China, the ancient name of railing, is also called Goulan, which is a safety facility on bridges and buildings. Railings play the role of separation and guidance in use, so that the boundaries of the divided areas are clear and definite. The railings designed are very decorative. There were balustrade-like components on the ritual vessels in the Zhou Dynasty. In the Han dynasty, lying railings were the most common. During the Six Dynasties, hooks were popular. In Yungang Grottoes and Dunhuang murals, you can find people standing at the corner of railings or looking for sticks. The wooden railings in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties are slender, while the stone railings are gradually separated from the wooden railings and tend to be heavy. After the late Qing Dynasty, the proportions, scales and decorative forms of western classical railings were introduced into China. The materials and shapes of modern railings are more diverse.

Chinese name: The railing was called "decadent" in ancient times, and "Goulan" played a role in separating and guiding: cast stone, imitation wood and imitation stone, and the composite types were: wooden railing, stone railing and stainless steel railing. Form, structure, style, iron railings, wooden railings, cast stone railings, laminated glass guardrails and laminated glass guardrails, steel wire guardrails, aluminum alloy guardrails, wrought iron guardrails, zinc steel guardrails, requirements, design requirements, safety requirements, domestic guardrail industry prospects, brief introduction From the form point of view, railings can be divided into two types: internode and continuous. The former consists of columns, handrails and crosspieces, and the handrails are supported on the columns; The latter has continuous handrails, which are composed of handrails, railings and bases. Common types are: wooden railings, stone railings, stainless steel railings, cast iron railings, cast stone railings, cement railings and composite railings. Wood-like guardrail covers are used to protect the banks of the river. Generally, the height of low hurdle is 0.2 ~ 0.3m, the height of middle hurdle is 0.8 ~ 0.9m, and the height of high hurdle is1.1~1.3m. The torque between railings is generally 0.5 ~ 2m. There are two forms: hollow and solid. The hollowed-out ones are composed of columns and handrails, and some are also equipped with rungs or floral ornaments. Solid is composed of railings and handrails, and some parts are hollow. The railing can also be made into stool or backrest. The design of railings should consider safety, applicability, beauty, space saving and convenient construction. The materials used to build railings are wood, stone, concrete, brick, tile, bamboo, metal, plexiglass and plastic. The height of the railing mainly depends on the objects and places used, generally 900 mm high; Stair railings in kindergartens and primary schools can also be made into double handrails for adults and children respectively; In high-risk places, it can be improved as appropriate. When the stair width exceeds 1.4m, double handrails shall be set (the side against the wall shall be provided with handrails against the wall); When it exceeds 2.4m, handrails should be added in the middle. In residential buildings, railings should not have too much space or climb stairs. The connecting line between the iron railing and the base has the following forms: ① Insert type: insert the open flat iron and barbed iron into the holes reserved in the base, and fill them with cement mortar or fine stone concrete slurry for reinforcement. (2) Welding: The railing column (or column) is welded on the iron parts such as steel plates and sleeves embedded in the base. (3) Bolt combination: Pre-embedded screws can be used to connect the female socket, or the vertical rod passing through the bottom plate can be fastened with the bottom nut of the plate. The above method is also applicable to transverse diagonal iron railings. Reinforced concrete railings are mostly made of prefabricated vertical rods, the lower end of which is connected with welded or embedded iron pieces of foundation steel dowel, and the upper end of which is connected with steel bars in concrete handrails and poured. Wooden railings are mainly tenon joints. If it is a watchcolumn, the bottom of the column should be inserted into the inclined beam of the stairs, and the handrail should be tenoned with the watchcolumn. Slab railings can be cast-in-place or prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and reinforced concrete slabs, and can also be made of bricks. Indoor tempered glass and plexiglass can also be considered. Handrails are mostly made of wood, and they are usually fixed on the long flat iron bars at the top of the upright posts with wooden screws (tenons are used when the upright posts are made of wood). It can also be fixed with metal welding and screws, or with metal as bone lining, decorated with wood and plastic surfaces, or used for concrete pouring and terrazzo plastering. The form and size of the cross section should be based on the functional requirements. Stone railings are made of marble or granite, with stone handrails on them and stone railings in the middle. The bottom plate is optional as required. If it is at the beginning of the stairs, there is a big general column. The splicing place is mainly connected with iron bars and special marble glue. Because it is made of natural stone through physical processing, it has strong anti-aging ability, heavy appearance and modern flavor. Granite is mainly used outdoors and marble is used indoors. Foundry stone railing Foundry stone generally refers to GRC cement prefabricated products containing quartz sand, similar to white marble guardrail. Raw materials include GRC cement, sand and gravel, accelerator, etc. After the raw materials are evenly stirred, they are poured into a mold for curing and molding. This process is relatively simple, because it is a mold production, which can be mass-produced, greatly reducing the landscape cost of municipal bridge guardrail. There are usually two methods in the industry. In Site 2, quartz sand is used as the main material mixed with GRC cement. The second is to treat it as a real stone paint finish. The first treatment method must wait for the product to be cured and then carry out high-pressure sand blasting on the surface to achieve the sandstone effect. High-pressure sand blasting needs professional equipment, so the maintenance and construction must be carried out in the factory, so the whole cycle will be much longer. The second treatment method is to spray real stone paint on the surface, which can be constructed only by ordinary air compressor. Products can be delivered to the site in five to seven days after maintenance in the factory, and can be repaired on site. After installation, all maintenance is in place, and the surface can be sprayed with real stone paint. The specific process depends on the drawing requirements and the actual situation of the project. The characteristics are as follows: it has the weathering effect of natural sandstone surface and the surface shape is diverse. All the performance indexes have been tested by the National Building Materials Testing Center, all of which exceed natural stone, and the service life is more than 50 years. Compared with stone guardrail, it has better structure, better overall effect, faster production cycle and simpler installation. Replacing stone, the price advantage is remarkable; Instead of cement, the grade effect is outstanding. Scope of application: rivers, bridges, dams, greening, municipal administration, etc. In the production site of cast stone guardrail, the bonded glass guardrail adopts stainless steel column and A3 steel column, and the column fittings lock the glass. Glass is mostly made of 6+6 safety dry-clamped glass and stainless steel circular tube handrails, with glass as the main accessory, which has a modern style and is suitable for transparent buildings and high-end shopping malls and other public places. Sandwiched between the glass guardrail column and the glass suspended in the middle of the handrail, the glass area is small, which mainly highlights the column sense and has a strong sense of simplicity. It is suitable for most modern garden balcony railings. Steel wires less than 12CM are sandwiched between the middle columns of the steel wire guardrail. For safety reasons, balcony railings are mostly made of steel bars, which are easy for children to climb and have low safety. Steel wire guardrails are mostly used in public places such as stairs and overpasses. The steel wire mesh is sandwiched between the steel wire mesh guardrail posts, which is safe and not conducive to cleaning. Suitable for some public places as a baffle, the permeability is not high, but it belongs to a kind of sports. Aluminum alloy guardrail Some modern buildings use aluminum alloy columns and handrails. In recent years, aluminum alloy railings have been widely used. Aluminum alloy railings have become a trend, with changeable colors, stable installation, no rust, no discoloration and corrosion resistance. Wrought iron balustrade wrought iron balustrade feels more classical, changes greatly, has more patterns and is antique. With the popularization of modern architecture, the use of wrought iron railings is temporarily less, which is a social trend. Zinc-steel railing Zinc-steel railing is a kind of hot-dip galvanized railing with anti-corrosion technology on the steel surface, which can play a chemical protection role and has unique decorative and anti-corrosion performance. For example, how to construct frameless sliding windows on zinc-steel balcony railings and so on. The design requires the design of stair railings, the selection of railing spacing, and the setting of the elevation lines of the first and last steps of railings. Select the horizontal distance between pedals and add the number of pedals, but it is not the last step to connect to the platform. Using these data to construct a right triangle, so that its two right-angled sides are the above dimensions, then the hypotenuse of the right triangle is the slope of the railing. The handrail is parallel to this line at the corresponding height. Then there is the design of the joint between the rest platform and the bottom of the railing. Handrails shall be designed to withstand a horizontal load of 50kg/ m2. Handrails must be made of hard materials, and protective measures should be taken to prevent people from falling or falling objects from injuring people below. A ball of 1 1cm is not allowed to cross the railing column in the horizontal or vertical direction. The diameter of the railing column is at least 20 mm, and the horizontal division of the railing requires children not to cross it. The railing with vertical bars in the center of the stairs is a unique design, which provides comprehensive protection for children. This bar extends from the bottom of the stairs to the top. This system creates a special texture that makes the stairs look like they are installed in a metal grid. The use of metal railings is generally attributed to their functionality and low price, and they can be easily installed on the structure of stairs by spot welding. By changing the number, polishing degree and color of metal strips, the final effect can be unified with any style of interior design. The shape of the handrail must give the hand a comfortable feeling. Through the reconciliation of cross-section and function, the greeting tube with a diameter of 3-5 cm is more suitable. Handrails should be at least 4 cm away from the wall. If the handrails are double handrails, the distance between the two handrails should be at least 10cm. The railing must extend continuously from the ramp of the stairs. If the corner of the handrail is not curved, then the turning line of the handrail must be on the kick line of the last step and the first step on the rest platform. Choosing railings with different materials is an important element to deal with the relationship between stairs and the surrounding environment, and the choice of material color and the creation of linear continuity between stairs are the key factors in environmental design. Using transparent elements or bars will reduce the visibility of railings. For example, a group of elegant glass railings are safely fixed on the stair structure with metal fixing devices, and wooden handrails make them look comfortable and safe, and create a certain degree of warmth. Balcony railings should be designed to prevent children from climbing. The clear distance between the railing uprights should not be greater than 0. 1 1m, and the place where the flowerpot is placed must take anti-falling measures. The safety requirements are low, and the window sill is added with railings, so the appearance effect is more important. The common low windowsill is about 0.5 meters from the ground. If a railing or fence of 0.4m is added near the inner wall, it will definitely meet the protection measures required by the code. However, due to the aesthetic requirements and the need of window sill use, many people like to set the railing near the window sash. If the windowsill table is too big, such as a bay window, children often stand on the windowsill and look out, and users must stand on the windowsill to open the window. At this time, the height of the railing attached to the window sill should reach 0.9 meters. If the windowsill is too low, residents will often climb to the windowsill unconsciously, so it is not appropriate to simply attach a low railing, otherwise the danger cannot be completely eliminated. When fixed windows are used as protective measures for low windowsills, there are still dangers. Recently, there are more and more houses with low windowsill or floor-to-ceiling windows, and there are still some safety problems in some cases. If the strength of the fixed window frame is not enough, the user will gently lean against the window frame and the glass will break; French windows only use fixed glass, so there is no necessary protection. Normal activities such as children playing and chairs falling over will break the glass and cause danger; When floor-to-ceiling windows are used in high-rise apartments of high-rise buildings, if there are no necessary protective facilities, the elderly will generally reflect dizziness when looking out. As long as similar situations cause complaints, designers must bear certain responsibilities. At the same time, according to relevant foreign codes and local standards in China, the Technical Specification for Residential Space under Inclined Roof, the standard of China Engineering Construction Standardization Association, which came into effect on May 1 2006, puts forward that "safety glass should be used when the single glass area of inclined roof window is greater than 1.5 square meters". Therefore, practical safety protection measures must be taken when designing floor-to-ceiling glass windows with fixed fans. The height of the windowsill should not be used to close the railing of the balcony. With regard to balconies, the Code for Residential Design (GB50096-20 1 1) requires that "the clear height of balconies or balustrades in residential buildings with six floors or below should not be less than1.05m; Seven floors and above shall not be less than 1. 10m. (Note: There is no such restriction when there is a balcony or platform outside the window. The clear height of the windowsill or the height of the protective railing should be calculated from the treadable surface to ensure that the clear height reaches 0.90 meters, which is 0.9 meters higher than the windowsill guardrail. The original intention of the specification is that the balcony is often empty on three sides, which is the place where the whole family looks out, and the protection requirements for railings should be higher. In recent years, the phenomenon of balcony closure is more common. Some projects are designed according to the closed balcony in the design stage, and it is considered that the railing height of the closed balcony can be reduced according to the requirements of the window sill. However, it often causes controversy in construction drawing review or engineering supervision. The quality supervision department clearly identified the balcony as a balcony and the window as a window, and pointed out that if the balcony is used as a window, there are many contradictions in the engineering drawing that cannot be justified, such as area calculation, sunshine spacing, window-to-ground ratio index and so on. Although some engineering designs are designed according to the closed balcony, they are still left to the residents to deal with themselves when they are implemented, causing accidents or disputes, which makes the designers very passive. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that closing the balcony does not change the nature of the balcony. The balcony is a place where the whole family looks out and activities are concentrated. Whether it is closed or not should be the residents' own choice. At present, the possibility of opening and closing balconies completely exists in the future, and the necessary safety protection measures cannot lower or lower the standards. Therefore, the height of the windowsill must not be used to close the balcony railing. The prospect of the domestic guardrail industry is in China, and there are only a handful of top guardrail brands in the industry. Without independent brands, more guardrail manufacturers are doing OEM or OEM business for large foreign customers and buyers in obscurity. China's young guardrails are gradually growing. In terms of production capacity, China can be regarded as the highest in the world, but we still have a considerable gap in brand and core technology. At least now, the biggest guardrail market is not in China, but in European and American countries with more developed economic strength, because their market has been baptized for hundreds of years, with perfect production technology, sales channels and brands, standardized market, perfect standards and high industrial maturity. Although the domestic market is developing rapidly, it is still immature and immature.

However, we have every reason to believe that in the future, China's guardrail industry will surely prosper and become the world's largest consumer of guardrail products. China's real estate market will surpass the United States to become the largest market in the world in 20 1 1. With the continuous development of municipal engineering, traffic construction and water conservancy projects, it will provide a huge market for guardrail products. Therefore, the number of guardrail manufacturers in China is increasing, and many of them are undergoing rapid transformation under the influence of the financial crisis, and increasing the development of the domestic market.

In the process of OEM for foreign customers, guardrail manufacturers deeply feel that as an intermediate link in the industrial chain, the profits they get are embarrassing compared with the labor they pay. The labor intensity is high, the labor cost increases, all kinds of costs increase, and the profit of the factory is even minimal. The market is controlled by others, and profits are divided by others. So passive, how is the living space not worrying? Faced with this situation, China guardrail industry should fully understand its own gap, improve the technical content of products, keep up with the market trend, strive for perfection in product quality, and constantly build an industry brand belonging to Chinese people. With the brand, there is a backbone, which can incite foreign markets, get rid of the situation of being controlled by others, and let China guardrail brand openly occupy foreign markets. This day will surely come true in the near future, despite the twists and turns and difficulties. I believe that Made in China will live up to its mission!