To reach this cultural treasure house, we must cross the reading barrier-classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese, as a popular written language in ancient times, is far from spoken English in daily communication.
Therefore, the meaning and usage of notional words and function words in classical Chinese have become an important part of classical Chinese teaching. However, in the current teaching of classical Chinese, we either weaken the teaching of classical Chinese words, or even talk about the teaching of words; Either teaching vocabulary in classical Chinese as a second foreign language aims at accurately understanding the meaning of words and transmitting knowledge, "forming the skills and techniques of learning knowledge, and simplifying the teaching process into a passive acceptance process of teachers' teaching, students' main memory and practice."
"It ignores the rich connection between cultural knowledge and the world of human and children's experience." This is more obvious in the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.
The new curriculum reform emphasizes process, experience and inquiry, and its essence is to pay attention to students' inner psychological needs. In the teaching of function words in classical Chinese, both the function of tasting and the systematic induction and inference of usage deprive students of their right to participate.
The inner needs of students are ignored or even ignored, and the lack of emotion will inevitably lead to the lack of emotion. Only by putting the teaching of function words in classical Chinese on the premise of students' development as human beings and optimizing teaching methods can we restore the original purpose of the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.
This paper attempts to explore new methods of teaching function words in classical Chinese from the perspectives of excavating their emotional meaning and guiding their serialization and application. To optimize the teaching methods of function words in classical Chinese, we should start from the following aspects: first, we should understand the humanization of usage, and appreciate the emotional attitude contained in function words through beautiful reading and comparative reading; The second is to master the macro meaning of words and let students know why; Thirdly, sort out induction and serialization, decompose messy word learning tasks, dynamically generate knowledge framework and use it flexibly; Fourth, diversification of migration methods, attention to students' psychological needs, and timely and appropriate migration.
2. Classical Chinese, how to improve the efficiency of classical Chinese teaching in senior high school? In the context of the new curriculum, to improve the efficiency of classical Chinese teaching in senior high schools, we should start from the following aspects:
First, go beyond tradition and use teaching materials boldly and innovatively. In the process of teaching, many teachers always want to teach students all the relevant knowledge of textbooks at once, so they always want to cover everything in the teaching design, which makes classroom teaching cumbersome and procrastinating. As a result, they want to teach everything, but they don't want to teach anything, at least not completely. So we should use teaching materials boldly and innovatively. For example, in the teaching design of Six Kingdoms, the teaching materials are greatly reduced, and the traditional teaching focus and breakthrough are placed outside the classroom, so that students can solve it by themselves. Only the teaching focus of "learning and knowing" is kept as the core content of their classroom teaching, which makes the teaching goal more clear and the focus more prominent, thus improving the efficiency of classroom teaching.
Second, give people fish to stimulate students' initiative in learning. Traditional classical Chinese teaching is almost centered on vocabulary teaching, and the most common methods of vocabulary interpretation are cross talk and translation. Teachers explain mechanically, students listen passively and take notes, teachers are tired, students remember hardships, and the actual effect is not good. The disadvantage of this teaching method is that the teacher's role consciousness is too strong, and the students as the main body of teaching are not allowed to give full play to their subjective initiative and enter the situation of active thinking and active learning. To change this situation, we must fully stimulate students' initiative in learning, change passive acceptance into active learning, and improve learning efficiency. Teachers are organizers and guides of learning activities. Sorting out the meanings and usages of real words, function words and sentence patterns common in classical Chinese can organize and guide students to do it themselves. If teachers demonstrate learning cards in classical Chinese and instruct students to make their own cards and compare them, the problems of using words and making sentences in classical Chinese can be solved easily. This design allows every student to participate in autonomous learning, which can not only cultivate students' ability to solve related problems with reference books, but also enable students to experience the importance of cooperative learning, cultivate students' sense of cooperation and team spirit, and truly teach them to fish.
Third, strengthen reading and pursue the classical Chinese teaching classroom of "reading". Classical Chinese is very important to read. "If you read a book a hundred times, you will understand its meaning." "Read an article a hundred times and you will know." Therefore, repeated reading has been the main way to learn classical Chinese since ancient times. The phonological harmony of classical Chinese has a long history and is short and easy to remember. Students can penetrate into the bone marrow by reading the rhetoric thoughts of classical Chinese, and consciously or unconsciously learn from the words, meanings, contexts and methods in these famous works when writing, and integrate them into their own works, thus greatly enhancing the expression effect of the works.
3. Middle school Chinese teaching thesis: How to improve the effectiveness of classical Chinese teaching 1. To improve the scientificity and systematization of classical Chinese teaching means that classical Chinese teaching must follow its inherent laws and requirements, and must be based on the basic characteristics of classical Chinese learning and high school students.
Although classical Chinese teaching is a part of Chinese teaching in middle schools, it is still very different from modern Chinese teaching. We must face up to this difference and base ourselves on our own characteristics in order to achieve good teaching results. After entering the high school stage, our Chinese teacher does not attach great importance to students' mastery of the most basic knowledge such as words and sentences, but gives guidance and analysis from the aspects of appreciation and analysis of works.
However, it is easy to ignore that there is a big gap between classical Chinese and modern Chinese, whether in classroom teaching or college entrance examination. In the curriculum standards and college entrance examination syllabus, for the classical Chinese part, more attention is paid to the translation of content words, function words, sentence patterns and sentences in classical Chinese, and the general judgment requirements for classical Chinese information are relatively low.
Therefore, in the teaching of classical Chinese, we must aim at the students' level, set the teaching objectives according to the curriculum standards and examination syllabus, and organize the teaching of classical Chinese in a targeted way. Systematization means that classical Chinese teaching in senior high school can't be piecemeal and follow the contents of textbooks blankly. It is not enough for students to recite classical Chinese chapters.
Teachers need to systematically design and arrange the knowledge and ability requirements involved in classical Chinese in senior high schools. Through three years of planned and step-by-step teaching, students can master this knowledge step by step, comprehensively and systematically. It is necessary to organize teaching activities in accordance with the requirements of curriculum standards, and to combine students' learning level and ability of classical Chinese with preparing for the college entrance examination. Through reading appreciation training in and out of class, and through exercises and exams, students' basic knowledge and ability of classical Chinese should be strengthened, tested and evaluated.
In normal Chinese teaching, teachers should pay attention to the connection and combing of ancient and modern characters, ancient and modern literature and ancient and modern culture, and pay attention to combing and guiding their origins, so as to broaden students' horizons in modern Chinese teaching, so that they can learn and appreciate modern Chinese from the perspective of historical development, objectively and actively understand and evaluate classical Chinese works, feel the wisdom and precious thoughts of the ancients, and feel the profoundness of Chinese culture. The study of modern Chinese language knowledge, the reading appreciation of literary knowledge, the interpretation and analysis of cultural and social phenomena, etc. Only the combination of ancient and modern, the combination of literature and white can be more easily understood and experienced by students, so it is easier to master and feel.
This is not a small challenge for teachers, but also a valuable opportunity to improve their ability and connotation. Third, cultivate students' habit of autonomous learning. Whether it is modern or classical Chinese, the ultimate goal of teachers' teaching is "not to teach", that is, to let students develop good habits of autonomous learning and cultivate their awareness and ability of autonomous learning.
Therefore, in Chinese class, teachers must always pay attention to this point, whether it is modern or classical Chinese teaching, and gradually ask students to guide them to develop the habit of autonomous learning. Teachers will lead students to learn and appreciate famous sentences and articles, and students will develop their own hobbies and learn and appreciate independently. Only when most or even every student has the consciousness and ability of autonomous learning, the effectiveness of teaching is self-evident, and the effectiveness of Chinese teaching and classical Chinese teaching is beyond doubt, so as to achieve effectiveness and efficiency.
4. Junior middle school classical Chinese teaching paper "How to learn and master classical Chinese function words How to learn and master classical Chinese function words-Some experiences in the teaching of classical Chinese function words: the number of Chinese function words in ancient Chinese is relatively small, and there are about 200 common ones; But it appears frequently in ancient poems.
For example, the full text of Zuiwengting Ji is only 402 words, including 1 13 (the word Er appears 25 times, the word Zhi appears 18 times, the word Ye appears 2 1 times, and the word Zhi appears/kloc-0. These function words play an important role in expressing meaning, mood, the internal relationship between words and the interest of articles, and are indispensable.
Therefore, when we study ancient poetry, we should not only pay attention to learning common content words, but also pay attention to learning common function words. Only in this way can we continuously improve the reading ability of classical Chinese.
How to learn common function words? According to my superficial experience in learning and teaching, I think we can deeply understand and gradually master the characteristics and usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese from the following aspects: First, function words in classical Chinese are generally loanwords, and their forms are not intrinsically related to their meanings expressed in sentences, so they cannot be interpreted as content words according to their forms. The prominent feature of function words in classical Chinese is "emptiness", which has no practical significance. Therefore, it was difficult for the ancients to create words with function words.
However, when function words are needed in note writing, they are often recorded by the method of "telling things by sound" under the guise of homophones existing in real words. So the words used in function words are almost all loanwords.
For example: the word "ran", "Shuo Wen": "ran, burned; From fire, peptide (rán) sounds. " The original meaning is "burn", which is a real word (later written as "burn" by fire).
Mencius Gongsun Chou: "If fire starts." Words are the original meaning of words.
In ancient books, the word "ran" is often used to record function words, such as (the examples cited in this paper are all taken from middle school Chinese textbooks except a few). 1, if Hanoi is fierce, move its people to Hedong and its millet to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce.
Mencius I am in China II. Zi Mozi said, "But isn't Hu worried?" "Public Loss" 3 However, the ambition is still at the end. Do you think the plan will be safe? The word "ran" in Longzhongdui can be interpreted as "such" and "such" as demonstrative pronouns. As a conjunction, the word "ran" in Example 3 is equivalent to "however".
Another example is the word "qi", which is written in full text. Its original meaning is "dustpan", which is a real word. In ancient books, the word "qi" is borrowed as the third person pronoun (he, his) and demonstrative pronoun (that), but it can't be returned after a long time.
So people added bamboo heads to the word "qi" and wrote it as "Ji" to express its original meaning. Second, pay attention to distinguish between reality and reality.
Because function words are mostly homophones in the original content words, in ancient books, the same glyph is often used in both virtual and real situations. Pay attention when reading ancient poems, and distinguish them from others.
For example: 1, ① on the ridge of abandoned farmland in Chen She, ② after a long time of regret. "Chen She Family" 2, Ceng Zi's third wife's fourth city, and his son went on crying.
According to the word "Zhi" in Han Feizi, it is written in, indicating that feet walk on the ground, and "Er Ya Bian Shi" says "Zhi, Xiang Ye." The original meaning is "go".
In the above two cases, there are five words of "zhi", which are analyzed and compared according to the context: ① ④ the original meaning of "zhi"; 2 syllable auxiliary words, meaningless; ③ It is a structural auxiliary word, which is equivalent to "de"; ⑤ is the third person pronoun, which is equivalent to "she".
Another example: 1, Mo Chun, the Spring Campaign is completed. The Analects of Confucius Seats II. Back home, 18 years old will not stop.
The Book of Songs: Picking Wei 3. Palace ladies are private kings; The princes of the imperial court are not afraid of the king; Within four borders, there is nothing but the king. "Zou Ji satirizes Nalian" is written in seal script according to the word "Mo", indicating that the sunset is in the middle of the grass.
Shuowen: "Mo, the sky is also a ghost". At sunset in the evening.
Later, people wrote "dusk" next to the "day" below. The word "Mo" in the above examples 1 and 2 is used in its original meaning, and it is a notional word (noun): "Mo Chun" means "late spring", the end of spring, and the third month of the lunar calendar.
"Don't be old" means "the end of the year". ("Zhi" is the mood at the end of the sentence, which is meaningless.) As a function word, the word "Mo" in Example 3 can be interpreted by indefinite pronouns as "nobody".
Third, pay attention to distinguish the different usages of homographs. Although some commonly used function words have the same expression form, they have diverse usages and different parts of speech and meanings. In order to get an accurate understanding, we must carefully analyze them according to different language environments.
Let's take the word "zhi" as an example. The front is to distinguish between reality and falsehood, and the following is the different usage of the word "zhi". For the convenience of explanation, we number the word "zhi" in each sentence separately. )
1, learn while learning (1), forget it? "Ten Analects of Confucius" 2, the public and the public twice, fighting for a long spoon. Cao Gui Debate 3. How much do you know about these two kinds of worms? Zhuangzi Happy Travel 4. With Jun 4' s strength, it is impossible to damage the five hills of the chief father ... "One Mountain in Gong Yu" 5. After six years, although I wanted to talk, I couldn't get in.
"Zou Ji satirizes the king of Qi. The same is true of the seven lines of the avenue, and the world is public. A trip to the Book of Rites Avenue 7. There is Kong Ming in loneliness and water in fish.
"Longzhong Dui" 8, fighting in a long spoon, people will drum up. "The Debate of Cao Gui" 9, for a long time 1 1, eyes blurred, meaningful and leisurely.
Wolf 10 and Song He 12? "Public loss" 1 1, parents only worry about their own illness 13. The article "The Analects of Confucius is Politics" comes from Xueyou's "How to Learn and Master Function Words in Classical Chinese". Some experiences in the teaching of function words in classical Chinese. SETTING: Middle school affiliated to Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities Last name: Yu Qingyun's Ancient Chinese has a small number of function words in classical Chinese, more than 200; But it appears frequently in ancient poems.
For example, the full text of Zuiwengting Ji is only 402 words, including 1 13 (the word Er appears 25 times, the word Zhi appears 18 times, the word Ye appears 2 1 times, and the word Zhi appears/kloc-0. These function words play an important role in expressing meaning, mood, the internal relationship between words and the interest of articles, and are indispensable.
Therefore, when we study ancient poetry, we should not only pay attention to learning common content words, but also pay attention to learning common function words. Junior middle school classical Chinese teaching paper "How to learn and master classical Chinese function words-some experiences in classical Chinese function words teaching" (2) Junior middle school classical Chinese teaching paper "How to learn and master classical Chinese function words-some experiences in classical Chinese function words teaching" (2).
So you can keep mentioning it.
5. High School Chinese 120 Ancient Chinese Content Words High School 120 Classical Chinese Content Vocabulary (Baidu limits the number of words, these are the first) Language syllabus requires mastering 120 content words.
Content words have many meanings and are difficult to remember. Derivation starts from the original meaning of a word or the most common meaning in ancient times, and other meanings explain its relationship with the original meaning, so that the meaning of content words forms a network, which is not only convenient for memory, but also can train students' thinking ability. It is a good way to learn content words.
Love "Love" often means "stingy and reluctant" in ancient times, and "reluctant" will naturally add "like" and "love". Dear, beloved can be deduced from "like" (such as "love my daughter") ■ Love can't help me love my house and my family. People who love me deeply love my hair. The original meaning of "security" is "security and stability"; If you are "safe", you will feel "comfortable and at ease"; Later used as a verb means "peace", from which can be derived the meanings of "support" and "comfort".
■ If you are prepared for danger in times of peace, you will be born in worry and die in happiness, then you will be safe and sound, move to live and work in peace and contentment, and settle down. Third, the original meaning of quilt is quilt. Isn't "quilt" just "cover" to keep warm? From the meaning of "cover" to the meaning of "bitterness", isn't "wearing" also "covering" clothes on the body? Ruizebei of the Northern Sword was developed by later generations. The temperature of the quilt has quadrupled. The original meaning of "Shuang" is "reverse", that is, "back", so it can be extended to "violation", which has the same meaning as "back".
■ Get twice the result with half the effort, get twice the result with half the effort, get twice the result with half the effort. 5. The word "Ben" refers to the root of vegetation, (there is a word "fundamental" now) which means "foundation and origin"; The "origin" of things is not easy to understand, so we should "speculate"; Blur "origin" into the meaning of "origin, origin" ■ Tracing back to the source, a hero's nature is hard to change. 6. The original meaning of "meanness" is "border town", and the natural environment of the border is "meanness", so it means "meanness", and "meanness" will naturally be "despised"; Later, it was often used as a self-deprecating word, such as "I".
■ Carnivores are despicable. In recent seven years, the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon, weapon" It means "armed men, soldiers and troops", and "military and war" is of course related to weapons.
From the meaning of "war and military", the meanings of "aggression" and "strategy and tactics" are derived. ■ Hand-to-hand combat, bloodless fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, brave fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting, fierce fighting. If you are seriously ill, you will feel "difficult" and "worried and annoyed" about it.
■ terminally ill mussel disease, pearl disease, cross-attack poverty, no disease * * * The same disease is sad, Pan disease, Shenjiu, the original meaning of "inspection" is "observation, careful observation", so that you can "see clearly"; Only by "seeing clearly" can we "understand" things and make things "see clearly and see clearly". ■ Look at words and colors, learn autumn, and watch silence. 10. The original meaning of "Chao" is "morning", read zhā o; Ancient ministers needed to meet the monarch in the morning, so they had the meaning of "appear before the court"; From "facing the court" to "court, dynasty"; The causative meaning of "facing the DPRK" is "facing the DPRK".
■ Sometimes change the dynasty, sometimes change the dynasty, from the Qin dynasty to the Chu state, from morning till night, the six dynasties gold powder. Relatives separated by two generations are called "Zeng"; After borrowing, it means "increase". Blurred to "once" (pronounced céng).
■ deja vu once upon a time, once upon a time, my mother voted for murder. 12. The original meaning of "riding" is "riding"; From this meaning, the meaning of "taking a boat" is derived; "Riding" means "boarding" the car first, so it has this meaning; As soon as you get on the bus, people are connected with the car, so it means "contact"; As soon as people get on the bus, they have "dependence". When used as a noun, it refers to "chariot", and then used as a quantifier to calculate chariots and horses. A "ride" has four horses, so it means "four"
■ Take advantage of people's danger, use the power of policy, take advantage of son-in-law, and return home frustrated. Take all the fat and follow the trend. 13. The original meaning of "sincerity" is "sincerity, not bullying", so it is extended to "reality"; It is further blurred into adverbs such as "really really" and "really". ■ Sincere and fearful, the stone is open. Fourteen, in addition to the original meaning of "divide", it is "step".
Also refers to "the steps on the palace"; "Isn't it the appointment and power of attorney under" On the Palace Steps "?" Steps should be cleaned frequently, so the meaning of "clearing and removing" is extended; When the years "move away", they are "gone". ■ Remove old cloth, mow grass, promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, clear the palace, eliminate morality and eliminate violence. 15. In ancient times, the word "ci" had two basic meanings (written differently): one was "confession" and the other was "not accepting".
From "confession" to general "speech" It is not only a word, but also an excuse and an excuse. One is that "written words" is a kind of style, which naturally becomes "a kind of style" (such as "Songs of the South") ■ Leaving without saying goodbye is to add insult to injury, so why not speak freely? Don't compliment a fool. You are duty-bound to die.
"Catch up" is the image of "closely following" the enemy. "Followers" are closely related people, which logically means "the next closest person".
■ From the wall, take a long-term view, follow the good, follow the good, follow the evil, follow the life, follow the pro, follow the four virtues, and never give up. Where should I choose to join the army? The original meaning is "danger", which has a causal relationship with the meanings of "mental fatigue" and "slack" and is a causal extension. Later, it became an adverb indicating speculation.
■ There is no danger in the car. It is annoying to know that there is no danger. The original meaning of "when" is "face and face". Of course, "blocking" is to "face".
6. I don't know how to answer the question of notional words and function words in classical Chinese in high school textbooks, because different versions have different requirements for notional words and function words.
Let me give you a few examples, which are from the People's Education Edition. Firstly, it lists several parts: the knowledge system of function words in classical Chinese in senior high school textbooks. The first book combs classical Chinese knowledge. The common word 1. Now that I am old, there is nothing I can do about it. I passed the word "one" and modal particles.
2.*** Its exhaustion * * *, through "replenishment", replenishment. Fujin, why are you tired of it? You are satisfied with it.
4. If you don't read Qin, take it, pass the "lack", invade it, and cut it. Qin Bo said that he was glad to say "Yue" with Zheng.
6. It is wise to lose what you have, and it is "wise" not to know. Different meanings in ancient and modern times 1. Second, in Chu and ancient times: subordinate to two subjects, verbs; Today: capitalization and numerals of "two".
2. If she thinks the host is Gu: a master on the Oriental Road; Today: generally refers to the host of the banquet. 3. Baggage exchange, * * * is exhausted: the messenger, the person who sent the task; Today: point out what the door person carries with him.
4. Mrs. Wei's power is not as good as this ancient: that person; Today: address ordinary people's wives. "Goujian Destroys Wu" 7. As for the southern sentence, there is no sentence, and the "hook" is used.
8. The commander-in-chief and his wife, the second and third sons, are handsome and lead by "rate". 9. Make the strong not take the old woman, but "marry" a wife.
10. If it is free, it will be free, and if it is "sent", it will be sent. 1 1. After three years, release its politics and levy taxes.
12. sharpen your knife and learn from each other. 13. All the shops are paved and fed to people.
14. No rest? I took a sip and gave people water to drink. 15. There are 100 million people who are the best in clothes and water rhinoceros, and the word "you" is used between integer and zero.
5. Counselors and minions have to choose the ancients: like claws and teeth, they refer to helpers or right-hand men; Today: a metaphor for the henchmen of the bad guys. 6. Will not become a thing of the past; In this case; Today: The conjunction means that the last event is followed by the previous event.
7. Expose the bones of the ancient people in the Central Plains: vilen; Today: refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. 8. Husband is twenty years old: male; Today: After a man and a woman get married, the man is the woman's husband.
Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 16. See Xu Gonglai, well aware and cautious. 9. Today, land is thousands of miles away: the land is Fiona Fang; Today: refers to a certain area.
Mo Long told Empress Dowager Zhao 17. Eat less, and be "addicted" to love. 18. Never look back, look back.
Ji's attack 19. Nothing is a past tense, but a modal particle at the end of a sentence. "My son's country is also" 20. If you don't want to be more than your neighbors, the "no" will pass.
2 1. Those who won the prize were not on the road and were "dotted". 22. I don't know if I'm hungry or how to spread it.
Persuasion 23. Although there are violent incidents, preach "again", again, again. Violence, exposure, exposure.
24. Knowing and knowing, but not knowing, then knowing "wisdom" and wisdom. 25. Gentlemen are born different, knowing "sex", knowing qualifications and knowing endowments.
Autumn water 26. Dajing in Jing Liu is straight and straight.
27. Don't fight between cattle and horses, but "distinguish" between them. On Qin Dynasty 28. Combine association and connect "vertical".
The strategy of the six countries to jointly deal with Qin state. 29. Qin has spare capacity to control its disadvantages, which is "embarrassing", difficult and defeated.
30. Chen Libing, who and who said "Oh" and asked. 3 1. The first emperor didn't die or die.
32. And stubbornly in the middle of the building, through the "rise", rise, rise. 33. Win the grain from the scenery and pass on the "shadow" and the shadow.
The hongmen banquet 34. Stay away from the customs, "refuse" and observe. 35. among the ministers, preach "Na", accept and put in.
36. Sean went out to invite Xiang Bo and invited him. 37. I dare not double my morality, but I can "recite", violate and betray.
38. On the day of his death, King Flea must come to thank King Flea, and it was "early". 39. The general and the minister are estranged, and through the "estrangement", they are disgusted and alienated.
40. because of the blow to Pei Gong, sit down and pass the "seat", seat. 4 1. If it is not, if it belongs to all, if it is captured by others, pass "No", if it is not.
Preface to Lanting Collection 42. It's interesting, but "go", go and take it. 43. From now to the past, it's like Jude.
"Looking back and coming to Xi words" on page 44. The scenery is to enter the scene, using "shadow" and sunlight. I don't care whether to stay or not, but I know "what" and why.
Different meanings from ancient times to modern times: the candle fire retreats the Qin division, Gou Jian destroys Wu, Zou Ji satirizes coachable, the king of Qi, and touches the dragon 10. Empress Dowager Cixi clearly refers to the left and right: close ministers, subordinates, people who serve him, etc. Today: around, or used after the number to indicate the approximate number. 1 1. Annual geometric antiquity: how many; Today: refers to a subject of mathematics.
12, as for Zhao Gu, it is a combination of the verb "zhi" and the preposition "Yu", which translates as "zhi, push up"; Today: refers to reaching a certain level, or mentioning another thing. Ji Jianggong 13. Former King Zhuan Xu believed that East Mongolia was the master of ancient times: treat … as … and let … do it; Today: I think.
14. Being a minister of the country is also ancient: this, this, pronoun; Today 15. Qiu also heard that a state-owned family is very old: the fief of a vassal is called.