Using technology, knowledge, etc. to provide knowledge service as a service means, science and technology service, as a part of modern service industry, is the service object of social industry [25]. With the increasing attention of international science and technology to science and technology, the science and technology service industry that promotes advanced science and technology and social economy has penetrated into the industrial chain and played an increasingly important role in the national economy. Areas with low scientific and technological level can adopt the method of technology introduction to promote the development of high-tech in China, shorten the process of putting products into the market and improve the international competitiveness of enterprises. Technology, to a certain extent, vigorously develop the field of export technology products, which has brought future influence to its unique advantages [26].
Our government began to subsidize PCT applications in 2009. Some scholars believe that due to the promotion of government policies, the number of international patent applications in China will greatly increase, but the quality may not be satisfactory. It has been about eight years since the government began to implement the subsidy policy, and the number of PCT applications in China has far surpassed that in Japan, reaching 43168,438+06 in 2065, ranking third in the world for four consecutive years after 20 15, but this is not worth cheering for. More and more industrial development optimization choose to use foreign excellent intellectual property rights as the development basis, and use other countries' patents to seek development for domestic enterprises, which not only imposes pressure on the development of China enterprises, but also causes the deposition of useless patents and the waste of national resources [27].
Innovation has become the first driving force for China to comprehensively promote supply-side structural reform. For example, it is not an exaggeration to use this sentence in national industries Huawei and ZTE. Huawei and ZTE take the lead among the national enterprises applying for patents internationally, benefiting from the understanding and attention of the top management of enterprises to national policies. According to the existing financial reports, we can find that the investment of Huawei and ZTE in R&D has shown an overall upward trend in the past five years, and the R&D expense ratio has remained at around 10% (R&D expense ratio = R&D expense/total operating income). Besides, Apple, which was extremely popular in the past few years, has not made much improvement in innovation in recent years, and has taken the road ahead tepidly, but not making progress in the atmosphere of innovation is equivalent to retrogression, leading to a gradual decrease in the current market share. Relatively speaking, if we look at some domestic brands that only pay attention to immediate interests and borrow other people's intellectual property rights to develop new products, the internationalization of patents will only lead to negative growth in the trade of science and technology services, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth of China's GDP.
Gravity model, which represents the function of large-scale spatial interaction, is used to predict the ability of spatial interaction. It originated from Newton's law. This model is widely used in many disciplines, and the more common one is the theory applied to specific international trade [28]. In international trade theory, the gravity model means that a single transaction is inversely proportional to the distance between the two countries and directly proportional to their respective economic scale (GDP).
The model is specifically expressed as:
(model 1)
Tij stands for bilateral trade volume, A is the weight coefficient, Yi is the economic scale GDP of country I, Yj is the GDP of country J, and D is the geographical distance between the two countries. Convert the model into a linear logarithmic form:
(Model 2)
With the internationalization of patents, the contradiction between patent protection and globalization of economic development, the use of unified patent standards and the simplification of application procedures, patents are protected worldwide. The number of transnational patent applications directly reflects the degree of internationalization of a country's patents in the world, and can measure a country's scientific research ability, which is closely related to the trade in scientific and technological services we want to study. Therefore, the number of transnational patent applications is selected as an index to measure the degree of patent internationalization.
Among them, the linear difference constant representing the trade volume of science and technology services between country I and country J is a linear calculation formula, and its influence on the value of the trade volume of science and technology services will not interfere with our observation on the relationship between the trade volume of science and technology services and patent internationalization, so it will not be discussed later.
Add the patent application amount as a variable to model 2 and build model 3:
(Model 3)
Among them, Etcj stands for China's export of science and technology services to country J in T year, Ytc stands for China's GDP in T year, Ytj stands for country J's GDP in T year, Dcj stands for the geographical distance between China and country J, Etj stands for the number of national patent applications in country J in T year, Ptc stands for the total population of China in T year, Ptj stands for the total population of country J in T year and CDtcj stands for the number of national patent applications in China in T year.
In model 3, the explanatory variable Ytc represents China's GDP, China's economic scale and supply and demand capacity, and the expected sign is positive, indicating that when China's GDP increases, China's science and technology service trade exports will increase. The explanatory variable Ytj represents the GDP of country J, the economic scale and supply and demand capacity of country J, and the expected sign is positive, which shows that when the GDP of country J increases, the demand of country J for China's scientific and technological services is greater. The explanatory variable Dcj represents the geographical distance between the two countries and the transportation cost of bilateral trade, which is the main resistance factor of bilateral trade. The negative expected sign means that the farther China is from country J, the higher the trade cost, and the lower the export of science and technology services in China. The explanatory variable Etc represents the number of national patent applications in China in T years and represents the ability of scientific and technological services. The expected sign is positive, indicating that when the number of patent applications in China countries increases, the export volume of China's science and technology service trade will increase. Ptc indicates the total population of China in T year, and the expected sign is positive, indicating that when the population of China increases, the scale of bilateral trade expands and the export value of science and technology service trade increases. Ptj represents the total population of country J in T year, and the expected sign is negative, indicating that bilateral trade of country J has expanded, while China's exports of science and technology services to country J have decreased. CDtcj indicates the number of patents applied by China in country J in T, and the scale of China's scientific and technological service support in country J. The expected sign is positive. When CDtcj increases, the export volume of science and technology service trade increases.
(2) Samples and data
The export value of science and technology service trade is equal to the sum of royalties, licensing fees and other business and professional technical service fees.
GDP is an indicator to measure the economic scale of the two countries, and it is also a key factor affecting international trade. This paper proposes to use GDP estimated based on PPP (purchasing power parity) to eliminate the possible errors caused by the standards of GDP calculation systems in various countries. Since the GDP data estimated by some countries based on purchasing power parity are not recorded, the GDP data in this paper are expressed in converted dollars (the GDP calculated at market prices (current dollars)). GDP data comes from the World Bank database. See Appendix Table 1 and Schedule 2 for details.
The geographical distance in this paper represents the actual distance between the two capitals, which is completely independent of the linguistic differences of patent internationalization and other factors such as history, geographical distance and mode. Geographic distance information comes from foreign websites. See attached table 7 for specific data.
The number of patent applications in this model is an index of national science and technology service capacity and an important factor affecting the export of science and technology services. The information in this article comes from the patent statistics published by WIPO. See Table 3 for specific data.
The internationalization of patents mentioned in this paper refers to the act of arriving in one country and applying for patent protection in another country by establishing a global unified patent system. Therefore, we use the patent application data published by the World Intellectual Property Organization and the patent application data received by the Patent Office according to the country of origin to evaluate the behavior of patent internationalization.
The result analysis is shown in the following table:
type
executant
form
Global utilization of a country's technology
Enterprises and individuals pursuing profits
Export innovative products; Transfer of licenses and patents; Production of innovative products designed and developed in foreign countries.
Global technological innovation (production)
multinational corporation
Developing R&D education in home and host countries; D and innovation activities; Buy existing R&D products. In the host country; D laboratory or r& laboratory; Green land investment
Global technical cooperation
Universities and public research centers
Cooperative scientific research projects; Exchange scholars or researchers; International mobility of students
Domestic or multinational enterprises
Joint ventures with specific innovative projects; Exchange technical information and/or production agreements of equipment.
Table 6. 1 implementers and forms of patent internationalization
Table 6. 1 implementers and forms of patent internationalization
Table 6.2 Distribution of Three Indicators of Patent Internationalization
Table 6.2 Distribution of Three Indicators of Patent Internationalization
From the columns (1)~(3) in Table 6.3, we can see that in the ordinary fixed effect regression, patent internationalization has a negative impact on the growth of trade, which reminds us of endogenous problems. The increase of trade volume brought by patent internationalization may bring about the increase of market importance, thus increasing the possibility of patent application. At the same time, some countries may apply for a large number of patents to confuse their opponents so as to avoid eroding their existing market share. This requires a solution that can control this endogenous problem. The solution adopted in this paper is the tool variable method.
Tool variable method: when both x and y are endogenous, finding a variable will only affect x, and y is not directly affected, so that the influence of x on y can be accurately identified. Where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
The patent internationalization studied in this paper is the sum of the patent application behaviors of individuals and enterprises at the national level. Because it is a strategic act, it is bound to be influenced by various factors, among which the most closely related is international cooperation. Therefore, this paper chooses whether to be a member of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 1970 to solve the endogenous problems of trade growth and patent internationalization. This working variable is effective because, from the perspective of institutional environment, joining patent agreements can enable individuals and state units to use PCT clauses with longer grace periods when applying for transnational patents abroad; Similarly, due to the transfer of relevant documents and information between WIPO and the International Patent Cooperation Agreement, the relevant application fees have been reduced. In this sense, joining the Patent Cooperation Agreement will certainly improve the internationalization level of bilateral patents, but joining this international treaty will not directly affect bilateral trade relations, because it is a multilateral treaty and will not affect whether a country joins or not because of specific bilateral trade relations. This treaty will directly affect the bilateral patent applications at the same time. The only way to influence trade is to influence bilateral trade structure and bilateral trade volume through patent internationalization. In the study of international trade, one of the most common means that has a direct impact on related factors is the use of specific bilateral treaties. In this paper, the tool variables of patent internationalization index are estimated in two stages by using the xtivreg2 command of STATA 12. 1 software (that is, whether the two parties are members of the patent cooperation agreement).
Trade volume of science and technology services
Logarithm of patent flow
Logarithm of patent flow
-0.056***(0.0 10)
/
I. National gross domestic product
1.302***(0.055)
0.035***(0.00 1)
J. National gross domestic product
-0.957***(0.063)
0.029***(0.00 1)
A member of the patent cooperation agreement
/
0.068***(0.004)
Patent cooperation agreement member j
/
0.079***(0.004)
I. Number of national patent applications
-0.006(0.006)
0.008***(0.00 1)
J. Number of national patent applications
0.0 18***(0.006)
0.008***(0.00 1)
Total population of a country
1.250***(0. 18 1)
0.662***(0.0 18)
Total population of country j
2. 163***(0.209)
0.423***(0.0 16)
The geographical distance between country I and country J.
-0.968**(0. 102)
-0.005***(0.0 15)
sample size
390
390
Note: * * *, * * and * are significant at the level of 1%, 5% and 10% respectively, and the robust standard deviation after sequence correlation and heteroscedasticity adjustment is in brackets.
Table 6.3 Influencing Factors of Logarithm of Science and Technology Trade and Patent Flow
Table 6.3 Factors Affecting Technology Trade and Logarithm of Patent Flow
The significance of this regression result is extremely important, because we see that a large number of developed countries strive for the market share and legal protection of their products in the corresponding market through patent internationalization, which not only enhances their products and companies, but also increases their international competitiveness and transaction volume. This result is obtained after controlling the innovation level of bilateral countries (measured by the number of patent applications filed by domestic residents in their respective countries), so this result actually reflects that we should not only concentrate on improving the level of technological innovation and independent innovation ability, but also dare to internationalize patents and technologies, actively apply for patents in the host country, and improve the quality of trade through patent internationalization.
From the experimental results, we can see that even though patent internationalization has a certain inhibitory effect on the local development of science and technology service trade, it has greatly improved the overall development progress of science and technology service trade and played a positive role in promoting the overall development of trade. These results show that with the development of patent internationalization and the introduction of new technologies and products, the original products have been suppressed to some extent, which has had a negative impact on some enterprises. Moreover, if there is a problem of product substitution, it is likely that there will be competition in many aspects such as technical resources and market share, and the market of science and technology service trade in a country will also be eroded by enterprises. From here, we can make a more important direction for China enterprises. In the international trade market of science and technology services, old and new products are often produced in different regions and industries. Enterprises with the ability of patent internationalization mean that they can promote new products led by new technologies in the international market, thus occupying a larger market share in new markets and crowding out some enterprises that lack innovative technologies or have relatively backward progress in patent internationalization. Therefore, as developing enterprises or traditional enterprises, we must attach importance to the promotion and application of patent internationalization, and enterprises must have the concept of technological innovation. Only through continuous technological innovation and the application of the latest international technology can enterprises ensure a long-term dominant position and occupy a major market share in the rapidly changing international technical service market.
Trade volume of science and technology services
1996-2005
2005-20 14
Logarithm of patent flow
2.754***(0.930)
7.368***(0.920)
Logarithm of total population
2.536***(0.003)
-0.285***
Science and technology service trade index
-0.068***(0.002)
1.750***(0.342)
Number of national patent applications
0.039***(0.2 13)
0.029***(0.034)
sample size
390
390
Table 6.4 Regression of Test Time Stages
Table 6.4 Test 2-Point Periodic Regression
(c) Empirical results and discussion
As mentioned above, the current trend of global economic integration is increasingly obvious. With the progress of science and technology and the continuous innovation and breakthrough of technology, the influence of patent internationalization on science and technology service trade has also changed greatly. We can carry out experimental research according to Table 1 and Table 2, and observe the corresponding changes. In every year, patent internationalization has a positive impact on the trade volume and trade breadth of scientific and technological services, and has played a promoting role, especially on the trade volume of scientific and technological services. From this conclusion, we can see that with the deepening of global economic integration, the impact of patent internationalization on science and technology service trade is becoming more and more significant. Traditional enterprises engaged in science and technology service industry with capital investment as the main obvious advantage will gradually be replaced by enterprises with innovative technology and front-end technology as the core, and unchanging enterprises will inevitably make concessions. This conclusion is consistent with our previous prediction. With the innovation of technology, it will gradually affect the invention and manufacture of new products and the division of labor and refinement in the manufacturing process, and will also affect the wave of global patent internationalization and technology internationalization and the continuous development of free trade and investment. We can expect that the deepening of patent internationalization will have a greater impact on science and technology service trade in the future.
Seven conclusions and policy recommendations
(A) Research conclusions
This paper investigates the relationship between patent internationalization and the growth of science and technology service trade by using two kinds of data: the total number of patent applications and the total number of science and technology service trade, and draws the following conclusions.
First of all, the impact of patent internationalization on the growth of science and technology service trade is favorable, and science and technology service trade will be greatly promoted. Our research results show that we should encourage enterprises to persist in independent innovation and technological research, realize the leap-forward development of technology, and enter a higher scientific and technological platform through long-term efforts. On the premise of maintaining a relatively stable policy, with the development of science and technology service industry, it is necessary to formulate an international academic exchange policy and a reward system for scientific and technological achievements, relax the direction of part-time jobs for scientific and technological personnel, and accelerate the process of scientific and technological innovation.
Second, the impact of patent internationalization on trade in scientific and technological services is deepening with the passage of time. In other words, with the passage of time, patent internationalization has gradually occupied an indispensable position in world trade, and trade in scientific and technological services with patent property rights as the core content will gradually become the mainstream of world trade. Only when two countries or regions are closer in the field of technical specialization will there be more R&D and more transnational patent control.
Third, the internationalization of patents also has certain restrictions on the development of science and technology service industry. The internationalization of patents means the global diffusion of technology and knowledge, and also means some restrictive protection of patent property rights, thus relatively reducing a certain amount of domestic and foreign exchanges and cooperation. When foreign enterprises control or occupy a smaller share of a certain market, we will have fewer opportunities to cooperate with them, and China will have stronger control over patent property rights. In this case, enterprises that can't innovate will find it difficult to survive, which will damage the interests of domestic enterprises and greatly reduce the trade volume of science and technology services. This warns our domestic enterprises to speed up the pace of innovation, always maintain a sense of crisis, make more use of innovative technology and knowledge to increase the scale of their own enterprises, and ensure that their share in the corresponding export market will not be eroded by their competitors.
This paper theoretically demonstrates the relationship between patent internationalization and the growth of science and technology service trade, which provides brand-new experience and warning for science and technology service industry. From a practical point of view, it provides a certain foundation for scientific and technological innovation and patent internationalization, and also provides the basis and experience for China to participate in the globalization of science and technology. We can know that patent internationalization not only promotes the growth of science and technology service trade, but also shows a certain inhibitory effect, which requires us to coordinate the relationship between patent internationalization and science and technology service trade in order to achieve the best effect.
policy advice
According to the above conclusions, we put forward some suggestions: first, we should promote the coordinated development of science and technology service industry and patent internationalization, strengthen the connection between domestic science and technology service industry and global trade affairs, and learn from the advanced experience of developed countries. Secondly, further strengthen the reform of the management system of science and technology service industry, and truly play the coordinating and standardizing role of patent internationalization and technology internationalization. Finally, in order to provide professionals with special funds for scientific and technological services, enterprises and entrepreneurs should innovate and internationalize, and provide more welfare and life help to researchers.