. The most important thing for a new text is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading the wrong place. Secondly, reading comprehension, only by understanding the content can we recite it accurately.
Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize.
Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes.
5. Summary of the main points of the content According to the content of the article, questions are generally asked: Who wrote it, described what, introduced what characteristics, and expounded what kind of truth. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph. The reading method is the same as modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better.
4. What are the main points of classical Chinese writing?
As the carrier of traditional culture, classical Chinese has made great contributions to promoting national inheritance and carrying forward traditional culture. However, at present, there is a single and passive phenomenon in the way of Chinese students learning classical Chinese. Students lack the opportunity and ability of independent exploration, cooperative learning and independent knowledge acquisition, and the learning process is difficult and arduous. How can you say that you can read the beauty of classical Chinese? At present, the new curriculum puts forward higher requirements for students' reading of classical Chinese, emphasizing that in the process of Chinese teaching, students should "know the richness and broadness of Chinese culture and absorb the wisdom of national culture". Therefore, it is really urgent to let students contact classical Chinese from junior high school, stimulate their interest in learning classical Chinese and improve their enthusiasm and autonomy in learning. Faced with this situation, what strategies can be adopted to meet the needs of "autonomous" learning? First, pay attention to reading aloud, perceive the text, and change passive acceptance into active learning. "Chinese Curriculum Standard" requires that reading teaching in all periods should attach importance to reading aloud: through reading aloud, students can directly and truly perceive the content of the text and understand the author's thoughts and feelings, which is an effective way to change their learning from passive acceptance to active discovery. The seventh grade students first came into contact with classical Chinese in the first unit. They have some difficulties in implementing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences in the text, so it is particularly important for students to perceive the whole content of the text without literary translation and understand classical Chinese through repeated reading. In teaching design, teachers' analysis and explanation are no longer used to replace students' independent perception of the text, but reading aloud is regarded as an important means for students to learn and understand. According to the students' situation, the teaching level of classical Chinese reading is designed, and different requirements are put forward for each reading, so that the main problems such as emotional theme can be solved through reading, thus improving students' overall perception of the article. For example, the teaching of Children's Fun (the first volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Edition) can be designed as follows: 1 Reading: Students are free to read the text, and they are required to know the glyphs and pronounce them correctly. For example, the items are (Wei) ginger and crane (6544). It is required to accurately grasp the pause of the sentence on the basis of accurate pronunciation. In this session, let the students comment on themselves, and then the teacher will give appropriate hints, such as "hold your head high/look at it, make it stronger, make it/smoke/fly" and so on. The teacher demonstrated reading in the second section, and the students realized how to correctly handle the reading rhythm. 3 reading: students read the text together and think about the author's childlike interest. Students look for sentences that express childlike interests. At this time, the teacher guides the implementation of the meaning of classical Chinese. Reading: Retell the contents of two pictures in the text in your own words. Reading: Look at the blackboard and try to describe the contents of these two pictures with sentences from the text. At this time, students can already recite in class. It can be said that the most basic way to learn classical Chinese is reading, and the best way is reading, with emphasis on reading and difficulty in reading. But it is not reading in the end, so students should pay attention to the changes in reading. Reading evaluation, learning and understanding, using the strategy of group reading, and finally achieving the effect of "self-understanding". Take reading as the starting point of learning classical Chinese, understand the text through reading, and let students read with interest in combination with their own experience background and the openness of reading materials, so that different students will make different "interpretations" of the text. Because they read the text truthfully and have thoughts, they will pour out. Autonomous learning will come naturally. Second, provide a platform for interaction and cooperation, so that the awareness of autonomous learning can be maintained for a long time. The new syllabus and new curriculum reform require respecting students' individual differences, attaching importance to students' personality development and allowing students to have their own opinions. Therefore, teachers must avoid "concentrated learning" in the teaching process, carefully organize learning activities, pay attention to the process, and provide an interactive learning platform for students. Through student-student cooperation, teacher-student cooperation, deskmate cooperation, group cooperation and class cooperation, each student's interest in learning and active participation consciousness can be maintained for a long time. In the specific classroom operation, we can adopt the strategic steps of asking questions, independent thinking, group discussion, speaking on behalf of others and achieving knowledge. For example, in the teaching of "Speaking New Languages of the World"? In Ode to Snow, I asked the students to discuss this problem: the teacher didn't comment on the metaphors of Xie Lang and Xie Daowen, but just laughed it off. So what do you think of the author's attitude and why? If you were to judge, which metaphor do you think is better and why? The students showed great enthusiasm. They are still learning with questions, so that students can feel the kindness of classical Chinese. Third, expand reading and strengthen students' interest in reading extracurricular classical Chinese. 1. Accumulate some ancient literary phenomena and historical knowledge. Ancient cultural phenomena refer to ancient rituals (utensils, tools, customs, names, places, etc.). For example, the word "scholar" in Debate and "Nine Days" in Morning Letters are ancient cultural phenomena. Another example is the story of Yueyang Tower to understand why Fan Zhongyan wrote Zheng Tong Ren before "rebuilding Yueyang Tower". Therefore, it is particularly important to supplement this knowledge in class. 2. Pay attention to the effective cohesion of ancient and modern meanings. We can use modern texts to help students better understand the meaning of classical Chinese. For example, we can talk about ancient Chinese knowledge in combination with idioms that students like to hear: the word "fake" in the preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang is translated as "borrowing". We can contact Smith to impress the students. 3. Pay attention to the cultivation of knowledge transfer ability. It is far from enough for students to acquire the ability to read classical Chinese after class, so teachers should encourage students to read classical Chinese after class on the one hand, and on the other hand, they can let students do some classical Chinese exercises with appropriate difficulties related to the text to consolidate them. To get twice the result with half the effort. 4. There are various ways to improve the reading level of classical Chinese through writing. Can guide students to write "classical Chinese". Students can be given certain materials to express in the form of classical Chinese, not paying attention to how clever the writing is, but only using the learned classical Chinese vocabulary. For another example, students are required to graft the artistic conception of ancient Chinese into the reality of modern language that we are familiar with, and organically link ancient Chinese with modern Chinese.
5. Reading skills of classical Chinese
Modern teaching theory holds that teaching methods include teachers' teaching methods and students' learning methods, which should be organically unified. "Teaching is for not teaching" (Ye Shengtao's words). Teachers' teaching serves students' learning, and the fundamental purpose of teachers is to teach students to learn. Fundamentally speaking, the teaching of classical Chinese is essentially to guide students to read classical Chinese. Therefore, the reform of classical Chinese teaching method is to explore or create scientific and efficient reading methods. Here, combining with my own teaching practice, I introduce a practical and programmed reading method of classical Chinese-five-step reading method.
First, the main objectives of pre-reading are: to read the pronunciation correctly, pause accurately and grasp the rhythm; Understand the common sense of writers' works; Grasp the basic content of the article as a whole. The specific method is: (1) refer to reference books and add notes to new words. (2) Read the text clearly and accurately according to the teacher's model essay reading or text recording. (3) To understand the common sense of writers' works by combining written notes with Chinese reference books. (4) Combine preview tips or self-reading tips to understand the text as a whole. (5) Grasp the basic content and stylistic features of the article by solving problems and reading the full text.
Second, the main goal of copying is: to be familiar with the text, to learn by yourself when in doubt, and to clarify the key points and difficulties of learning. The specific method is: (1) Tick out or copy the new words and famous sayings in the text. (2) Tick or copy difficult sentences in the text. (3) Record the difficult problems when reading the text. (4) Read or extract (or make a summary or catalogue) auxiliary materials related to the text. (5) Combine unit learning summary, text preview tips, thinking and practice to determine the key and difficult points of children's learning.
Thirdly, the main goal of interpretation is to perceive the content of the text through language analysis and grasp the author's views, attitudes or ideological tendencies expressed in the article. The specific way is: (1) Combining with the context, deeply understand the meaning of difficult words and sentences from the sentence structure and context. (2) Using the common sense of ancient Chinese to analyze the special language phenomena in the text. (3) Translate (orally or in writing) the text or text fragments, so as to grasp the article profoundly as a whole. (4) Classroom discussion, implementation of key and difficult points, after-class analysis and answer the language training questions in Thinking and Practice.
Fourthly, the main goal of reading is to appreciate the article from the aspects of ideological content, organizational structure, expression, language art and artistic style. The specific approach is: (1) Starting from the stylistic features, grasp the basic features of the article as a "type" as a whole. (2) Comparative reading, analyzing the specific characteristics of the article and the author's artistic personality from the aspects of content and form. (3) Guide students to consult literature, write Chinese compositions on important notional words, function words and grammar issues, consolidate knowledge and strengthen ability training.
The main purpose of reading aloud is to deepen understanding, strengthen memory, enrich language, accumulate materials, train language sense and cultivate quality. The specific way is: (1) On the basis of understanding, read aloud repeatedly and try to be familiar with it. (2) Read the taste aloud, recite famous articles, paragraphs and sentences, and remember them accurately. (3) Expand reading, study the materials related to the article, and expand knowledge, so as to understand the text more comprehensively and deeply. (4) Organize study notes, write study summaries, and highlight key and difficult points. (5) Guide reading or writing comments to cultivate sentiment.
6. A good way to read classical Chinese.
Original publisher: Zhao
(B) Classical Chinese comparative reading methods and problem-solving skills
Grasp knowledge points
The study of classical Chinese should enable students to "read ancient poetry and simple classical Chinese with the help of notes and reference books, and understand the basic content." Pay attention to accumulation, perception and application, improve your taste, and recite 80 excellent poems (paragraphs). Classical Chinese test questions should pay attention to students' memorization accumulation, and whether they can understand the theme of poetry with the help of notes and reference books. ?
1. In-class and out-of-class extension, comparative reading has become an important examination form. ?
From 2004 to 2006, it is not difficult for us to find its development track-at the beginning of the entrance examination of the new curriculum standard, we often use the way of in-class paragraphs to test the implementation of knowledge and ability in classical Chinese teaching from the aspects of words, sentences and word meaning understanding, with the aim of guiding us to lay a solid foundation; Then use extracurricular classical Chinese reading to guide the study and application of classical Chinese, and make inferences from others, and gradually transition to the direction of using the knowledge and skills mastered in class to solve the problem of extracurricular classical Chinese reading. This shows that the new curriculum examination attaches importance to examining the development direction of our ability to transform knowledge into problem solving. In this transformation, comparative reading is an important form to connect knowledge in and out of class and promote transfer. It can be a comparative reading of two (paragraphs) of classical Chinese materials in class, or a comparative reading of one (paragraph) of classical Chinese materials inside and outside class.
2. The content of the exam is still based on words, and it also tests the understanding of the content. ?
The contents of the examination are: (1) the original word, pronunciation and meaning of the interchangeable word; The meaning of notional words commonly used in classical Chinese; The usage of common function words in classical Chinese: the translation of important sentences and the understanding of the main content of paragraphs. There are three main types of questions:? Classical Chinese exams are generally subjective questions, and there are many open questions. There are several forms of open proposition: ① Appreciation of famous sentences. For example, "think that everyone
7. Methods and skills of reading classical Chinese in junior high school
If your classical Chinese foundation is poor, first of all, you should read more classical Chinese after class and try to translate it yourself. If you can't, you can discuss it with the teacher (don't be embarrassed, the teacher welcomes your questions). Then, you should buy a workbook about classical Chinese. Do an article every day. If not, you can ask people around you. Never copy the answer, because it won't work. This may not be effective at first, but we must stick to it. I believe that in a short time, your level of classical Chinese will be improved quickly. Note: If you want to learn classical Chinese well, it depends on your attitude. If you really want to learn it well, just follow the above steps and your grades will definitely improve. Because I was also a student, classical Chinese was very poor at that time. This is the method that the teacher taught me, which is really useful. I hope that after reading my suggestions, your classical Chinese will be improved. To sum it up. When reading classical Chinese, you should always write down disyllabic words, polysemous words and special sentence patterns. When reading classical Chinese, as long as a word has a second pronunciation, a word has a second explanation, and a sentence structure is different from modern Chinese, it is necessary to copy it down in time and summarize it.