0? 2 ? 0? 2? 0? 2 ? 0? 2? 0? 2 ? 0? 2? 0? 2 ? 0? 2 Xu Xiliang? 0? 2? 0? 2? 0? 2? 0? 2? 0? I remember that at the "2009 Observer Conference" hosted by the Economic Observer the year before last, Mr. Qin Hui, a famous professor in Tsinghua University, said: "The biggest problem in China is Confucianism, Confucianism, Confucianism, Confucianism, Confucianism, Confucianism, Confucianism." He further explained that China's Confucianism caused the split personality of China people, and we were called "full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes". I think it doesn't matter that thieves and prostitutes are full of thoughts, because frankly speaking, there are some evil things in human nature, which is difficult to avoid completely. We can't expect a person to be full of benevolence and morality. All he can think of is benevolence and morality. However, there was once a most terrible person in China, full of benevolence and morality. This is not just an imagination, because his rights are not restricted, and he doesn't just want to do bad things, but does. ? 0? Mr Qin Hui's judgment is very accurate, which has caused China's hypocrisy for thousands of years. This terrible place inside and outside is that "benevolence and morality are full, thieves and prostitutes are full." However, Mr. Qin Gui didn't explain why there was a special social culture of "Confucian words and methods" in China Millennium society, and then a corresponding political and cultural system was formed. ? 0? In fact, China has followed the clan lifestyle since ancient times, and the heirs have followed the so-called "abdication system" of Confucianism, which is also a way for China to recommend the leader or emperor of tribal alliance to give way to others in ancient times, that is, each tribe is decided by majority vote. According to legend, when Yao was the leader of the tribal alliance, he elected Shun as the heir in April. After three years of assessment, Yao assisted Shun. After Yao's death, Shun succeeded to the throne and passed the test of water control in the same way, with Yu as the heir. After Yu succeeded to the throne, he became the heir, died young, and Boyi became the heir. Finally, people acclaimed Yu's son Qi as king. This is the system of tribal alliance electing leaders, which is called "abdication" in history. Such a system was effective in the primitive tribal period, because it was a period of traditional gathering, hunting and traditional farming civilization, with a small population, a narrow range of activities, simple labor and mainly blood relationship. This "abdication system" can be said to be the main ruling mode of early human beings. With the division of labor and cooperation in human society becoming more and more refined, the scope of activities becoming wider and wider, and the communication becoming more and more complicated, in ancient Greece, the west surpassed the "abdication system" with clan characteristics and then changed to the electoral system. At that time, Athens in ancient Greece was mainly elected by the members of 500 city-states. Ten consuls were elected every three years, and one of them was appointed as the chief administrative officer. This is the embryonic form of modern democratic society. At that time, Europe had a complex terrain and was divided into small islands of different sizes by the sea. The source of population is complex, and its activities range from land to sea. It is impossible to have a single climate and long-term stable agricultural conditions like Chinese mainland. Therefore, in ancient Greece, in order to survive, Europeans had trade long ago, which made the division of labor and cooperation in European society more elaborate. However, China took another road, that is, a self-sufficient agricultural lifestyle. The best form of existence of this way is naturally the way of existence of families and families. The whole society is linked by blood ties, forming families, especially extended families. Several families form a tribe in a certain area, and several tribes form a big tribe, so there must be a leader. The first leader must be born naturally. If he is particularly smart or physically strong, but after that? The problem of successors naturally arises. This is the so-called abdication system of Yao, Shun, Yu and Qi in the early tribes of China. According to the legend of China, this abdication system is actually very short-lived. Actually, it's only been passed down for three generations. When I arrived at Yu, it was not passed on to a different surname, but passed on to my son Qi according to my own blood relationship, which opened a new dynasty "Xia". These are actually just historical legends, and there is no specific historical data to prove them. But historical legends can often explain some problems, at least how future generations know this society. ? 0? According to the development of human society, human beings need more and more division of labor and cooperation, and the exchange of labor products will inevitably lead to changes in the whole society. However, China stopped there. The reason is that Confucius, a saint who is famous for his conservatism, is known to the world for his way of dealing with the world, which is "words without deeds, faith without deeds". And kept saying Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, to the point where "words must be called Yao and Shun", which was later inherited by the Asian sage Mencius. Only the book Mencius is not long, but there are more than 50 references to Shun Di. Only those who admire or mention Shun Di's abdication have Six Analects of Confucius and Twelve Mencius. "The Analects of Confucius Taibo" said: "Confucius said: It is majestic, and it is suitable for Yu to win the world, but not serious!" Confucius praised: how noble! Shun and Yu Gui are both sons of heaven, rich in the world, but not for themselves at all. Confucius also praised Shun Di's great wisdom: "Shun's great knowledge is with him! Ask good questions and be good at observing your words, hide evil and promote good, and hold both ends for the people, thinking that it is smooth! " The meaning of this passage in the four books "The Doctrine of the Mean" is: Confucius said that Shun can be said to be the smartest person. Shun likes to consult others and observe the superficial words of ordinary people. He hides the bad things of others, declares the good things, grasps the two extremes discussed by people, compromises decisions and applies them to the people. This is the reason why Shun Shun is smooth. Confucius appreciated Shun Di's style of brainstorming, listening to opinions with an open mind and making careful decisions. ? 0? 2? 0? In fact, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and Zhou Gong all had no historical beliefs. They were just legends of the time. Confucius told them methodically, as if they had seen it with their own eyes. Later Mencius followed suit. However, I finally feel a little empty. At the end of Mencius, the only book handed down from ancient times, Mencius questioned this: "From Yao and Shun to Tang Dynasty, it took 500 years. As I can see, I know; If it is soup, you can smell it. From soup to king Wen, 500 years old. If Yi Yin, Lai Zhu, see and know; If you were the king, you would know. From King Wen to Confucius, 500 years. If you are too ambitious and too scattered, you will know; If you were Confucius, you would know. Since Confucius, as for this world of centenarians going to saints, it is close to the residence of saints, if not far away. If it is nothing, it is nothing. " In such an era when transportation, information and information are extremely underdeveloped, this word-of-mouth thing is extremely unreliable. News travels fast, not to mention that these characters are almost 500 years old. Even Zhou Wenwang has been away from Confucius for more than 500 years. What makes Confucius so sure that these people are perfect? One explanation is that Confucius wants to create a saint, but the purpose of creating a saint is nothing more than being a saint himself. Just as the so-called neo-Confucianism in China keeps saying that the rationality of saints is indisputable and only mortals can obey, the purpose of pushing saints so high is to be saints and emperors. ? 0? Since only a saint can be king, of course, you should play yourself into a perfect person. Therefore, it is full of benevolence and morality. However, a real ruler can't really stabilize his rule just by saying good things. Therefore, behind the enlightenment, a set of measures such as law, technology and situation are needed. This is the embryonic form of China's politics, that is, outside the Confucian, outside the Confucian. ? 0? We can analyze Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, who has never really had the experience of governing the country. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong criticized Confucius and said that "Kong Qiu is famous and has a high reputation", which still hit the nail on the head. Confucius was an official all his life, but he was only the commander-in-chief of a small country like Lu for three months, and he took over the position of Taizai in a very short time. In fact, what he did was a failure. Besides, I haven't given a day's kindness. On the contrary, only seven days after he came to power, he fabricated five trumped-up charges, killed his rival in education, academia and ideological circles, Mr. Shao Zhengmao, and set a precedent for China people to incriminate by words. The second thing is to lead troops to "the three capitals", which created a precedent for China to be demolished by force of arms. The third thing is to strongly oppose "casting ding" In March, 536 BC (the 30th year of Zheng Jiangong), the gentleman of the State of Zheng ordered the legal provisions of the State of Zheng to be cast on a tripod and made public, so that the people could know that this was the customary law of the country, so that officials and people all over the country could know the laws of the country, so as to abide by and implement them. However, Confucius of Lu strongly opposed it and thought it was a national subjugation: "If it is publicized, it will be ruined! I lost it. Fu Jin abides by the laws of the Tang Dynasty, taking latitude and longitude for his people, keeping them orderly by Dr. Qing, respecting them by the people, and keeping their business by you. Whether you are noble or not is the so-called degree Wen Gong is the official who holds the rank, the law of staying behind (the place is unknown today), and thinks he is the leader. Abandoning today is a degree, but it is a punishment tripod, and the people are in the tripod. Why noble? What do you care? How can a country without order exist? Moreover, if the punishment of the husband, the slaughter of the barbarians, and the chaos of the Jin State are the laws? " Here Confucius emphasized that "the people are in the tripod, why is it expensive?" What do you care? How can a country without order exist? "Obviously, things like' casting a punishment tripod' will lead to equality between officials and people before the law and make them feel uneasy. Because "the people are in the tripod, why is it expensive?" This is the core reason why Confucius opposed "casting ding". The distinction between honor and inferiority is the core content of Confucius' ceremony. The so-called "benevolence" is treated according to this level. ? 0? After Confucius, there are two heirs worth mentioning. One is Mencius, known as a saint. His theory of good nature is generally regarded as an authentic descendant of Confucius and was admitted to the Confucius Temple in Qufu. His theory was later widely regarded as authentic Confucianism. Another is Xunzi, a Confucian evil theorist. On the basis of Confucius' benevolence and righteousness, he especially put forward "etiquette" as a supplement. Later, the political form of China was Confucianism. Mencius' theory of good nature later became an "outsider" in China's politics, and this outsider said all good things. Xunzi's theory of evil nature is the so-called "internal law", which has done all the bad things. This is what people later called "good words and good deeds" and "good words are exhausted and bad things are done". The so-called "dispute between Confucianism and Legalism" actually does not exist. To put it bluntly, it is actually a court power struggle. Confucianism and legalism are all against imperial power, exactly the same. The only difference is that Confucianism should be gentle, long-flowing, and pay attention to long-term interests, while the law is a bit cruel, eager for quick success and quick success, and paying attention to short-term interests. Their core is to maintain imperial rule. No matter what Confucius called "benevolence", Mencius called "righteousness" and Xunzi emphasized "courtesy and law", their purpose was to safeguard the imperial power of the monarch. Later, two students of Xunzi, Li Si and Han Feizi, both practiced Xunzi's thought and became representatives of Legalists. Moreover, with the cruelty of Legalism, Reese successfully designed and killed his own brothers, and Reese himself was sent to the west by Qin Ershi. The source of legalist thought can actually be traced back to Confucius. Confucianism, represented by Mencius, only carried forward the good words Confucius said in The Analects of Confucius, while Legalists only summarized and refined what Confucius had done as an official for three months. ? 0? Originally, Confucius, with poor thoughts and low administrative ability, was just an ordinary man who blindly pursued worldly pleasures of eating, drinking and having fun, and his influence in history was so much. However, after boasting by Mencius and Xunzi, especially after Dong Zhongshu and Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius gradually became "the king of propaganda and a great sage." Confucius' tragedy has evolved into a thousand-year tragedy of China people. The failed political model of Confucius has actually been fixed, and it has evolved into the court politics of China people. So far, some people will continue this failed, inhuman and outdated rule, which may be the biggest tragedy of China people.