abstract

A style that proves and expounds the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes others' views. Comments, essays, statements in newspapers and periodicals or thoughts and feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative writing. Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.

Stylistic introduction

Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way of expression, and directly expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning. Using vivid narration to indirectly express the author's thoughts and feelings is different from narrative writing, which focuses on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, causes and functions of things, and is also different from explanatory writing. In short, argumentative essays convince people with reasoning, narrative essays touch people with things, and explanatory essays teach people with knowledge. Argumentative writing is an expression in which the author analyzes, comments and persuades objective things to show his views, opinions and attitudes. It usually consists of three parts: argument, argument and argumentation. You must take technical secondary schools and college entrance examinations.

Types of argumentative essays (classified according to argumentation methods)

1. Make a paper

1, definition: a pointer should state his own views and opinions on certain events or problems positively, and at the same time prove the arguments put forward with sufficient convincing arguments. 2. Requirements: (1) Have a correct view of the issues discussed. (2) Use sufficient convincing arguments. (3) Reasonable and logical.

Step 2 refute the paper

1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other side's point of view and explain your own point of view at the same time. 2. Methods: (1) Propose an argument (2) Prove an argument (3) Summarize the definition of combining argument and rebuttal: first point out the essence of the other party's mistake, then refute the wrong argument that has been pointed out, and put forward tit-for-tat views at the same time or after criticizing.

Three Elements of Argumentative Writing-Introduction 1

Example of article

"Persistence is victory" People hope to have about two experiments in their career or study, and finally succeed, inventing the battery and being awarded the reputation of "the king of invention". Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success. Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that when a German chemist extracted iodine from seawater, he seemed to find a new element, but in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment, he chickened out. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member of the element family-"bromine" to become immortal, the German chemist could only watch each other silently immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist at this moment. Because persistence is victory. (Chang Tianqi) (The scientist who introduced Cl into the immersion liquid and missed the opportunity to discover bromine was German chemist Justus von Liebig, and French scientist Bagra discovered bromine. I hope the author will pay attention to the rigor of argumentative language when writing. He is a German chemist, not a Swedish chemist. )

1, parameter

Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence, and is generally manifested in the title, the first sentence or the end of the article. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success.

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument, if you want to prove the correctness of argument. First of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment. For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible.

3. Demonstration process

Three elements of argumentative writing-introduction 2

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument. Write an opinion according to the topic and then explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.

(1) argument

(1) The meaning of argument: Argument is the point to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is the point and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article. (2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper. (3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article, sometimes it is the title. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument. (4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves. (5) Attention should be paid to the presentation and establishment of the argument: ① Correctness: the persuasiveness of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing. 2 significance: what is in favor of and what is against should be very clear and not ambiguous. Novelty: the argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument. (2) types of arguments: ① factual materials as factual materials of arguments can be A. specific cases, B. summarizing facts, C. statistical data, D. personal experiences and feelings. (2) theoretical materials as the theoretical materials of arguments can be a. classic works and wise sayings of predecessors b. folk proverbs and common sayings c. scientific axioms and laws, etc. (3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments. (2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation. (1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method. (3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison. ① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples. ② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity. ③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects. (4) Argumentation methods are also called example argumentation, fact argumentation, truth argumentation and metaphor argumentation. (5) Refutation method: There are three refutation methods, namely, ① refutation argument, ② refutation argument and ③ refutation argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation. (1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.

Three Elements of Argumentative Writing-Introduction 3

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Parameters:

Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). ): A complete sentence with a clear statement of the topic 1. An argumentative paper generally has only one central argument, and some argumentative papers also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave. 2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers. (But in the exam, it's better to make the argument clear, because the marking teacher doesn't have much time to read it, so it's better to be clear at a glance. Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.

Parameters:

It is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument. 1. Fact argument: Facts play an obvious role in argument. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. Factual arguments include examples and data. 2. Theoretical argument: The theory as an argument is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by the society, and it is the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous aphorisms, proverbs and aphorisms, and the author's reasoning analysis.

Parameters:

The process and method of proving an argument with arguments The relationship between arguments and sub-arguments: Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through arguments. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".

Three Elements of Argumentative Writing-Introduction 4

First, the three elements of argumentative writing:

1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and it is a complete judgment sentence. Never be ambiguous. There are generally four positions of arguments: ① the beginning of the title; 3 in the middle of the article; 4 at the end; 2. Materials used to prove arguments, including factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Attention should be paid to the choice of factual arguments: ① It must be typical. Both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Most people know it, at least in newspapers and TV. (2) It's better to be fresh. The statement of the argument should be accurate, the narrative should be summarized, and the argument should be proved. Pay attention to the following theoretical arguments: ① It can be famous sayings, epigrams, proverbs, theorems, formulas, etc. , but you can't choose novels like Paul. (2) To be accurate and not to be tampered with or distorted. (3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument. 3. Argumentation: the process of proving an argument with arguments. ① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly through arguments. ② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure. Put forward the question (what is it) → analyze the question (why) → solve the question (how to do it), that is, introduce the common argumentation structure of this conclusion: A, summation structure B, contrast structure C, hierarchical structure D, juxtaposition structure ③ Common argumentation methods: A, example method (also called example method): prove the argument with typical examples, as the saying goes, facts speak louder than words. B. Quoting (also called reasoning) can not only quote the theoretical arguments introduced above, but also quote some famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper. C. Contrastive argumentation (also called positive and negative argumentation): This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and let readers know what the author is for and against. D. Metaphorical proof (also called metaphorical argument) enhances the vividness, literariness and persuasiveness of the argument of works. E, analogy argument

Second, demonstrate the concrete embodiment of logic.

The language of argumentative writing must be accurate, vivid, rigorous and targeted. There should be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs, such as total score, contrast, progression and parallelism. With the help of turning sentences, this relationship is highlighted. Such as: you, and although, but definitely, definitely, therefore.

Third, argumentative writing needs more philosophical thinking.

Argumentative writing especially punishes evil and promotes good, exhorts and guides people, so it must be persuasive and have a correct value orientation. Taking political lessons seriously and reading rational articles and famous sayings and aphorisms often will improve our ideological quality and cognitive ability, which is of great benefit to our writing, especially argumentative writing. It will enrich the content of the article, deepen the thought of the article and improve the persuasiveness.

Discussion method

1, deductive demonstration method

Deductive argument is an argument method to infer the essential characteristics of individual things from known general principles and laws. If inductive argument is from special to general, then deductive argument is from general to special. The application of deductive argument requires that the major premise and minor premise must be true, correct and consistent, and the reasoning is logical, otherwise mistakes will occur. For example, the exercise "Persistence is victory" adopts deductive argument, the major premise is that persistence is victory, and the minor premise is that Dickens and Edison persisted, so they won, and the conclusion naturally came out.

2. Other methods

In addition, there are many ways to demonstrate, such as using ancient times to discuss the present, using numbers, parallelism and description. The more methods we master, the deeper and more convincing our reasoning will be, and the more convincing our logical power will be, which can be gradually mastered in the learning process.

Argumentative structure

1, basic structure

1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).

Step 2 classify

2. If we analyze the logical relationship of the content of the article, the specific structure of the argumentative paper can be divided into two categories: a. Vertical: progressive discussion structure. Example 1. "Step by step" type, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front. Example 2. "Link from the past to the present" type: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion questions (from the beginning). Then take the beginning and explain the problem (commitment) discussed; Is to prove the argument from all angles (turn); In the final analysis, it is (together). Example 3. Parallel structure. B. Horizontal type: a discussion structure developed side by side, for example, there is a "general theory-sub-theory-general theory" type, in which arguments are put forward first, then expounded from several aspects, and finally summarized; There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects. There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn. In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.

Common exam questions:

(1) Find out the argument and summarize it (person's name+event name+argument attribute) (2) Specific examples of the role of the argument (service argument or sub-argument) are as follows: ① Argument example: cite facts, cite examples of _ _ _ _ _, demonstrate specific and powerful views, and speak with facts is very convincing. (2) Citing arguments: By quoting _ _ _ _, fully prove _ _, enhance the persuasiveness of the article, and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language. (3) Comparative demonstration: through the comparison between _ _ _ and _ _ _, highlight the point of view. Thus, _ _ _ has been proved and demonstrated comprehensively. ④ Metaphorical argument: comparing _ _ with _ _ _ proves _ _ powerfully, and thus proves _ _. Make the point vivid and easy to understand. The specific context should be analyzed concretely. (3) Supplement the argument according to the argument (function: make the argument more comprehensive, powerful and universal) (4) Deduce the point (5) Analyze the appropriateness of the argument used in the paragraph (question: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship).

learning method

Beginners can learn how to operate these argumentative essays by imitation. Take an article as an example. The most typical one is Wu Han's Talking about Bone Spirit: 1. Introduction: At the beginning, we put forward the argument that China people have backbone. Then use Mencius' words to explain the argument that "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent". 2. This part: Prove the argument with three examples: Wen Tianxiang is rich and cannot be lewd; The poverty of the poor who do not eat can not be moved, and the strength of Wen Yiduo can not be bent. 3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of the proletariat today and issue a call. There is a transition between the three parts: between introduction and theory, there are "many touching stories of our ancestors with backbone and his positive educational significance." Lead to the following three examples. Between this theory and the conclusion, there is "these words of Mencius, although said more than two thousand years ago, still have his positive significance until now." Make a change. Between the first and second situations, there is a transition between "another story" and "another example". These transitional sentences make the article seamless. The three parts answer three questions respectively: the introduction part answers the question "what is it"; This part answers the question "Why?"; The conclusion part answers the question "What should we do?". All three cases are summarized, and each case is followed by a few short sentences. These arguments clarify the meaning of events, tie events closely to arguments, and are the link between arguments. Otherwise, it will be practical, and the argument will be out of line. Argumentative writing is a kind of style with argumentation as the main expression. By listing factual materials and using logical reasoning, this paper expounds the knowledge and understanding of things and shows the views and attitudes towards problems. People from all walks of life need to read and write frequently in order to accept or express their ideas. An argumentative essay usually contains three elements: argument, argument and argument. Argument is the ideological viewpoint expounded in argumentative essay; Argumentation is the basis of this paper to prove the argument; Argumentation is to reveal the logical relationship between arguments and arguments. The close relationship between the three constitutes the main body of the argumentative paper.

Attachment: brief argument reference

The weight of a tear Some people say that girls are made of water. Because I love to cry. I said that the girl is an angel of water, and God gave her a more sensitive heart. Moved by everything around, but also touched everything around. Some people say that crying is because of loneliness. Because there is no one to cry with you. I said, crying is because of happiness, because you have the capital to be moved and the heart to be moved. While enjoying the surrounding scenery, it is also a bright spot for people to enjoy. Frankly speaking, I am very fragile. Especially when you are sick. But a greeting and a kind look will make me cry. When you are quiet, you will always think of others' kindness to yourself and cry. Sometimes, a person calms down and thinks about something. Feel everything around, calm and silky soft. Inner peace is like water. I will think, I am lucky. Comments: Tears are a good thing: sensitive nerves, rich feelings and extraordinary imagination. The last lesson. The professor of social psychology told his students on the podium: "Struggle usually refers to a tough attitude towards life, which advocates perseverance and courage. But in fact, people are extremely small in front of society and even the whole nature. Therefore, don't be misled by the word' struggle' because of young passion. " The students were surprised that such words were actually said by their beloved tutor, much like the scene in the sketch. The professor clearly understood the emotions of the students in the audience and said with a smile: "In my opinion, struggle includes two levels-positive struggle and negative adaptation. Please come with me. " Dozens of people came to the lawn in front of the professor's house. The professor pointed to an old locust tree and said, "There is a nest of ants here, which have been following me for many years." The students leaned over to see: there were small holes in the cracks of the trees, and small ants were running around, coming in and out, so lively. The professor said, "In recent days, I often tried to intercept them, but I failed." The students found that most of the cracks and holes around the tree were sealed by mud and wooden wedges. "But they can always find a way out elsewhere." The professor said, "I even used mothballs and glue, but they all survived the disaster." For a while, I found that their only entrance was at the top of the tree, which was very inconvenient; And a week later, I found that they had reopened a new hole in the open space of the tree waist. "The students expressed their admiration. The professor said: "the living environment of ants is not wider than yours." Their stage of struggle is really narrow. More importantly, they have a deep understanding of their own strength. Therefore, instead of confronting me, they endured and adapted. When they knew that they couldn't change the fact that the hole was blocked, they quickly adapted. In nature, those beasts who are good at fighting, such as lions, tigers, bears, etc., are mostly in jeopardy at present, because compared with ants, they don't seem to know another force of struggle-adaptation. The professor said: "Adapting to the environment itself is an integral part of the struggle. Only on this basis can we open up a battlefield for confrontation and have a bright chance of winning in life. "Well, I wish you success in your struggle."

Argumentative writing details

(1) Think hard 1. Far-sighted: stand tall and look far, not talk about things. Sometimes it seems nothing, but careful analysis can still find problems. It is far-sighted to find problems among seemingly absent problems. 2. See the micro-knowledge: that is to say, we should see a development trend and a major event from small things. 3. From the outside to the inside: Analyze the essence of things from the surface. 4. From this to that: Sometimes two things seem to have nothing to do with each other, but they are actually related to each other. You should be able to hang them up. (2) Pay attention to the material 1. Possession of material 2. Inventory data: today's society is an information society, and information is very important to everything, so we should also promote the quality of teaching with information. Information is a warehouse, and some students speak it in a few words. Because they consume little information, they should be good at capturing information and have inventory materials. 3. Use materials: When writing, you should filter the stored material library and extract the materials you need. (3) The analysis of language expression refines opinions, screens materials, and then language expression. Language is not gorgeous, the key is accuracy and conciseness. Great writers' works never look gorgeous, but they are catchy and stand the test of the times. Just as we read Lu Xun's works now, we can feel the beauty of the language. In fact, the language expression of most students is not a problem. The main problem is that there are few materials and low ideas. [2]

Basic writing methods of argumentative essays

The basic requirements of an argument are: the author's views and opinions; The basic requirements of arguments are: factual arguments (celebrity cases) and rational arguments (authoritative quotes, aphorisms, poems and common sentences); The basic requirements of argumentation are: comparative reasoning, metaphorical reasoning and quotation. When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.