The topic is not discussed here. After the first draft of the paper is completed, it is a challenging job to draw up the topic accurately, which needs to be discussed with the tutor more. The topic selection of many papers is inconsistent with the content, and it is a common phenomenon that the topic selection cannot accurately cover the main problems and work content of the research; The use of keywords in the topic is not rigorous; The topic is too long or too short.

2. Pay attention to whether there is a lack of written language expression.

The concrete manifestations are as follows: chapters and paragraphs lack transition, paragraphs have no central idea, and some paragraphs are a whole page, no matter whether the reader is tired or not; Each core paragraph should have a "topic sentence" around the objectives of this chapter.

3. The structure of the paper should be compact and reasonable, and grasp the overall idea.

1) the basis of the topic, convince the reader why you want to do it? What is the significance of this research work? How did the predecessors do the research? What's the main problem? Note that it is not necessary to list all the existing problems, but should highlight the aspects related to this study.

2) Scientific questions (research objectives), following the problems existing in the project basis, put forward scientific questions, which should not be too big and too general, but also have a certain research space, which is the research objective of this paper. Tell readers that I just want to solve these problems, and many students have written "research objectives" as "research content".

3) Solutions, including the overall technical route, sources of materials and data, and specific research methods (sampling, modeling, analysis, etc.). ). Some key methods or special technical means involved in this study should be made clear in this part, and conventional methods should be simply ignored.

4) Result analysis, which shows the main results with graphs and tables, follows a certain logical relationship, expresses the results in an orderly and hierarchical way, and gives objective analysis and explanation to guide readers to think; The results must be presented around the research objectives. Don't copy all the details, especially in the defense process, time is limited, and the main research results must be highlighted.

5) Conclusion and prospect, don't confuse conclusion and result, the result is objective facts (data) obtained through research, which reveals some phenomena that are not easy to find, while conclusion is the essence, that is, laws, viewpoints and opinions that can be obtained through research and result analysis; If you can make it clear, you must make the conclusions given locally concise. If there are risks, we must draw conclusions carefully and give preconditions before drawing conclusions. There should be no more than four or five conclusions, and each conclusion can find an objective basis in the paper. A universally applicable conclusion should never be included in the thesis and defense. The so-called innovation and prospects should not be too much, enough is enough, and greed should not be exaggerated; The most taboo is the subversive ending of "this research data is limited, there is no actual verification, and it still exists".