1. Structural elements of the case From the perspective of the structure of the article, the case generally includes the following basic elements.

(1) The background case needs to explain the relevant situation of the story to the reader: time, place, people, reasons for the incident, etc. If you are introducing a class, you should explain the background of the class, whether it is a key school or an ordinary school, an experienced excellent teacher or a young new teacher, and a prepared "open class" or an ordinary class. The background introduction doesn't need to be comprehensive, but it is important to explain whether there are any special reasons or conditions for the story.

(2) The theme case should have a theme. When writing a case, we should first consider what problems I want to reflect in this case, whether it is to explain how to change poor students, or to emphasize how to inspire thinking, or to introduce how to organize group discussions. Before you start writing, you must have a clear idea. When writing, we should cut in from the most rewarding and enlightening angle, choose and establish the theme.

(3) With a detailed theme, you don't need to record everything when writing, but filter the original materials and explain the specific content to readers in a targeted manner. For example, to introduce how teachers guide students to master learning methods, it is necessary to write clearly how students change from "not knowing" to "learning", especially the key details. We can't introduce the "method", but we just pass it by when it comes to "mastering".

(4) Results Generally speaking, the teaching plan and teaching design only have the envisaged measures without the results of implementation, while the case should not only explain the teaching ideas and describe the teaching process, but also explain the teaching results, that is, the immediate effect of such teaching measures, including students' reflection and teachers' feelings. Readers know the result, which is helpful to deepen their understanding of the whole process.

The author should have some views on the theme and content reflected in the case, including the guiding ideology, process and results of education and teaching, and analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Comment is a discussion based on narration, which can further reveal the significance and value of the event. For example, the same example of the transformation of "poor students" can be cut in from different theoretical angles such as pedagogy, psychology and sociology to reveal the reasons for success and scientific laws. Comments are not necessarily theoretical explanations, but also practical and emotional, which arouse people's praise and inspiration.

2. The key to writing a good case

Three key problems should be paid attention to in writing good education and teaching cases.

(1) Select a complex situation.

Complex situations provide more space for choice, thinking and imagination, thus giving people more enlightenment. There are many typical cases and difficulties in school education and teaching, how to deal with them. Cases can reflect teachers' behaviors, attitudes, thoughts and feelings from different angles, and put forward solutions and examples. What kind of situations and materials to choose should be targeted. First, we should adapt to the needs of the current educational reform practice and put forward things and problems that people care about and want to know; The second is to consider the scope of case dissemination, whether it is published publicly, disseminated in schools or for personal reference only. In short, writing a case should not only tell a vivid story, but also pay attention to why the story is told and to whom.

(2) reveal the psychology of the characters

The behavior of the characters is the superficial phenomenon of the story, and the psychology of the characters is the internal basis of the story development. Faced with the same situation, different teachers may have different ways to deal with it. Why are there different methods? What is the internal logic of these educational behaviors? What do the instructors think? Cases can go deep into people's inner world and let readers "know why". This is also the place where cases are different from teaching plans and teaching records. A good case should give full play to this feature and advantage.

Another important aspect of characters' psychology is students' psychological activities. Because cases are generally written by teachers, attention is often focused on teachers. How do you think, how do you teach, and how effective you are? You can explain clearly and feel good about yourself. However, how students think in their hearts and whether their views on teaching effect are consistent with those of teachers are often ignored. People often say that "preparing lessons should be done at both ends": preparing textbooks and preparing students. Truly reflecting students' thoughts and feelings in the process of education is an important part of writing a good case.

(3) Have original thinking.

The same thing can lead to different thinking. In a sense, the quality of a case is determined by the level of thinking. You need a pair of "eyes" to find, ask and solve problems from the complicated educational phenomena, and tell people what you want to know but can't say. There are no secrets and shortcuts to this skill, and it can only be understood and mastered through long-term tempering. A good case can be better than many generalities. After all, good articles are not written, but made.

Second, the format of classroom teaching case writing

1, "description+analysis" formula

This format is characterized by dividing the whole case into two parts. The first part mainly describes the scene of classroom teaching activities, and the second part mainly analyzes one or two problems in the scene theoretically. In general, the description of a case is to describe a certain segment of classroom teaching activities as a story, which is as original, concrete and vivid as a story. The form of description can be a series of question-and-answer classroom dialogues or a general narrative, which mainly provides one or a series of difficult problems in classroom teaching and hides educational theories and ideas in the description. The analysis part of the case is to talk about some personal feelings or theoretical explanations for the described situation. The analysis method can be to analyze a question raised in the specification from several aspects, or to analyze several questions in the specification from one aspect.

2. "Background+Description+Question+Interpretation"

This format is a very demanding format and plays a greater role in practical teaching. Usually it divides the whole case into four parts: (1) theme and background.

The theme is to reflect the problems to be solved in the case, and it is also the core idea of the whole case. The background mainly describes the place and time of the case and some basic information of the person in the case. Of course, this part of the content should not be very long, just outline it and describe it clearly.

⑵ Scenario description: the same as "description+analysis" description, mainly highlighting the classroom teaching activities reflected by the theme.

(3) discussion of problems

This is the homework list designed according to the theme and scenario description before the case discussion, including the main points of subject knowledge, teaching methods and scenario characteristics, as well as the explanation and precautions of the case. This part mainly serves for case teaching, aiming at improving students' ability of active participation, and students have rules to follow. Different teaching ideas and different teaching methods have raised different questions. Students can have their own views on the topics raised in the case and the problems raised in the scene description. Teachers put forward various ideas and methods for students, which is an "exercise" to solve practical teaching problems.

(4) Interpretation and research

This is mainly a multi-angle interpretation of the case with educational theory. Including the technical data of classroom teaching behavior, classroom teaching records and the data behind teaching activities. For example, in classroom teaching, we often see a phenomenon that the target students expected by teachers have not answered, and there is a deviation. There is a contradiction between the presentation of teaching content and students' understanding, the application of teaching methods and the stimulation of students' intrinsic motivation. Behind every contradiction, there must be rich educational ideas. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the inner thoughts behind these contradictions and reveal their educational laws through interpretation.

Sixth, the "standard" of good cases.

1, readable. A good case is a literary work, with a clear theme and a prominent center. It should be developed around the theme in a fascinating and charming way. The background of the incident is clearly explained, and the psychological feelings, experiences and inner conflicts of the characters are fully revealed, and the expression is clear, vivid and lively.

2. Keep pace with the times. A good case must have the characteristics of the times, reflect the most common problems in current education and teaching, and arouse self-reflection and people's feelings.

3. Personalization. The content and form of the case should have its own characteristics and can be expressed in its own personalized language. The analysis and discussion of the problem can excavate and refine one's own views from a theoretical height, arouse people's thinking in many aspects and angles, and touch people's souls.

4, generally expressed in the past tense.

5. The number of words should be in the range of 2000-4000 words.

How to Write Education and Teaching Cases (3)

Teaching cases are organized by teachers.

After education and teaching, the scene at that time was reproduced in the form of words and images, reflecting the process of reflection. The case can intuitively and vividly reflect the specific process of education and teaching, and it has strong readability and operability. A good education and teaching case is a vivid and concrete education and teaching situation story, plus wonderful comments, which is better than many general papers.

First, the significance of writing education and teaching cases

Writing education and teaching cases is of great significance for implementing the established education and teaching tasks, promoting curriculum reform, and improving teachers' educational and teaching theoretical level and professional quality.

1. Be close to reality and integrate theory with practice. Many teachers have studied many educational and teaching theories and become familiar with many theoretical viewpoints, but this does not necessarily mean that they have really understood and mastered them. An important purpose of studying educational teaching theory is to guide practice, but many teachers always feel that there is a considerable distance between educational teaching theory and teaching practice and it is difficult to connect. It is better to learn some specific teaching methods. Therefore, in the practice of education and teaching, it is not uncommon to rely on experience and feeling, and the improvement of teachers' professional level and their own quality is not too great. This phenomenon that theory is divorced from practice has seriously affected the teaching effect and the implementation of the new curriculum. To a great extent, education and teaching cases make up for the lack of separation between teachers' education and teaching theory and work practice. It is like a bridge, which closely combines theoretical study with education and teaching practice. Through case study and the application of educational theory, teachers can effectively deepen their understanding of educational theory. A typical case can reflect the application process of education and teaching theory in practice, and find arguments to support or refute theoretical assumptions from many cases, which can effectively avoid the deviation in the process of pure theoretical research.

2. Exchange and discuss, and standardize education and teaching behavior. Education and teaching cases are "education and teaching situation stories", and different people will have different interpretations of the stories. Therefore, education and teaching cases are very suitable for the exchange and discussion of education and teaching, and can become an effective carrier of teaching and research activities and school-based training. Education and teaching cases reflect the problems, contradictions and puzzles that teachers encounter in their education and teaching activities, as well as the resulting ideas, ideas and countermeasures. Exploring these problems and ideas can promote every teacher to study and reflect on his own teaching behavior, share other people's successful teaching experience, improve teachers' ability to analyze problems and professional level, consciously adjust teaching and learning behavior in practice, and improve classroom teaching efficiency, which is very beneficial. Therefore, according to the implementation of the new curriculum, schools and teachers should determine the topics for discussion in stages, collect materials around a certain theme or topic, write educational and teaching cases, and exchange discussions. At the same time, combined with school-based training and other forms, it reflects the study and practice of relevant theories, making the new curriculum research and training activities more targeted and effective.

3. Practice reflection and sum up experience. Education and teaching cases not only describe teachers' education and teaching behavior, but also record the thoughts, emotions and inspirations that accompany this behavior. It is a teacher's personal teaching file and educational history, which has unique preservation and research value. Through years of accumulation, integrating, expanding and perfecting several education and teaching cases may be a valuable and excellent paper.

Teachers with rich experience in education and teaching have many successful examples and experiences when talking about their own work experience. However, when writing education and teaching cases, knowing them but not knowing why, is often limited to specific practice and lacks the connotation of "why" and "how". It is true that case writing in education and teaching is a reflection on education and teaching practice. By describing and analyzing appropriate examples from practice, we can more clearly understand why some teaching methods have been successful and why some teaching methods have not achieved satisfactory results. Through reflection, we can refine and clarify the effective education and teaching behavior and its theoretical basis, so as to guide the future education and teaching practice more effectively.

Teaching cases are also a good form for teachers to sort out and record their teaching career and summarize their teaching experience. In education and teaching, there are many people and things worth thinking about, studying or remembering. Some problems are not suitable for writing papers through thinking, but they can't keep a running account, so writing education and teaching cases is a choice.

Second, the basic characteristics of education and teaching cases

Education and teaching cases can introduce the education and teaching situation of a country or region from a macro perspective, and can describe a special activity or a class from a micro perspective; The long ones can describe the development process of education and teaching events in detail, and the short ones can focus on introducing a certain situation or fragment. We can focus on practical description and theoretical analysis. Excellent education and teaching cases must have the following basic characteristics:

1. It is objective. Education and teaching cases record the process and results of education and teaching practice, which can truthfully reflect the facts of education and teaching practice. Compared with the paper, the paper aims at reasoning and focuses on discussion. Education and teaching cases aim at recording, give priority to narration, and have discussions and explanations. In other words, the case of education and teaching is mainly about telling a related story, rather than explaining the truth through the story. As far as the thinking mode of writing is concerned, the writing of papers is generally deductive thinking, and the thinking mode is from abstract to concrete, while the writing of educational teaching cases is inductive thinking, and the thinking mode is from concrete to abstract.

2. Typical. Education and teaching cases are representative cases that can reflect some characteristics of education and teaching, and the inherent laws of education and teaching are explored through research. Compared with the teaching plan and teaching design, the teaching plan and teaching design reflect the educational and teaching ideas envisaged in advance and explain the educational and teaching measures to be implemented; Education and teaching cases are the reflection of the education and teaching process that has happened. One is written before teaching and the other is written after teaching; One is expectation, and the other is result. The characteristics of material selection and writing content are different.

3. Very instructive. Education and teaching cases have the function of encouraging migration. Through the exchange of education and teaching cases, teachers can analyze and deal with similar or other problems and events encountered in education and teaching, which has the function of reference and enlightenment. So as to clarify the direction of education and teaching, form correct education and teaching behavior, and finally achieve the goal of improving education and teaching efficiency.

4. Very distinctive. Education and teaching cases are the summary of teachers' own vivid education and teaching practice, which highlights teachers' own distinctive personality, clear direction and sense of the times. As a form of writing, the writing of educational teaching cases is different from papers, teaching plans, teaching designs or teaching records. Compared with teaching records, although their writing styles are similar, both of them describe the educational situation, but teaching records are a complete record of the whole teaching process, and the description of educational teaching cases is selective. As for what to choose, it depends on the purpose and function of compiling education and teaching cases. Teaching records generally do not introduce teaching effects, nor do they contain comments. Summarizing and commenting on the effects and characteristics of education and teaching is an important content of education and teaching cases.

Third, the basic elements of education and teaching cases

From the perspective of article structure, education and teaching cases generally include the following basic elements:

1. Explain the background and focus on it. It is necessary to explain clearly the time, place, characters and reasons of the education and teaching cases, which may include schools, classes, students and teachers. But it is not necessary to describe the general scene of the incident. What is important is to explain whether there are any special reasons or conditions for the occurrence of the case, so as to provide useful background information for readers to understand the case.

2. Highlight the theme and reveal the essence. The theme of education and teaching case, that is, what problems should be reflected in this education and teaching case. This is the case writer's in-depth understanding, comprehensive analysis, processing and refining of the background, panorama and details of the case, and it is the basic idea of the characters' behavior and events described in the case. For example, a case can reflect the knowledge, understanding and practice of a new concept; It can be the development of curriculum resources and the construction of national, local and school three-level courses; It can explain how the teacher's role changes and the way of teaching and learning changes; Or introduce the grasp and treatment of the key and difficult points of the course or textbook; Or introduce how to help students with learning difficulties, how to carry out research-based learning activities, different research topics, research groups, research stages, unique problems, situations and experiences, and how to organize students' autonomy, cooperation, exploration and discussion. Generally speaking, more novel and complex situations will provide more space for choice, thinking and imagination, and may give people more enlightenment. There are many typical cases and problems in school education. Therefore, the choice of questions should meet the needs of the current curriculum reform practice, and the choice of things and questions that people care about and want to know should be relatively novel and should not be a cliche. Second, we should choose our most rewarding and enlightening questions, choose the right angle to cut in and avoid being confused by others. The third is to consider the scope and object of case communication, and pay attention to why this story is told and to whom. In short, you need to think, analyze, judge, choose and establish a distinct theme before you start writing.

3. Reflect the specific content and write down the key details. The writing of education and teaching cases should not record everything. It is necessary to screen and process the original materials, highlight the key points, and select the specific content that best reflects the main problems. It is necessary to make a detailed description, explaining what the problem is, how it happened, the process and steps of solving the problem, and the repetitions and setbacks in the process of solving the problem. Pay attention to writing down the key details clearly. For example, to introduce how teachers guide students to master learning methods, it is necessary to write clearly how students changed from "unable to learn" to "able to learn". We can't introduce the "method", but the key details of "mastering" are just a scratch.

In this link, special attention should be paid to revealing the thoughts and psychology of relevant figures. Different teachers may have different ways to deal with different situations. What do the coaches think? Why is there such a different approach? What is the internal logic of these educational and teaching behaviors? What is the theoretical support? You can let readers know both why and why. A good education and teaching case should be able to reflect students' thoughts and feelings in the process of education and teaching. Therefore, another important aspect of the characters' mentality is the students. When a teacher writes a case, he often focuses on the teacher's side, ignoring what the students think in their hearts and whether their views on the teaching effect are consistent with those of the teacher.

4. Highlight the characteristics and explain the results. Cases should not only explain the concept of education and teaching, describe the process of education and teaching, but also explain the results of education and teaching, that is, the effects achieved by some teaching measures, including teachers' feelings and students' reactions, which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved, what are the regrets of successful experiences and mistakes, and future ideas. Details and results are the most basic elements of the text of education and teaching cases, and they are the main part of the case, and the writing form of the case is not strictly stipulated. Its description language requires plainness, conciseness, accuracy and vividness, which can objectively and accurately reflect the ins and outs of events, and avoid literary and tedious narrative.

5. Multi-angle evaluation, summarizing the reasons for success or failure. Evaluation is to evaluate and analyze the theme and content reflected in education and teaching cases on the basis of narrative events. Through the reflection on the education and teaching behavior in the case, the advantages and disadvantages are sorted out, the reasons for success and failure and the laws of education and teaching are summarized, and the enlightenment significance and value of the event are revealed.

Comments can be made from different theoretical angles (such as pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc.). ), and it can be expounded theoretically, and it can also be felt and discussed in a practical way. The same thing can lead to different thinking. Comment on those who have unique thinking and can find problems, ask questions and solve problems from complicated educational phenomena, and tell people what they want to know but can't say. In this sense, the quality of the case is determined by the author's academic support and ideological level. Evaluation can be self-evaluation or expert comments.

Four, the basic requirements of writing education and teaching cases

There are many ways to write education and teaching cases, but we need to pay attention to three aspects, which is the key to write a good education and teaching case.

1. Clarify the scope of objects and highlight the times. There are many typical cases and problems in school education. Cases can reflect teachers' behaviors, attitudes, thoughts and feelings from different angles, and put forward ideas and examples to solve problems. Therefore, what kind of situations and materials to choose to write education and teaching cases should be targeted, meet the needs of current curriculum reform practice, and put forward things and problems that people care about and want to know. It is necessary to consider the object and scope of case dissemination, whether it is published publicly, in what level of newspapers and periodicals, at what level, or for personal reference only. In a word, writing education and teaching cases should not only tell a vivid story, but also pay attention to why the story is told and to whom.

2. Student-oriented, giving full play to characteristics and advantages. The behavior of the characters is the superficial phenomenon of the story, and the psychology of the characters is the internal basis of the story development. Faced with the same situation, different teachers may have different ways to deal with it. Why are there different methods? What is the internal logic of these educational behaviors? What do the instructors think? Cases can go deep into people's inner world and let readers "know why". This is where cases are different from teaching plans and teaching records, and good cases should be able to play this feature and advantage. Another important aspect of characters' psychology is students' psychological activities. Because cases are usually written by teachers, the author's attention tends to focus on the teacher. What do you think, how do you teach, and what is the effect? It can be explained that I feel good about myself. However, how students think in their hearts and whether their views on teaching effect are consistent with those of teachers are often ignored. It is often said that "preparing lessons at both ends" means preparing textbooks and students. Truly reflecting students' thoughts and feelings in the process of education and teaching is an important part of writing good education and teaching cases.

3. From this to that, thinking is unique. The same thing can lead to different thinking. In a sense, the quality of a case is determined by the level of thinking. Therefore, the author needs a pair of "eyes" to find problems, ask questions, solve problems and tell people what they want to know but can't say. There are no secrets and shortcuts to this skill, and it can only be understood and mastered through long-term tempering. In the final analysis, a good education and teaching case is not "written" but "made".

The content of education and teaching cases is close to reality, with rich sources of materials, free writing form and easy communication. To write a good case of education and teaching, the author should not only have certain writing ability and the foundation of education and teaching practice, but also strengthen the study of educational theory and constantly sum up and accumulate experience.