A summary of the knowledge points of contemporary literature history of self-taught undergraduate students in China
First, the occurrence and development of the literary revolution
(1) The historical background of the May 4th New Culture
The Revolution of 1911 was not completed, and the task of the democratic revolution was not fundamentally completed. In the field of social thought, in order to cooperate with Yuan Shikai as emperor, a retro countercurrent was set off; The world war broke out; The rise of China's national industry;
(2) The main content of the May 4th New Culture Movement.
Oppose old ideas and old morals, and advocate new ideas and new morals;
Oppose classical Chinese and advocate vernacular Chinese; Oppose old literature and advocate new literature.
Two slogans: democracy and science.
(3) The May 4th New Culture Movement produced the May 4th Literary Revolution in its brewing process, which marked the birth of modern literature in China and became the great beginning of modern literature in China.
(D) The initiation and development of the May 4th literary revolution:
Main sponsors: Chen Duxiu (1879- 1942), Hu Shi (1891962) and Li Dazhao (1889-/kloc-0).
Main positions: Editorial Board of New Youth (formerly known as Youth Magazine): Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Qian, Liu Bannong, Shen, Gao, Hu Shi, etc.
New youth:
The New Youth, the main position of the May 4th literary revolution, was founded in Shanghai on 19 15, and was edited by Chen Duxiu, who put forward the slogans of "democracy" and "science". New Youth opposes old morality and advocates new morality. Vigorously introduce the theories of freedom and equality, personality liberation and social evolution. Thus set off the May 4th New Culture Enlightenment.
An important document of literary revolution published in New Youth;
(1)191610 The second issue of New Youth (communication column) Hu Shi first proposed that "the literary revolution should start with eight things";
(2) On June 5438+09 17, 1, New Youth, Volume 2, No.5, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement", which summarized "eight things" as "eight non-doctrines" and put forward the idea of "combining classical Chinese with the reality of Shi, Cao and Wu.
(3) The New Youth on the Literary Revolution, Volume 2, No.61965438+In February 2007, Chen Duxiu formally put forward the "three principles" of the literary revolution: "Pushing down the flattering aristocratic literature and building a simple and lyrical national literature; Pushing down stale and luxurious classical literature and building fresh and sincere realistic literature; Pushing down the awkward mountain literature and establishing a clear and popular social literature. "
(4) 19 18 12 "New Youth", five volumes and six issues, Zhou Zuoren published "People's Literature", advocated people-oriented humanitarian literature, concretized and deepened Hu and Chen's literary revolution theory;
(5) Weekly Review No.5 in June, 19 19, and Zhou Zuoren published Popular Literature, proposing that people's literature should be centered on the general public;
(6) 19 19 The fifth issue of New Youth, Volume 6, is a special issue of Marxism, edited by Li Dazhao, which systematically introduces three components of Marxism: historical materialism, political economy and scientific socialism.
Second, the influence of foreign literary thoughts.
Theory and literary translation;
Yan Fu translated Huxley's theory of evolution; Yan Fu translated Mrs. Stowe's "Black Slaves Call to Heaven" and "A Pound of Meat" (Shakespeare's plays); Lin Shu translated Dumas' Legacy of La Traviata; Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren translated foreign novels. ...
The Influence of Foreign Literary Thoughts on Modern Literature in China;
(1) causes great changes in literary concepts;
(2) A clear understanding and conscious application of creative methods;
(3) New breakthroughs in literary themes and themes;
(4) promoting the innovation and creation of literary themes;
(5) It greatly enriches and perfects the means of artistic description.
Third, new literary societies and schools.
1, main association:
(1) Literature Research Association-192 1. 1 was established in Beijing and was initiated by Zhou Zuoren, Zheng Zhenduo, Geng Jizhi, Qu Shiying, Sun Fuyuan, Ye, Xu Dishan, et al. 12.
The Cultural Research Society holds that "literature should reflect social phenomena, express and discuss common problems in life". Most of the members' creations are based on life and social problems, with special emphasis on exposing the society and cursing the gray life, which shows the contradiction and conflict between the old and the new. The creative method emphasizes realism, so it is called "for life" school. More influenced by Russian and European realistic literary thoughts;
Journal of Literature Research Association: Novel Monthly, Literature Newsletter, etc.
(2) Creation Society-192 1.7 was established in Tokyo, Japan, with initial members including Guo Moruo, Zhang Ziping, Yu Dafu, Cheng, Tian Shouchang and Mu.
Literature advocates: "Art for art's sake". People think that the author must be faithful to his "inner requirements". It emphasizes the integrity and beauty of literature, praises the intuition and inspiration of literary creation, pursues the aesthetic feeling of literature, and emphasizes the mission of literature at the same time, so there are contradictions in the literary proposition itself. Creative methods are often romantic. Pay attention to self-expression, with strong expression color. The history of literature is often called "for art".
Social journals of creation: creation quarterly, creation weekly, creation day, creation monthly, flood, etc.
The Creation Society was divided into two phases with the May 30th tragedy of 1925 as the boundary. Later, due to the participation of Li, Feng Naichao, Yang Hansheng and others, revolutionary literature of "sympathy for the proletariat" was put forward, which made the creation society have a "left" tendency. 1929 was seized by the authorities at the end of the year.
(3) Crescent Society-1929 was established in Beijing. Main members: Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu, Chen Yuan, Hu Shi, Yu Shangyuan, etc. Most of them are British and American students. At first, drama activities were carried out, and in 1925, the Crescent Poetry School with Xu Zhimo as the core gradually formed. 1after June, 926, because Xu, Wen and others left Beijing for the south one after another, the crescent society was dissolved invisibly. 1927, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu and others founded Crescent Society in Shanghai, published Crescent Society Monthly and Poetry Magazine Quarterly, and added Chen, Fang, Lin and Fang Lingru. Formed the later crescent school. The new moon will stop on 1932.
Crescent School is a group of liberal writers, deeply influenced by western aestheticism, but paying more attention to China traditional culture. Advocating new metrical poems in creation has made great contributions to the development of China's new poems.
(4) Diaosi Society-a fan group composed of the main contributors of Diaosi magazine. Threads magazine was founded in June 1924 1 1, and mainly published essays criticizing the shortcomings of the times. He was awarded the title of "Diaosi School" for advocating humor and pungent "Diaosi Style".
The literary proposition of Diaosi Society is to advocate freedom of thought, independence of judgment and a beautiful life. Therefore, actively carry out social criticism and cultural criticism. The main members are Qian, Lin Yutang, Liu Bannong and Sun Fuyuan. Lu Xun is the commander-in-chief of Yusi School.
(5) Other societies-Weiming Society, Nanguo Society, Asakusa-Shenzhong Society, Hubin Poetry Society, etc.
Fourthly, the achievements and characteristics of the May 4th literary creation.
1, actual performance:
In terms of novels, Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman (19 18/5 New Youth), Kong Yiji (191812) and Medicine (19).
In terms of new poetry, Guo Moruo's Goddess (19218), Hu Shi's Collection of Attempts (1920/3), Shen's rickshaw puller and Sanxian, Liu Dabai's Selling Cloth Ballads, Tian Zhulai.
Prose, the earliest May 4th prose, is mostly argumentative for the need of literary debate. The beautiful prose written by Zhou Zuoren in 1920 is a turning point in the evolution of vernacular prose from argumentative to lyrical.
Representative writers of lyric writing (American writing)-Zhu Ziqing, Yu Pingbo, Bing Xin, Zhou Zuoren, etc.
Representative Writers of Argumentative Essays —— Lu Xun, Chen Duxiu, Qian, Liu Bannong, etc.
In terms of scripts, Hu Shi's one-act play "The Event of Life" (19 19/3) and Wang Zhongxian's "Good Son" (192 1).
First, the trajectory of life and thought development
1, a patriot seeking the truth of saving the country
(1) family and childhood (188 1- 1898)
188 1.9.25 was born in a dilapidated feudal bureaucratic family in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Grandfather Zhou Fuqing (word), father Zhou Fengyi (word Bo Yi), grandfather Lu Qingxuan, mother Lu Rui. Formerly known as Zhou Zhangshou (word Yucai, pen name Lu Xun), his second brother Zhou Zuoren (champion), third brother Zhou (Song Shou) and fourth brother Zhou Chunshou (premature death).
(2) Nanjing studied and accepted the theory of evolution (1898- 1902).
1898, Lu Xun came to Nanjing, the ancient capital, and entered the Nanjing Naval Academy to study in different classes (institutions); At the beginning of the following year, he transferred to the Mining and Iron School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School to study mining, and190/kloc-0 graduated from Mine Road School with excellent results at the end of the year; /kloc-in the spring of 0/902, he obtained the qualification of studying abroad at public expense and went to Japan to study.
Studying and living in Nanjing not only made Lu Xun go out of his hometown and broaden his horizons, but more importantly, he began to get in touch with the political, philosophical and other social science works and literary works of the western bourgeoisie, and contacted the Evolution (translated by Huxley and Yan Fu) which had a great influence on his thoughts. Since then, the idea of evolution has become his main weapon to observe and understand the world.
About "Evolution": Evolution, also known as Evolution and Ethics, is an important work of British biologist Huxley to popularize Darwin's theory of biological evolution. Darwin was several decades earlier than Huxley. He wrote the Origin of Species and the Theory of Biological Evolution. His academic core is "natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest, natural elimination" (the law of strong species and ecological balance), which clarifies that survival competition is the basic law of biological evolution. This theory dealt a fatal blow to the "creationism" of the church and the idealistic view of nature with the same species, and was called by Lenin.
Huxley's observation of human society from Darwin's view of natural evolution will inevitably lead to idealism, because Huxley only cares about biological people and does not care about "social people" The first half of Evolution and Ethics expounds that natural evolution is scientific, and the second half explains human social phenomena with evolution, which is idealistic and unscientific.
The theory of evolution propagandizes Darwin's view of evolution, and holds that everything in the world is in constant and fierce development and change, and the appearance of new forms and the disappearance of old forms are the inevitable trend of the historical development of nature. This is the most wonderful part of Huxley's theory, and it is also accepted by Lu Xun.
Starting from the requirement of hating and opposing the old feudal system, Lu Xun accepted the idea of evolution, which urged him to absorb the positive factors in evolution. From the theory of evolution, he came to the view that "the future will overcome the past and the youth will overcome the old age". His papers "How We Be Fathers" and "My View of Honesty" all look at the problem from the biological point of view. Therefore, the characteristics of Lu Xun's theory of evolution are inevitable historical limitations, and the nature of class contradictions and class struggles cannot be understood.
(3) Abandoning medical treatment after studying in Japan (1902- 19 12)
1spring solstice of 9021summer of 909, Lu Xun studied in Japan. During this period, he went through three stages: studying Japanese in Hongwen College, studying medicine in Sendai and studying literature in Tokyo.
During his stay in Hong Wen: Lu Xun took an active part in social activities, ran a bookstore, listened to speeches, attended rallies and pursued new knowledge and truth. Soon after I went to Japan, my classmate Xu Shoushang and I cut our pigtails. 1903, he wrote a famous portrait of himself, which reflected a strong patriotic and anti-feudal thought. Write the classical Chinese novel "The Soul of Spartak" to carry forward the spirit of fighting to the end.
Studying medicine in Sendai: 1904, Lu Xun was ashamed to associate with Qing students and went to the remote Sendai Medical College to study medicine, hoping to save the country through medicine. 1905 in the second half of the year, I watched the slide show of the China-Japan war during recess, and realized that "the first priority is to save the souls of Japanese people", so I decided to give up medicine and devote myself to literature at the end of 1905. 1906 Return to Tokyo.
Tokyo Congwen: After Lu Xun returned to Tokyo, he mainly engaged in literary and artistic activities, reviewed and introduced foreign excellent literary and artistic works, compiled foreign novels, and actively publicized foreign oppressed national literature. And began to write political papers, attacking the old ideas and culture since modern times.
1907 wrote long papers such as Human History, Teaching of History of Science, Theory of Cultural Deviation, and Theory of Moro Poetry. From the standpoint of the democratic revolution, he criticized the retro school and the Westernization school, and put forward the way to transform China-to inspire people's wisdom and transform the revolution. The so-called "Zhang Lingming is material, and everyone is in the crowd." 1In the second half of 909, Lu Xun left Japan for home.
(4) In the storm of the Revolution of 1911 (1912-1916)
Lu Xun returned to China on August 1909, and first worked as a physiological chemistry teacher in Hangzhou Normal School, Zhejiang Province. In August of the following year, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he returned to Shaoxing High School to teach physiology and health, and served as an inspector. In the same year 10, the Revolution of 1911 broke out. Wang Jinfa established Shaoxing as the military and political sub-government, and served as its commander. Lu Xun was appointed president of normal school by the revolutionary government. 1965438+In February 2002, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he went to work in Nanjing. In May, he was transferred to Beijing, and Lu Xun went to Beijing with the Ministry as the section chief of the second department of education. In August, he served as inspector and director of culture and education, and left office on 1926.
The cruel reality turned Lu Xun's hope for revolution into disappointment and depression, and evolution and individualism still dominated his thoughts here.
2. From the cry of revolution to the standard-bearer of literary revolution.
(1) compliance literature (19 17- 1923)
19 17 At the beginning of this year, Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu launched a literary revolution based on "New Youth", and successively published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" and "On literary revolution". Hu Shi put forward "eight noes" and Chen Duxiu put forward "three propositions", and the theoretical discussion of literature began initially, but the theoretical discussion needs further development, and new culture and new literature need to be developed.
Lu Xun responded positively with the principles of "following the literary revolution" and "keeping pace with the pioneers of the revolution". After being persuaded by money, Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in New Youth in May, 19 18. Since then, he has written novels such as Kong Yiji, Medicine and Hometown, as well as new poems such as Dream, Love of God and Peach Blossom. Lu Xun named his collection of novels Shout, which means "Shout a few times and have a chat to comfort those brave people who are running in loneliness so that they don't dwell on the past." Because New Youth doesn't like being too cold, Lu Xun set a tail in the novel Medicine, aiming at "trimming some * * * and decorating some happy faces."
During the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun's thoughts made great progress, and the factors of Marxist class theory began to accumulate in large quantities.
(2) Hesitation and exploration (1923- 1926)
During this period, Lu Xun wrote freely and served as a part-time lecturer at Beijing Women's Normal University. He actively participated in the democratic revolutionary movement with students and experienced the "March 18th" tragedy. 1926 In August, Lu Xun accepted Lin Yutang's invitation to teach at Xiamen University, and soon left because he was dissatisfied with the vulgar and dirty air of Xiamen University. At the end of the year, he accepted the invitation of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and went to work. 1927,
Lu Xun experienced the "April 15th" counter-revolutionary massacre in Guangzhou.
Since the Great Revolution, Lu Xun witnessed the ups and downs of the China Revolution (from Wang Jinfa to Liu Hezhen to Bireh), especially witnessed the counter-revolutionary massacre launched by Chiang Kai-shek, which made him realize that the ideological weapon of the theory of evolution could not meet the needs of the increasingly acute and complicated struggle and began the extremely difficult and complicated ideological transformation process of "from doubt to sublation".
1927, Lu Xun wrote "Answer to Mr. You Heng" and publicly announced the disillusionment of his evolutionary thought.
(3) Xiamen to Guangzhou (1927)
1926.8 At the invitation of Lin Yutang, Lu Xun left Beijing to teach at Xiamen University in Fujian and resigned at the end of February. 1927. 1 went to Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou as the provost, dean of literature department and professor. "4. 12" Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolution. Then the "4.15" incident occurred in Guangzhou. Many progressive students were arrested, and Lu Xun tried to save them in various ways. He resigned three times in protest.
The repeated failures of the revolution, the painful lessons of history and the cruel reality made Lu Xun fall into depression again. 4.26 He wrote the inscription of weeds, which reflected his desire to burn the old world and welcome the new revolution.
2. From the cry of revolution to the standard-bearer of literary revolution.
(1) compliance literature (19 17- 1923)
19 17 At the beginning of this year, Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu launched a literary revolution based on "New Youth", and successively published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" and "On literary revolution". Hu Shi put forward "eight noes" and Chen Duxiu put forward "three propositions", and the theoretical discussion of literature began initially, but the theoretical discussion needs further development, and new culture and new literature need to be developed.
Lu Xun responded positively with the principles of "following the literary revolution" and "keeping pace with the pioneers of the revolution". After being persuaded by money, Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in New Youth in May, 19 18. Since then, he has written novels such as Kong Yiji, Medicine and Hometown, as well as new poems such as Dream, Love of God and Peach Blossom. Lu Xun named his collection of novels Shout, which means "Shout a few times and have a chat to comfort those brave people who are running in loneliness so that they don't dwell on the past." Because New Youth doesn't like being too cold, Lu Xun set a tail in the novel Medicine, aiming at "trimming some * * * and decorating some happy faces."
During the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun's thoughts made great progress, and the factors of Marxist class theory began to accumulate in large quantities.
(2) Hesitation and exploration (1923- 1926)
During this period, Lu Xun wrote freely and served as a part-time lecturer at Beijing Women's Normal University. He actively participated in the democratic revolutionary movement with students and experienced the "March 18th" tragedy. 1926 In August, Lu Xun accepted Lin Yutang's invitation to teach at Xiamen University, and soon left because he was dissatisfied with the vulgar and dirty air of Xiamen University. At the end of the year, he accepted the invitation of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and went to work. 1927,
Lu Xun experienced the "April 15th" counter-revolutionary massacre in Guangzhou.
Since the Great Revolution, Lu Xun witnessed the ups and downs of the China Revolution (from Wang Jinfa to Liu Hezhen to Bireh), especially witnessed the counter-revolutionary massacre launched by Chiang Kai-shek, which made him realize that the ideological weapon of the theory of evolution could not meet the needs of the increasingly acute and complicated struggle and began the extremely difficult and complicated ideological transformation process of "from doubt to sublation".
1927, Lu Xun wrote "Answer to Mr. You Heng" and publicly announced the disillusionment of his evolutionary thought.
(3) Xiamen to Guangzhou (1927)
1926.8 At the invitation of Lin Yutang, Lu Xun left Beijing to teach at Xiamen University in Fujian and resigned at the end of February. 1927. 1 went to Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou as the provost, dean of literature department and professor. "4. 12" Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolution. Then the "4.15" incident occurred in Guangzhou. Many progressive students were arrested, and Lu Xun tried to save them in various ways. He resigned three times in protest.
The repeated failures of the revolution, the painful lessons of history and the cruel reality made Lu Xun fall into depression again. 4.26 He wrote the inscription of weeds, which reflected his desire to burn the old world and welcome the new revolution.
3, the great fighter.
(1) Lu Xun's last decade (1927- 1936)
1927 10, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping arrive in Shanghai. Shortly after Lu Xun arrived in Shanghai, there was a debate about "revolutionary literature" with Sun She and Chuangshe. In the struggle, he began to systematically contact Marxism, corrected the prejudice that he only believed in "evolution", changed from an evolutionist to a class theorist, and completed the fundamental change of world outlook.
Qu Qiubai summed up three reasons for the transformation of Lu Xun's thought.
First, the severity of class struggle and long-term exercise; B, consciously contact and learn Marxism; C, * * people's influence;
In the last ten years of Lu Xun's life, he actively participated in the revolutionary movement, trained a large number of literary youths such as Rou Shi, Yin Fu, Xiao Jun, Xiao Hong, Sha Ting, Ai Wu and Feng Xuefeng, and wrote Three Idle Collections, Two-hearted Collections, Pseudo-Free Books, North-South Collections, Quasi-romance, Lace Literature and Street Pavilion Essays.
1936 19 June 19 At 5: 25 am, Lu Xun died in his apartment in Shanghai at the age of 56.
A summary of Lu Xun's works
Collection of novels: Scream and Wandering; Newly compiled historical novels: newly compiled stories; Prose collection: "Morning Flowers Pick Up in the Evening"; A collection of prose poems: Weeds; (350,000 words)
Prose Collection: Tomb Raid, Hot Wind, Flower Reform Collection, Flower Reform Collection Continuation, Ji You, Three-string Collection, Two-hearted Collection, Pseudo-Free Book, Mobilization from the South to the North, Quasi-Talk, Lace Literature, Essays Collection of Street Pavilion, and Street Cutting.
Academic works edited and arranged: Lu Ji Ji Ji, A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Old Notes of Novels and Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties (about 800,000 words).
Translated works and works: 9 novels and fairy tales, 78 short stories, 2 plays, 8 literary works and 50 short essays (* * * about 365,438+million words).
Letters: letters from two places (1350), letters from Lu Xun (1200) (* * about 2 million words).
Diary: two books (1916.5.5—1936./kloc-0.17) (about 820,000 words) and 700,000 words of lost poems.
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