The origin of industrial design
Design comes from the needs of life. From the moment when human beings solve the needs of life, design comes into being. When human ancestors began to use the most primitive natural materials to make simple tools, the idea of design sprouted in their brains. Although they unconsciously made necessary tools at first, such as stones, trunks, bones, hides, stems and vines, the manufacture and use of these tools improved their survival ability, gained more food, established their own homes, and used these primitive tools to fight fierce beasts, so that human beings could survive well. With the continuous improvement of human wisdom, technological progress and the invention of smelting technology, from the earliest Stone Age to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, each stage marks that human beings have entered a new era of invention and design, and design ideas have gradually been integrated into various productions and uses. The design is not imaginary.
Industrial design in the modern sense rose with the appearance of the British industrial revolution in the late18th century. The invention of the steam engine marked the arrival of the industrial revolution, which brought about great changes in the mode of production and improved the efficiency and speed of production. Mechanized production gradually replaced manual labor, changed people's way of life and work in the past, and society began to enter the industrial age. Design and manufacturing began to separate, and with the development of social industrialization, industrial design was born. Now industrial design originated in Europe and developed in the United States.
19 19, Walter Gropes, a famous German architect and design theorist, founded Bauhuas College in Weimar, Germany, which is the first college in the world to develop design education. 1April, 933, it was forcibly closed by the Nazi government in Germany. Although the existence of Bauhaus is short-lived, it has a far-reaching impact on modern design. In terms of concrete influence, it has laid the structural foundation of modern design education. At present, the basic courses of design education institutions and even art education institutions in the world are initiated by Bauhaus. This basic curriculum structure separates the study of plane and three-dimensional structure, materials and colors, which makes visual education firmly based on science for the first time. At the same time, Bauhaus also initiated the education of industrial product design with the characteristics of modern materials, mass production and modernism, which laid the basic face of modernist industrial product design and had a far-reaching impact on industrial product design.
Introduction to the development history of industrial design
Industrial design originated from Bauhaus (Bauhaus, 19 19/4/ 1? 1933/7), the abbreviation of "Staatliches Bauhaus" in Weimar, Germany, was later renamed "School of Design" (Hochschule f? R Gestaltung) is still called "Bauhaus" by habit. After the reunification of Germany and Germany, Weimar School of Design was renamed Weimar Bauhaus University.
(Bauhaus University? Weimar). Its establishment marks the birth of modern design and has a far-reaching impact on the development of modern design in the world. Bauhaus is also the first college in the world to carry out modern design education. The word "Bauhaus" was coined by Gropius, which is a transliteration of German Bauhaus. The word "house building" is the other way around.
The first stage (19 19? 1925), Weimar period. As the headmaster, Gropius put forward the lofty ideal of "new unification of art and technology" and shouldered the sacred mission of training designers and architects in the 20th century. He recruited talents, hired artists and craftsmen to teach, and formed a new education system combining art education with manual production; The second stage (1925? 1932), Dessau period. Bauhaus rebuilt in Dessau, Germany, and carried out curriculum reform, implementing the teaching method of integrating design and production teaching, and achieved excellent results. 1928 Gropius resigned as president of Bauhaus and was appointed by Hanez? Meyer (sepp maier) succeeded. The architect from the Party of * * * expanded Bauhaus's artistic radicalism into political radicalism, which made Bauhaus face more and more political pressure. In the end, Meyer himself had to resign at 1930 and be succeeded by (L·MIES· van der Rohe). Faced with the pressure from Nazi forces, Miss tried her best to keep the school running. Finally, 1932+00 After the Nazi Party occupied Dessau in June, she was forced to close Bauhaus.
The third stage (1932? 1933), Berlin period. l？ Miss? Where is it? De? Luo moved the school to an abandoned office building in Berlin, trying to get back on its feet. Because the spirit of Bauhaus was not tolerated by the German Nazis, Miss finally got nothing in the face of the Nazi government that just came to power, and announced the permanent closure of Bauhaus in August of that year. 1933+0 1 Bauhaus closed in June, and 14 had to end its development.
Bauhaus was formed by the merger of Weimar Art School and Technical School, and its purpose is to cultivate new design talents. Although Bauhaus was called the School of Architecture, architecture specialty didn't appear until 1927, and there were only textiles, ceramics, metalworking, glass, sculpture, printing and other subjects. Therefore, Bauhaus is mainly a design school. In design theory, Bauhaus put forward three basic viewpoints: ① the new unity of art and technology; ② The purpose of design is people, not products; ③ Design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity. These viewpoints have played a positive role in the development of industrial design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism, that is, rational and scientific ideas have replaced artistic self-expression and romanticism.
Present situation of domestic industrial design development
Due to historical reasons, the concepts and methods of industrial design have been systematically introduced in China for more than 30 years, but the development was slow in the first 20 years. With the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development and the needs of the transformation of development mode, the pace of industrial design development has been greatly accelerated in the past decade. Comrade Hu Jintao, Chairman Wu Bangguo, Premier Wen Jiabao and other state leaders have important instructions and instructions. The national "Eleventh Five-Year" and "Twelfth Five-Year" plans and government work reports all include the development of industrial design; 20 10 The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other ministries jointly issued the special document "Several Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Industrial Design"; At the end of 20 1 1, the five-year plan for industrial transformation and upgrading issued by the State Council and the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry" issued by the General Office of the State Council in early 20 12 put special emphasis on the development of industrial design. More than 20 provinces, cities and prefecture-level cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shenzhen have formulated policies and measures to promote the development of industrial design. With the great improvement of the "big environment", some former leading enterprises continue to lead, and a number of new and old late-developing enterprises have stepped forward one after another, and a number of leading figures and excellent products have emerged. Many products not only won the "Red Star Award" in China, but also won internationally renowned awards.
Take Shenzhen as an example. According to the analysis report on the development model and prospect of industrial design industry in China [1], there were nearly 5,000 industrial design institutions in Shenzhen in 201/year, with more than 60,000 professional industrial designers and employees. The output value of 20 10 industrial design is nearly 2 billion, and the output value of 20 1 1 industrial design has increased by more than 25%, and the industrial added value brought by industrial design has exceeded 1000 billion. At the same time, Shenzhen has formed 45 creative design industrial parks with agglomeration effect and 6 industrial design demonstration bases and enterprises in Guangdong Province. 20 1 1 Shangshan Industrial Design Co., Ltd. designed a small bottle cap especially suitable for the elderly, children and other people, and won the 20 1 1 German Red Dot Award.
China's design industry has developed by leaps and bounds, and the design industries in Beijing, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are thriving, but there is still a big gap with the mature developed regions as a whole. However, China's industrial design industry still has great development potential. The problem lies in how to guide it correctly and reasonably. This requires learning from the development experience of foreign advanced countries, finding a model suitable for China's development, and realizing the rapid development of China's industrial design industry.
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