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Graduation thesis of primary education
Rural primary and secondary education under the background of new curriculum

Abstract: Due to the limitation of school conditions in rural primary and secondary schools, the leap-forward development of rural education has been seriously restricted. At the same time, the overall quality of rural primary and secondary school teachers is low, and their ideas are outdated, which directly affects the development of rural curriculum reform. Relocate the role of rural primary and secondary school teachers; Constructing inquiry-based classroom teaching module in rural primary and secondary schools: determining students' dominant position and broadening the educational environment in rural primary and secondary schools are the top priorities of the new curriculum reform in rural areas.

Keywords: new curriculum; Rural areas; Primary and secondary schools; Teaching and learning; build

At present, rural primary and secondary schools are relatively scattered, small in scale and poor in conditions, and the shortage of education funds seriously restricts the leap-forward development of rural education; At the same time, the overall quality of rural primary and secondary school teachers is low, and their ideas are outdated, which directly affects the development of rural curriculum reform.

First, reposition the role of rural primary and secondary school teachers

The special status of rural primary and secondary school teachers determines the complexity of their role structure. Compared with students, there are two main types:

(A) the level of the role of "teacher, comrade, friend and parent"

Facing the market economy, the Internet age, the fierce social changes and higher social expectations, the impact of the collision and integration of different cultures and values, and the new round of curriculum reform, our rural primary and secondary school teachers must correctly handle the roles of "teachers, comrades, friends and parents", go out of the office, blend in with students, get to know students, get familiar with students, and strive to communicate with them mentally. Teachers can only really grasp what students are thinking and doing; Only in this way can we make the best use of the situation and achieve the goal of "everything is for the development of every student"

(B) three-dimensional "director, tour guide, mentor" role

In the new curriculum, the change of roles not only puts forward higher requirements for teachers' guidance, but also makes guidance more important and more difficult. Establish "tutor consciousness"; The first is to trust students. I believe that students can gain new knowledge and make progress through creative work on the basis of existing knowledge and experience; Secondly, they are good at guiding, and primary and secondary school students' learning consciousness is not strong enough, their emotions are not stable enough, and their methods are still lacking, which requires timely and effective guidance from rural primary and secondary school teachers; Third, pay attention to the design of teaching process, the design of teaching process. The principle should be to stimulate interest, develop thinking and cultivate creative ability. The three realms of the three-dimensional role of "director, tour guide and tutor" all reflect the leading role of teachers, but the latter fully shows the main position of students and is more conducive to their healthy growth.

Second, the construction of inquiry-based classroom teaching module in rural primary and secondary schools

In order to promote the leap-forward development of rural education and effectively implement the new curriculum reform in rural primary and secondary schools, classroom teaching must be optimized. Constructing inquiry-based classroom teaching module.

(1) Exploration preparation

This is the premise of learning new knowledge, and its main task is to prepare thinking materials and interests for students to learn new knowledge and cultivate their innovative consciousness.

1. Create a scene.

(1) Transfer learning. Review the old knowledge related to the new knowledge to pave the way for learning new knowledge and studying law. (2) Scene introduction. By reviewing the old knowledge related to the new knowledge, we can introduce it with objects, examples, games and stories in daily life.

ask questions

According to the characteristics of new knowledge, guide students to ask questions.

(2) Exploration and construction

This is the central link of classroom teaching. Its main task is to guide students to prepare all kinds of inquiry materials; Instruct students to make good use of inquiry methods, fully mobilize students' multiple senses, actively participate in the whole process of inquiry, and thus acquire knowledge. Develop students' intelligence, cultivate students' innovative thinking and improve their comprehensive quality. It can be divided into three steps:

1. Independent investigation. Take the method of trying to explore. First of all, teachers prepare materials for students to try (self-study texts, operation demonstrations, writing exercises, etc. ) and try to think about the problem (teachers should try to solve the problem according to the teaching objectives, the key and difficult points of the teaching materials and the students' cognitive rules); Then let the students try with questions, so as to try, think and initially understand what they have learned.

Through students' tentative thinking, students' autonomy and initiative are brought into play, students' interest in learning is stimulated, students' enthusiasm for learning is mobilized, and students' spirit of trying is cultivated.

2. Cooperative exploration. Discuss and ask questions. On the basis of students' initial perception, in order to give full play to their learning initiative, students are allowed to express different opinions, ask questions, help each other, study together and solve problems in the form of discussion.

Discussion; Conduct deskmate discussion, group discussion and class discussion. The problems discussed are the key and difficult points in the new curriculum, the key to inspiring thinking or the problems encountered in the attempt. Let everyone express their opinions and opinions. After group discussion, communicate with the whole class.

Questioning; Problems that students can't understand and solve in discussion or key, difficult and key problems in teaching, encourage students to question and ask difficult questions. Through students' discussion and questioning, students can learn more about new knowledge. Give full play to students' initiative and enthusiasm in learning. Cultivate students' cooperative spirit and innovative ability.

3. Discover knowledge. After students try to discuss, teachers guide students to review the learning process, and use the methods of observation, analysis, comparison, synthesis and generalization to upgrade perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge and induce knowledge to construct; Discover learning rules, summarize learning methods, and cultivate students' logical thinking ability and comprehensive generalization ability.

(3) Exploration and deepening

This is a link to test, consolidate and apply new knowledge, master and apply learning methods and form skills.

1. Try it. This is to test and apply new knowledge; An attempt to master and use learning methods; The content of the exercise should be oriented to all students and help them to use learning method and transfer method.

Practice should focus on the goal, highlight the key points, and have three levels: basic practice, comprehensive or special practice and development practice. Practice should be open and diverse, so that the potential of students at different levels can be developed.

2. evaluation. On the basis of students' attempts, let students criticize each other, evaluate each other, discuss each other and evaluate different ideas and viewpoints. Through mutual evaluation between teachers and students, we can give full play to the functions of students' cooperation and autonomous learning and cultivate students' innovative ability.

3. summary. On the one hand, let the students talk about what they have learned in this class. What did you get? On the other hand, the teacher gave a brief hint about the deepening of the knowledge learned in this class.

Third, determine the students' dominant position and broaden the educational environment in rural primary and secondary schools.

To determine students' dominant position, we must boldly reform and innovate the teaching methods of traditional education, realize the organic transformation of teaching subject, teaching form and teaching atmosphere, and ensure the harmony and unity of teaching content.

(1) Create a democratic, equal and harmonious educational environment, and cultivate students' awareness and ability to respect themselves, their classmates, teachers, knowledge, nature and society.

The splendid civilization of the motherland for 5,000 years and the vast territory of 9.6 million square kilometers have provided us with rich and colorful moral education contents. There is no reason why we should not explore it. In view of the diversity, complexity and long-term nature of moral education in rural primary and secondary schools, we carry out moral education on the principle of focusing on the overall situation, starting from small things, being close to reality and paying attention to practical results. Focusing on the big picture means that there is a very clear requirement for students of all grades to meet what standards. Starting from small things means starting from ordinary things and starting from small things. Being close to reality and paying attention to actual results means to carry out work in a down-to-earth manner and implement various measures of moral education in combination with the requirements of the times, social environment and students' reality. With the theme of "Love your hometown, love your school", we launched the Young Pioneers and Team Speech Competition closely around the content of development and innovation. With the theme of "forming habits and harvesting fate", a demonstration class of striving for behavioral norms was carried out; With the theme of "singing the motherland and loving China", the campus art festival will be held continuously, and the activities of striving for characteristic classes of art education will be carried out; With the theme of "respecting nature and strengthening harmony", guide students to combine caring for and protecting the environment with self-cultivation, and start activities from me and every little thing around them; With the theme of "cherishing life and obeying rules", the discourse of respecting society and strengthening the awareness of rules was carried out; With the theme of "honesty, helping others, respecting teachers and promoting education", the team observes and communicates four times each semester. We also pay special attention to a series of life education such as freshmen's study, new team members' oath, campus daily life, graduation and leaving school. (2) Stimulate students' subjective consciousness and develop their initiative.

Students are the masters of learning and the main body of classroom teaching. Teachers must be the organizers and instructors of students' learning in teaching, believe in students' ability, truly return the classroom to students, return the creative opportunities to students, open up students' spiritual world and promote students' subjective development.

1. Give students a chance to ask questions. "Teaching is to create problems where there are no problems and impart knowledge in the process of solving problems." Guiding students to question and ask difficult questions is an important way to acquire knowledge, the starting point to cultivate students' self-study ability and the basic training to improve students' thinking ability. Therefore, in classroom teaching activities, we encourage students to "dare to ask", help students to "know how to ask" and guide students to "be good at asking". In the form of questioning, students can ask questions before class for teachers to prepare lessons and attend classes; Ask questions in class for teachers and students to discuss and communicate; Ask questions after class for everyone to learn and discuss. In the content of questioning, guide students to be "good at asking questions", that is, to grasp where and how to ask questions.

2. Give students the right to choose. If teaching is to impress every student, students must be given full rights of "independent choice". In more teaching links, teachers' "command" should be changed into students' "selectivity" and a new mechanism of "students' independent choice under the guidance of teachers" should be sought. If students have their own intentional choices, they will actively participate in teaching activities and seek their own development and improvement.

3. Give students room to try. Students' knowledge and ability are not given by teachers, but formed through independent trial and practical exploration. From imitation to inquiry to creation, students are gradually constructed as "autonomous learning"; Classroom teaching mode based on bold attempt: orientation-autonomous learning-autonomous exploration-communication-reflection-internalization. Under the guidance of teachers, students never try to dare to try to be willing to try to be good at trying, form independent consciousness, strengthen inquiry consciousness, improve frustration and promote success.

4. Create a world for students. For students, the classroom should be a display of learning and achievement. But there are "three fears" among students: fear of teachers, fear of asking questions and fear of students. We should cultivate the spirit that newborn calves are not afraid of tigers. Only by embodying this spirit can we show children's thirst for knowledge, students dare to study, dare to ask questions, dare to struggle and argue with teachers, create a good class and realize children's real development goals. Establish the consciousness that I can, I can and I am great, encourage students to try, practice and create independently, and cultivate students' inquiry ability and creativity.

(C) tap the school-based curriculum resources and enhance the synergy of school education

Due to the differences in rural areas, rural economy and culture are unbalanced. Actively exploring and developing all available curriculum resources is the most effective way to improve rural education.

1. Campus resources. "A school history, a teacher, a medal, a work, a project ...", if statistically sorted out, these are living educational resources.

2. Local textbooks. "Folk customs, local culture, characteristic industries, talents, manpower ..." is not only the basic content of compiling local textbooks, but also the best educational resources. It can not only make up for the shortcomings of national and local courses, but also let the educated see, feel and accept them willingly.

3. Parent communication. "Parents' open days, special lectures, parents' school consultation activities every semester ..." are well received by parents, which strengthens their understanding and communication on school work. At the same time, the school has also received social demands from parents for school education, thus constantly improving the school's education and teaching work. No wonder some people say that parents are rare educational resources.

4. Student activities. Beneficial activities, such as "Red Scarf Radio, Speech under the National Flag, Oath under the League Emblem, Board Newspaper Column, School Rules and Motto", enable students to understand the colorful world, feel the hardships of labor, experience the demand for knowledge and touch their thirst for knowledge. Practice activities are entertaining, so that students can get the noble quality education of "respecting truth, beauty, enlightening wisdom and strengthening body".

(D) the use of incentive evaluation to promote students' independent development

Many rural schools and teachers are used to publishing their scores to the public after big exams and quizzes, and then ranking them carefully, even making the scores accurate to several decimal places. This practice may occasionally give students moderate pressure and stimulate their enthusiasm for learning. However, frequent use of this method, even as a powerful weapon to control and stimulate students, will inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. If this continues for a long time, it will destroy the teaching environment of the school and keep students living in anxiety and depression. The most terrible thing is that it will cause a devastating psychological blow to the students who rank lower. Education is no small matter, and any educational measures should first consider the interests of students. We use different evaluation criteria for different students in class and different evaluation forms in different occasions; Take seriously all kinds of questions raised by students; Understanding of students and actual effect. Give full affirmation to the right, praise the original point of view, and don't directly deny the wrong, let alone criticize it rashly. Instead, students are encouraged to think positively and get correct answers from reading materials and teacher-student exchanges. Therefore, the use of incentive evaluation can mobilize students' learning enthusiasm and promote their independent development.

Four, a variety of ways to promote the development of rural primary and secondary education

(1) Adjust the layout of rural schools to promote the development of schools through informationization.

Rural schools are scattered, small in scale and poor in conditions, under the condition of insufficient investment in education; If the limited funds are shared equally among schools; Promoting educational informatization can only be a drop in the bucket, and only concentrated investment can be effective. The premise of concentrated investment must be to adjust the school layout, merge some "pocket schools" with fewer than 100 teachers and students, concentrate efforts and funds to build demonstration schools, and do a good job in the "rural network" of computers, closed-circuit television and broadcasting and the information network construction of various schools according to local conditions, so as to promote the leap-forward development of rural education.

(2) Strengthen the construction of teachers and further improve the quality of education and teaching.

The development of schools is inseparable from teachers. There are too many "people-to-public" and substitute teachers in rural areas, with low quality, relatively backward concepts and relatively outdated teaching methods. Therefore, the education authorities should strengthen the construction of the "human network" while building the "Skynet" of the rural school satellite network and the "ground network" of the Internet. First, tilt towards rural teachers in terms of professional title evaluation, salary and training, and attract outstanding talents to teach in rural schools; Second, by supporting poor rural schools in developed areas, urban and rural schools take turns to teach teachers, and regularly send urban teachers to the countryside, * * * enjoys the resources of "contacts"; Third, strengthen the construction of school leadership and improve the level of running schools in rural areas; Fourth, strengthen academic training and continuing education to improve the academic level and basic skills of rural teachers; Fifth, establish a perfect teaching resource system to further improve the quality of education and teaching.

(C) the use of unique rural environment, and gradually cultivate students' innovative thinking.

In the new curriculum reform in rural areas, the environment and facilities are not as perfect as the teacher imagined. However, there is no activity venue, no professional classroom ..., which always bothers the curriculum reform as scheduled. As the forerunner of curriculum reform, have you thought of the ordinary and simple mountains, fields, villages and rich local characteristics in rural areas? Such as kicking shuttlecock and punching sandbags; Swing, promote loach, dance yangko, dragon lantern and other activities; It has great inspiration for students' independent participation, group cooperation, hobbies and innovative thinking. Therefore, as long as teachers organize and guide properly and improve their innovation under the background of new curriculum, they will get twice the result with half the effort

(D) Establish a school-based teaching and research system to create conditions for teachers to participate in teaching reform.

Most rural primary and secondary schools ignore school-based teaching and research, and score management prevails. In order to reverse this passive situation in which people are ignored and interests drive to replace career pursuit, it is necessary to establish and improve a school-based teaching and research system focusing on "personal reflection, peer assistance and centralized communication", and create conditions for teachers to participate in teaching reform through activities such as teaching reflection, exchange and discussion, collective lesson preparation, collaborative attempt, lecture evaluation, case selection and exploration and innovation.

(e) Invite parents into the classroom to strengthen the connection between parents and schools.

Family is not only a warm harbor for students, but also a rare educational resource. Sincerely invite parents to participate in the curriculum reform. Teachers of different grades should contact and communicate with their parents, do a good job of publicity, and obtain their support and cooperation. Hold parents' open days and open weeks, and invite parents into the classroom to learn about their children's learning. Through equal dialogue. Understand each other in dialogue and promote the harmonious development of students through understanding.

(6) Improve the education evaluation mechanism to stimulate teachers' enthusiasm.

Educational evaluation has the functions of identification, improvement, encouragement, management and research, and its purpose is to improve the quality of education, while the purpose of improving the quality of education is to promote people's all-round development. Establish a comprehensive quantitative management method for teacher education and teaching, no longer "reward by points", pay attention to management, promote teaching and research, and comprehensively evaluate teachers' work; Pay attention to students' development in student evaluation, set up a record bag of students' growth, and put an end to the wrong practice of publishing grades and ranking them according to grades; Encourage schools, parents and communities to establish an effective, reasonable and scientific educational evaluation mechanism, stimulate teachers' enthusiasm for participating in the new curriculum reform, and present a cultural atmosphere of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend" in education and teaching.