First, the germination of archaeology
1. As early as the Warring States Period, people had studied antiquities. Confucius believed in the ancient times, and it was recorded in Mandarin that Confucius knew the "arrow crossbow" in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Yuan Kang's Yuejueshu recorded the dialogue between King Zhao Chu and Hu Feng (about ancient weapons).
Weapons recorded in Lucretius's Physical Properties around A.D.
Sima Qian's fieldwork in writing Historical Records: Later, he discovered the book Jizhong Zhou; Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics
In Song Dynasty, Bi Tan, Wu You and Jianfa Style set off an upsurge of collecting, researching and sorting out ancient cultural relics. Zhao Mingcheng's Records of the Stone, Ouyang Xiu's Records of the Historian, and Xuanhe Bo Gu's (Emperor's) Map ***89 think that their purpose is to "prove the classics and supplement the history".
Yuan and Ming declined;
In the Qing Dynasty, there was a "study of Ganjia", which mainly studied ancient books. The "epigraphy" was further developed and 906 monographs were handed down from generation to generation.
2. During the Renaissance, there was an upsurge of studying history and collecting antiquities in Europe. The purpose is to study ancient Greece and Rome: focusing on architecture and art history, that is, antiquities.
Second, the occurrence of modern archaeology: with modern scientific methods as the main pillar [Industrial Revolution-World War II]
1, which first occurred in Europe, was related to the bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, and ancient relics were found in the process of large-scale civil construction; Under the influence of the theory of evolution, it is believed that human society is progressing gradually, so archaeology proves this.
Evolution (Huxley)-Archaeology and evolution are mutually causal.
2. About the middle of19th century, modern archaeology came into being.
Major Achievements (West)
1) has made the greatest contribution to the emancipation of human mind, and changed human's view of history and world.
2) The European prehistoric archaeological system was revealed in Europe, which provided a reference system and had a great influence on archaeology all over the world.
3) Have a new understanding and discovery of the disappearing ancient civilizations (ancient India, Maya and Mesopotamia).
Napoleon took away the Rosetta stone. There are three kinds of characters: ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, folk characters and Greek characters.
Montelius, the Father of Swedish Archaeological Typology
Pete. 6? 1 river, the father of paleostratigraphy in England
Olmec civilization, the predecessor of Maya civilization in Central America.
4) Establishment of Archaeological Methodology System Li Quan: Children in the Cross-century Method: Archaeological Cultural Theory (Cultural History Research Method)
China: At the beginning of the 20th century, with the enlightenment of the Revolution of 1911, modern western science was introduced on a large scale. From the very beginning, China fully accepted the mature modern archaeological system, and quickly integrated with the world, without any content with China characteristics.
1 explorers from Britain, France, Germany and Japan visited the north of China and found many unknown substances. Some new disciplines, such as Dunhuang studies and bamboo slips studies, have emerged and some excavations have been made.
Great progress has been made in epigraphy. Oracle bone inscriptions were discovered in 1898, and Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei made the greatest contributions, deciphering Oracle bone inscriptions and confirming the authenticity of history. Dunhuang studies, Dunhuang documents, the appearance of Han bamboo slips (northwest), and the discovery of Juyan Han bamboo slips by 1930, known as the historical revolution, brought a new understanding of history.
3 The emergence of modern archaeology in China. Swede An Tesheng (geologist) was hired to engage in mining in China (named "General Mining Consultant of China" by Beiyang Government), and found that Zhoukoudian has paleontological fossils, stone tools and a series of prehistoric sites (Yangshao Village). Later, he discovered the remains of man and fire, and then he learned about the prehistoric culture of China. China scholars Pei Wenzhong, Jia Lanpo and China had the highest archaeological level in the world at that time.
In the 1930 s, my own archaeology. Famous archaeologists include Li Ji (American anthropology professor), Liang Siyong (Harvard archaeology professor), Wu Jinding, Pei Wenzhong, Xia Nai, etc., who discovered Yangshao site in Yin Xi Village, Xia County in 1926. From 1928 to 1935, Oracle Bone Inscriptions (headed by Li Ji) was unearthed in Yin Ruins, and Liang Siyong discovered Longshan culture.
The characteristics of archaeology in China:
(1) introduced a mature western archaeological system, which was one of the highest in the world at that time.
(2) The tradition of "epigraphy" makes it closely related to history and promotes the great development of history. (with historical orientation)
Third, the development of post-war archaeology (World War II)
1. Natural science has completely changed the development of archaeology.
The application of (1) nuclear technology in archaeology: dating with C 14 (American invention)
(2) using airplanes to find archaeological sites
(3) Using physical and chemical analysis technology to identify the components of the relic: DNA analysis.
(4) Environmental technology studies ancient animals and plants.
(5) Mathematical statistics
Characteristics of modern archaeology
1, the conceptual change of human thought
2. Natural science has a wide and profound influence on archaeology.
Archaeology of two camps:
1, capitalist camp: before World War II, ancient culture and history were studied through archaeology; In the first batch of American archaeology in the forties and fifties of last century, people were ignored, and the research methods of ancient material society were criticized and ignored. In the 1960s, L.R. Bindford of the United States defined archaeology as "anthropology", that is, "new archaeology", which focused on studying the laws of human culture and history, ignoring the historical process, not the combination of objects, but including the economy, organization, politics and consciousness at that time. He called it "the middle theory". This is the performance of characteristic one. This thought had a great influence on the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, and also had a wide influence around the world.
In terms of research methods, it should be "scientific research" (deductive-inferential method), not "humanistic research". Under the influence of "postmodernism" in the 1980s and 1990s, "new archaeology" was criticized for only studying the general laws of the development of ancient culture and the general course of the development of ancient society, and a kind of "post-new archaeology" (pluralism) appeared [post-proceduralism prevailed, not from a theoretical point of view]. It was thought that many aspects should be studied, such as the specific development of various regions, and some "cognitivism" also emerged.
Oriental Group (represented by the Soviet Union): Young archaeologists advocate using Marxism to study, and oppose using utensils to study. They believe that the theoretical basis is "productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure", focusing on the study of productive forces, which was later called the research method of mechanical materialism. The concept is biased and oversimplified, ignoring the superstructure; However, it is also positive. At the same time, a new research method-experimental archaeology has emerged, including the "micro-mark research method", that is, observing micro-marks with a microscope and determining their uses through experiments. (11930s)
After 1950s, the research scope was wider; Not only material, but also ancient culture and ancient society, but also Marxism. This paper attempts to prove Marx's social development history (main purpose) through archaeology, and begins to carry out "settlement archaeology" purposefully (the same whole village in the same period) and study its social classification. The disadvantage is that this kind of innuendo archaeology studies history not from historical events but from theory; The positive aspect lies in that it opens up a research angle, and the advanced aspect lies in studying ancient society from Marx's system theory.
compare
1, from the initial simplification tendency to the broader study of ancient society.
3. Archaeology in New China: Since 1950s, the Academy of Sciences has established an archaeological research institute. In view of breaking ground, ancient relics are common. 65438-0952 Archaeology major was set up in Peking University to train archaeological professionals. In the mid-1950s, a large-scale field archaeology major began. After liberation, more stages of prehistoric culture have been discovered all over the country, and there are many relics of three generations of pre-Qin culture, which have been archaeological until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, this development is uneven. The role of prehistoric archaeology is to write history, primitive historical archaeology is used to be serious, and historical archaeology is used to supplement history.
Main research: the origin and time of the Chinese nation; The formation and development of China culture and the formation time of China countries.
Archaeology corrected the history that the Chinese nation, culture and country were born in the Central Plains (such as the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with Henan as the center), that is, the "Central Plains Centering Theory" was changed to the "Pluralistic Integration Theory" (proposed by Su). During the Cultural Revolution, although it was excavated, it stagnated, and archaeology was the least affected. The 1980s was a turning point in archaeology in China.