Generally speaking, many reference formats are based on two formats: APA format and MLA format, as well as CMS format and Harvard system format, both of which are common reference formats. These four formats are briefly described below.
1.APA？ format
APA is the abbreviation of American Psychological Association, whose full name is American Psychological Association. APA format refers to the Journal Guide of the American Psychological Association published by the Association, which has been published in the seventh edition. Articles mainly used in social science and natural science. Many domestic journals also adopt APA format.
The details of APA format are very complicated, so I won't go into details here. If you want to know more, Purdue University official website has a section: Computers can't do it. New york: Harper &; Row.
2.MLA format
MLA？ It is a paper guidance format formulated by the American Modern Language Association, which is mostly used in liberal arts. The basic format of comments in MLA text is "(author's surname, document page number)". The bibliography at the end of the article is called works cited in MLA format, which is also arranged alphabetically by surname. The basic structure is as follows:
Periodical category:
Author's "article name" periodical name, volume number or page number of publication year.
Comparative methods of modern African literature. ? Yearbook of general and comparative literature? 28 ( 1979): 22.？
Non-periodical category:
Author's title: year of publication by publishing house.
Richard Dean winfield. ? Law in civil society. ? Madison: University of Wisconsin P, 1995.
3.CMS format
CMS format, also called Chicago paper format, is the full name of Chicago style manual. Originated from the manual style published by University of Chicago Press 1906, and has been published in the seventeenth edition. Mainly used in humanities. It uses footnotes, endnotes and bibliography to indicate the source of literature.
Like the APA format, the Chicago format uses the author's surname plus the year, and can add the page number if necessary, for example: (goman1989,59). Footnotes and endnotes are structured as follows:
Periodical category:
Author's "article name" periodical name, volume number or page number of publication year.
Susan Parker McDonald, The Erasure of Language? College composition and communication? 58. No.4 (2007): 6 19.
Non-periodical category:
Author's title: year of publication by publishing house.
First name, last name? Title? (place of publication: publishing house, year of publication), page number.
The reference at the end of the paper is called bibliography or reference, and its structure is as follows:
Periodical category:
Author's "article name" periodical name, volume number or page number of publication year.
McDonald, Susan Peck. "The disappearance of language"? College composition and communication? 58, No.4 (2007): 585-625.
Non-periodical category:
Author's title: year of publication by publishing house.
Last name, first name. ? Book title. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
4. Harvard file format
As the name implies, it is the reference standard of Harvard university papers, and the full name is Harvard system. It originated in the United States, but it is widely used in Britain, Australia and other countries, especially in the fields of physics and natural science.
Like APA format, Harvard format text notes adopt the method of adding the author's surname and year. The basic structure of the bibliography at the end of the article is as follows:
Periodical category:
Author's publication year, article name, periodical name, volume number or page number.
Ross, North Carolina (20 15). On the truth content and false consciousness in Adorno's aesthetic theory. Philosophy Today, vol. 59, No.2, pp. 290-269.
Non-periodical category:
Author's publication year Book name Publication place: Publishing House
The above is a brief introduction to the four reference formats. Each format has many details, such as authors with the same surname, multiple authors, electronic publications, conference papers and so on. , as well as typesetting, font size, indentation, spaces, etc. Find out which one to use in writing.