Loanwords refer to accepting new words directly from other languages, which is one of the most common sources of new words in Japanese. There are a large number of Chinese words in Japanese, most of which were imported from ancient China. From the definition of loanwords, Chinese vocabulary can be regarded as a kind of Japanese loanwords. But from the perspective of idioms, Chinese vocabulary should not belong to the category of Japanese loanwords. Because the loanwords introduced a long time ago have been completely integrated into Japanese and Japanese culture, the feeling of foreign languages has disappeared. This vocabulary is generally written in hiragana or Chinese characters in Japanese history. At present, the so-called loanwords in Japanese and the exclusion of Chinese only limit loanwords to western foreign languages after16th century, and are sometimes called "loanwords". Japanese vocabulary mainly includes Chinese, Japanese, loanwords and mixed languages, and loanwords are a very important part of Japanese vocabulary, which have witnessed the cultural changes and social development in Japan to a great extent.
The Influence of Loanwords on Japanese
Loanwords are usually expressed by transliteration, but Japanese syllables are relatively not rich enough, so it is difficult to find the corresponding syllables in the pronunciation of many Japanese loanwords. However, it must be transliteration. At this time, the Japanese will refer to the pronunciation of foreign words and create many new syllables. At the same time, the introduction of foreign words has led to the change of traditional pronunciation rules. ?
Chinese words in Japanese are generally used to mark Japanese nouns, adjectives and other stems, but Hiragana is mainly used to mark primary and secondary verbs and auxiliary verbs, and is also generally used to mark flexible parts of language. Katakana is generally used to mark loanwords and foreigners' names and place names. A long time ago, katakana was used by monks to pronounce words as annotations and marks when studying Buddhism. Although the Japanese invented katakana a long time ago, few people can use it. With the introduction and long-term development of a large number of loanwords, it is relatively simple to use katakana markers to imitate the pronunciation of loanwords and mark them. Since then, Japanese has been formally established in the form of Chinese characters, hiragana and katakana.
Loanwords are a way for countries to export their national cultures, which are symbolic in cultural exchanges and fully reflect the development of national cultures. When none of the words imported from abroad can be completely pronounced in Japanese, they are directly pronounced by transliteration, which reflects the frequent exchanges between countries and shows the advantages of Japan's ability to absorb foreign advanced cultures. Before the introduction of loanwords in Japan, there were very few Japanese words, which were mainly composed of two parts: Japanese words and Chinese words. The introduction of loanwords enriches Japanese vocabulary. In 2000, Japan re-published a dictionary of Japanese loanwords, which included as many as100000 words from 26 countries. According to statistics, 40% of them are Chinese, 45% are English, and 15% are other languages. Loanwords account for as much as 10% in modern Japanese vocabulary, even higher in some fields, such as fashion 97%, diet 84%, beauty 86%, sports 76%, housing 67%, engineering 40%, biology 30%, management 45%, chemistry 39%, philosophy 23% and politics 65438. With the increasingly close international communication, the vocabulary of loanwords will continue to increase.
The influence of loanwords on Japanese culture
When Japan introduced foreign words, it also introduced foreign culture. With the passage of time, foreign culture gradually combined with Japanese native culture. Japan is a nation that is very good at learning. It constantly expands itself by actively absorbing and utilizing the essence of science, technology and culture of other countries, but at the same time, it does not forget to take its essence and discard its dross. This shows that Japan is not a stupid country that will completely accept the science, technology and culture of other countries, but develops on the basis of other countries and gives it new significance.
Many people will find it easy to learn Japanese at first, especially those in China. This is because Japan borrowed from China not only written language, but also handicrafts, food, tea ceremony and many other aspects. Therefore, Japanese learners in China will feel familiar with it. However, since the Meiji Restoration, China's national strength has gradually weakened, and its scientific, technological, cultural and economic thoughts are no longer the first. So Japan began to turn to the advanced west and continental Europe, and a large number of Portugal, Germany, Italy and Britain became the main sources of foreign words. After Japan's defeat in World War II, the United States entered Japan to transform its militaristic ideology. During this period, some American cultural, political and economic systems began to be introduced to Japan, and Japan also adopted an inclusive attitude towards these advanced scientific and technological cultures, which directly made Japan's own productive forces develop rapidly and promoted Japan's social civilization and progress. It can be seen that most of the main components of Japan and Japanese culture come from China, the West and Europe. Therefore, with the deepening of learning Japanese, I found that Japan has improved all the borrowed things, and the meaning of those words is no longer what I saw in China. At this time, you will find that Japanese is actually not easy to learn.
Language is the carrier of cultural and economic exchanges at any time, and the contact of language and culture between countries is the inevitable product of social development to a certain stage. However, the collision between the two languages will naturally lead to contradictions, mainly cultural vacancies. With the development of science and technology, many new inventions have emerged, which are not found in traditional vocabulary and will cause so-called cross-communication obstacles. At this time, it is urgent to borrow some foreign words from foreign languages. Therefore, loanwords are the product of the baptism of foreign culture and Japanese native culture, the symbol of foreign cultural exchange activities, and will also affect the development of a national culture.
Japan is a very diligent country, and its culture is formed by learning foreign cultures. When Japan introduced and absorbed foreign advanced culture and technology, loanwords played a vital role. With the continuous development and perfection of loanwords, it has also brought profound influence to Japanese culture.
The positive effects include: (1) The introduction of loanwords has promoted communication and accelerated the pace of absorbing advanced culture and technology from many other countries. New culture and new technology have been improved after entering Japan, which has promoted the rapid development of Japanese social culture and science and technology. (2) Loanwords make Japanese native language and culture more colorful, and loanwords are languages specially used to express new things. (3) Influence on language sense and expression. Relatively speaking, the previous Chinese vocabulary and Japanese vocabulary were relatively dull, but the loanwords brought people a new feeling, which was in line with the Japanese hobby of accepting fresh and popular elements. Japanese people have a characteristic of speaking, that is, they like vagueness, and the expression is always not so clear. I hope others can understand themselves. Compared with traditional words, the meaning of loanwords is not so direct and strong. When many traditional words are not suitable for expression, loanwords can be used instead. Therefore, the euphemism and implication of loanwords are very consistent with Japanese expressions.
The negative effects include: (1) too many foreign words will flood. If we consider the problem from the perspective of language and culture, it is easy to destroy the original Japanese system by introducing too many foreign words. With the increase in the vocabulary of loanwords, the chances of Japanese speaking Japanese vocabulary will gradually decrease, followed by the decline of traditional culture. (2) The introduction frequency of loanwords is too fast. Too fast will lead to many difficult situations. Loanwords are synonymous with new things, so it is difficult for the elderly in Japan to understand the meaning of loanwords and it is inconvenient to communicate with young people.
Japanese is ideographic, that is, it uses the combination of sounds to express the meaning of words, while China is ideographic, that is, it uses shapes to express the meaning of words. Because Japan borrowed from China's hieroglyphics, it formed a thinking mode in images. Phonetic thinking allows Japanese people to understand a large number of western loanwords through pronunciation. Over time, Japanese people's thinking is similar to that of people in western countries. Japanese people who combine these two ways of thinking are also more developed in understanding and more receptive to new things and new ideas. With the development of science and technology, economy and culture, there is no doubt that Japan will introduce more foreign words in the future.
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