There are four factors that affect students' mental health: society, family, school and individual.
(1) Social factors: the influence of society on people is everywhere, and the politics, economy, culture, customs, national traditions and religious beliefs of the society will have a positive or negative impact on students, especially the growth of some bad social atmosphere, such as the emergence of some pornographic and obscene media, which intensifies the contradiction between teenagers' sexual needs and social norms; The influence of "reading is useless" caused by "money first" in society has intensified the contradiction between teenagers' ideals and reality. Make those students who lack social experience and identity go astray, lose their psychological balance, and have some water problems such as adolescence or interpersonal relationships. If a student's parents do business in Hong Kong, they lack psychological care since childhood and only pay attention to material satisfaction, which leads to their withdrawn, introverted and aloof personality. Later, because of some things, I couldn't think of it at the moment and committed suicide by jumping off a building.
(2) Family factors: Family structure, atmosphere and parental discipline will all have a certain impact on students. A normal family structure helps students maintain a stable and harmonious state. If one parent is absent or both parents are dead in the family, students often feel lost, and the family atmosphere also has a very important influence on students' psychology. A democratic and harmonious family has given them a warm harbor of their own. In authoritarian families, parents and children can't communicate normally, which leads to students' withdrawn and bossy personality. All kinds of family scars will cause psychological harm to students in different degrees. Some studies believe that parental discord does more psychological harm to teenagers than the death of one parent. In addition, different parenting styles of parents will also affect students' mental health. If parents spoil their girls, such students will inevitably lack the ability of self-reliance and self-care, and it is difficult to cope with setbacks. If they encounter setbacks and bear pressure (such as study pressure and employment pressure), they may have psychological problems.
(3) School factors: School is the main place for students to study and live. Therefore, school education plays a very important role in the healthy development of students' psychology, but doesn't it all mean escape? Step by step = escape? What is the best way to solve this problem? /SPAN>。
L, the influence of students' educational structure and guiding ideology.
Under the current educational system, there are unreasonable phenomena in the educational structure of our country. In most ordinary middle schools, what students learn in middle schools is basically to prepare for the exam (college entrance examination), but only a few actually enter the university, and they still face the big problem of employment after graduation. Therefore, students are faced with difficulties in entering higher schools, finding jobs and finding a narrow way out. Especially those underachievers with poor academic performance feel hopeless for further study. A sense of sadness and panic that there is no way out after graduation controls them, which is reflected in their studies, that is, they feel hopeless about further studies, resulting in weariness, truancy, exam anxiety, inattention and memory decline.
Whether the guiding ideology of school education is correct or not will also have a very important impact on students' mental health. At present, some schools are divided into key classes and ordinary classes under the influence of the guiding ideology of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate. Pay too much attention to exam ranking: engage in sea tactics: adopt some educational methods and means that violate psychological laws. In this way, students are in a state of high intellectual tension for a long time, which leads to neurasthenia, insomnia, memory loss, inattention and some abnormal learning behaviors and habits.
2. The influence of study pressure.
At present, in China's primary and secondary schools, teachers pursue high scores, and parents look to Yu Chenglong, so they try their best to increase students' learning pressure and take a series of measures to strengthen learning, such as teachers' difficult teaching and students' score ranking, which makes students endlessly fall into an unbalanced state of tension, anxiety and worry. According to the survey of People's Education Publishing House, 80% of middle school students have difficulty in learning science textbooks. They are always in a state of anxiety at school, and exam anxiety, exam neurosis and phobia appear.
3. Harmonious teacher-student relationship and students' influence.
In a school, if teachers trust, don't understand and punish students easily, it will inevitably cause students' resistance and make them rebellious. In middle school, teachers are still the ideal goals and fair representatives of students, hoping to get their care, understanding and love. If the teacher lacks patience, understanding and love and can't help the students, he will let the students down by blaming them. According to a survey, 67. 1% students find it difficult to express their ideas in front of teachers, 58.7% students think that teachers don't care much about themselves, and 47.1%students think that teachers don't care about themselves at all. And students can't get rid of this situation, which will inevitably make students feel depressed, lose confidence in the future and produce negative emotions.
In primary school, I hope to get the understanding and support of teachers, but I also hope to have an accepted sense of belonging among my classmates and seek the understanding and trust of my classmates and friends. If the relationship between classmates is not harmonious, it is easy to feel lonely.
(4) Self-factors; Some specific factors of students, such as appearance, ability and habits, will have an important impact on their mental health. Their appearance and ability are in a better position, which often makes students feel satisfied and happy, which is easy to promote their mental health. On the contrary, students with poor appearance, low ability, physical defects or bad habits often feel inferior and anxious, leading to unhealthy mental state. In recent years, a psychological counseling center for teenagers in Guangzhou has received nearly 1,000 letters from primary and secondary school students who want to commit suicide. More than 60% of them have this idea because of some physical defects or poor appearance ability.
The famous psychologist Maslow studied the most successful and healthiest scientists, anthropologists and psychologists and found that they have many common characteristics. One of the important features is that people with healthier psychology will have more "peak experiences". The so-called "peak experience" refers to the experience that you feel very wonderful, fascinated, ecstasy, and integrated with the outside world when you live, study, work, appreciate literature and art, or participate in nature. At this time, your mood is full and high. This peak experience is hard to describe. Maslow believes that people with healthier psychology have more autonomy and relative independence.
In "Opinions on Further Strengthening and Improving Moral Education in Schools", the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that schools should provide mental health education and guidance to students of different ages in various ways to help students improve their psychological quality, perfect their personality and enhance their ability to resist setbacks and adapt to the environment. At present, the mental health problems of primary and secondary school students have aroused widespread concern in all aspects of society. It is of great significance to carry out mental health education among primary and secondary school students and improve their psychological quality;
Mental health education is a challenge to today's education, because with the complexity of social environment and the diversification of ideas, the factors affecting education are more complicated. If education does not follow the law of students' physical and mental development, it will be difficult to achieve the expected results and the prescribed education or training goals. Therefore, education should advocate democracy, attach importance to the influence of non-intellectual factors in the teaching process, conform to the law of teenagers' physical and mental development, take special measures to prevent and overcome students' psychological deviation, and promote students' psychological healthy development. This is also one of the core contents of our quality education now, because psychological quality is not only an important part of students' quality, but also a great constraint on the development of other qualities. "It is not only the starting point of quality education, but also the destination of post-vegetarian education." For example, people of insight in China suggest that Germany has jobs; Mental health education can become an important way of moral education in the new period. Because some students' bad moral character and behavior problems often occur under the condition of unhealthy mentality, in this sense, bad behavior itself has psychological problems, so improving students' psychological quality will certainly promote the smooth development of moral education, enhance students' psychological quality, and also improve students' learning interest and learning effect, thus improving students' scientific and cultural quality. 1995 1 The Department of Education of Hangzhou University conducted a psychological test on four experimental classes and control classes in the junior middle school of Guiding Experimental Middle School in Wuyi, Zhejiang Province by using common test tools such as Anger Quality Table for Primary and Secondary School Students, SCL-90 and Raven Joint Intelligence Test. It is found that academic performance has a certain relationship with intelligence, and is significantly related to interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety in mental health.
Some experts pointed out that maintaining people's mental health should be divided into three levels;
First, mental health education, focusing on prevention. It refers to the planned mental health education for students before they have psychological problems, so that they can master the knowledge about mental health, improve their psychological quality and cultivate their self-adjustment ability, thus reducing or avoiding the occurrence of psychological problems.
The second is psychological counseling, which focuses on counseling after problems occur. It is a self-demand of the client to solve the problem.
The third is psychotherapy, which focuses on the treatment after seeing the problem. Through consultation, we can understand their mental illness, eliminate their psychological obstacles and help them recover psychologically.
In view of the factors affecting mental health, the author thinks that schools should provide students with an elegant environment for healthy growth and adopt scientific and effective political education means, which is much better than correcting problems. Correcting the problem is undoubtedly a misunderstanding of mental health education and an education that cannot fundamentally solve the problem. What we need is an education that has never rained. It is necessary to cultivate and improve students' psychological quality in a purposeful and planned way. From the health point of view, mental health education, just like normal people doing physical exercise, is to enhance physical fitness and improve health level, including disease prevention.
How to carry out mental health education in schools, I think mainly from the following aspects:
(1) Create an elegant environment.
Schools should create a cultural atmosphere conducive to students' physical and mental development, including:
1. Static campus cultural environment, such as school capacity, school capacity and appearance, and various facilities and equipment will have a certain impact on students. We can develop campus culture (corridor culture, class culture, etc. ), build a "garden" campus, decorate clean and tidy classrooms with pleasant sunshine, and let students live in a relaxed, harmonious and pleasant environment.
2. The dynamic campus cultural environment such as school spirit and class spirit will have a great influence on students' psychology. In the past, teachers' traditional practices, such as underestimating students' ability of autonomy, self-care and self-reliance, were: acting as agents in every detail; Make class measures and plans according to your own wishes: favoring students with good grades and discriminating against students with poor grades have seriously affected the formation of good class atmosphere, and also led to some psychological problems invisibly. Teachers should take care of students like their own children, make friends with students, communicate with students sincerely, and influence students with noble personality. Democratic management of classes, equal communication with teachers and students, teachers organize students to participate in class management, respect students' interests and hobbies, and create a relaxed class atmosphere: use morning meetings, class meetings, evening parties, classes and other time to guide collective public opinion to develop in the right direction, focusing on guidance rather than indoctrination, and maintain and promote the healthy development of public opinion through Young Pioneers activities, team activities, wall newspapers, blackboard newspapers and so on. ; Lead students to travel in the spring and autumn at an appropriate time. This will not only enable students to learn knowledge vividly, but also communicate the minds of teachers and students, and narrow the distance between teachers and students in a relaxed atmosphere, which is conducive to the formation of a good class spirit.
This combination of dynamic and static creates a harmonious and upward group psychological atmosphere, which makes students in a positive atmosphere and promotes the improvement of students' psychological quality. Make students be influenced imperceptibly, and cultivate students' teamwork spirit. Let students form a cooperative character in a class atmosphere of mutual respect and love.
(B) Infiltrate mental health education in the teaching of various subjects.
Schools focus on teaching, and it is a good way to infiltrate students' mental health education into the teaching of various subjects. The so-called "infiltration" is not to add the concept of mental health stiffly, but to combine the teaching of various subjects and use some skills to consciously cultivate students' positive and healthy psychological quality and "moisten things silently". Infiltrating mental health education in teaching is determined by the essential characteristics of teaching activities, and classroom teaching mainly cultivates students' ability; Moral quality promotes students' personality development, and its ultimate goal is to make students form a good and healthy personality. People's psychological quality is an important content and concentrated expression of personality. Only by improving people's psychological quality and developing people's psychological potential can people's personality be enriched and displayed. Moreover, the improvement of students' comprehensive quality is mainly influenced by psychological quality. The formation of students' various qualities is mainly mediated and guided by psychological qualities. When discussing the all-round development of human personality, Marx clearly pointed out that human psychological quality is included? Quot the development of spirit ".
Moreover, as the classroom teaching itself, its influence on students is not only manifested in the imparting of knowledge and the development of ability, but also in the cultivation and edification of good psychological quality (non-intellectual factors such as interest, hobby, personality and attitude) and social psychological quality (that is, emotion, communication, doing things, etc.). Therefore, its influence on students can be divided into potential and obvious, such as the improvement of academic performance and the upsurge of learning enthusiasm; For example, the sublimation of students' personality and the improvement of people's ability to handle things. The former has a far-reaching influence on students. Through classroom teaching, our mental health education runs through every link of education and teaching, which is easy for students to accept, but it also puts forward higher requirements for teachers. Students gain more positive emotional experience in the classroom, stimulate stronger interest in learning, have more confidence in themselves, have more imagination and creativity, are more willing to associate with others, and prefer to love their classes. It is natural for students to improve their academic performance, and they will be more confident? Quot post-strength "
Teachers should educate students on mental health. Teachers should first achieve their own mental health and have certain mental health knowledge. In the teaching era, teachers still have a great influence on students, and sometimes casual words are common for adults. It may cause psychological harm to children, and if it is not guided in time, it may develop into mental illness. Therefore, teachers should pay attention to students' mental health, first of all, they should master the common sense of mental health. At present, mental health education in many schools is only a mere formality, and many teachers have not been systematically trained in mental health knowledge, so they can't consciously use the relevant knowledge of science and pedagogy to help students, which also leads to some psychological problems to some extent. Some schools take the role of school doctors, and some teachers still take care of themselves as educators when conducting mental health education. Students are too nervous to talk to them or approach them, so the effect of mental health education is greatly reduced. Therefore, extensive psychological knowledge training is the key to ensure the smooth implementation of mental health education.
(3) Offering mental health education courses in primary schools.
The course can be divided into two parts to help students understand the knowledge of psychological science and master certain psychological adjustment skills; Part is the theoretical part, and part is the theoretical common sense of mental health and health, so as to popularize the common sense of mental health to students, so that students can understand and analyze their psychological conditions and improve their ability to resist mental diseases; The other part can be set as the practical operation part, which is also the most effective way for schools to carry out mental health education. Training activities include role-playing, mutual questioning and interpersonal training. Let them master some psychological adjustment methods to transfer their emotions, vent their pain, vent their anger, overcome their inferiority complex, establish self-confidence and prevent problems before they happen.
At present, mental health education in some schools tends to be curriculum-oriented. Some schools think that mental health education is only a way to carry out mental health education, but it is not the only way: some schools teach students a lot of dead knowledge of psychology, and even let students memorize some terms and exam rules. I don't know that the mode of mental health education should be based on life experience, not knowledge transfer, not just rote learning. Mental health education should avoid this tendency to a certain extent, and real mental health education should run through daily education and teaching activities, and appropriately carry out some targeted activities that combine the practical problems of students' study and life.
(four) the establishment of psychological counseling service institutions and psychological counseling mailbox.
This is also a very important way. Although prevention is the key to treat students' psychological problems, we must also face up to the fact that many students have serious psychological problems. Xu Jian, a 9-year-old boy from Zhejiang, and Yuan Xin, a 0/3-year-old girl from Beijing/KLOC, are both excellent students for many years. Because of their fragile psychological quality, one of them ended his life prematurely, while the other failed to commit suicide and will stay in bed forever. Moreover, modern students' psychological self-care awareness has been enhanced, and students begin to enter the door with restraint and shyness, and naturally enter psychological counseling. According to the report of Shanghai Youth Psychological Clinic, it is very common for high school students to come to the clinic for psychological consultation alone in recent years, and the number of such patients has reached 20%, which shows that modern students have a strong psychological demand for psychological consultation.
Setting up a psychological consultation mailbox is very convenient for some students who are not good at face-to-face conversation; Or some students are ashamed to express some problems, and some students are embarrassed by face. The establishment of psychological consultation mailbox can facilitate these students, so that their psychological problems can be found in time and the teachers can solve them in a targeted manner.
(5) Conditional schools can establish students' psychological files.
Its contents include the scores of IQ appraisal, the investigation of non-intelligence factors (including physical health, mental health, learning enthusiasm, learning methods, teacher-student relationship, friend relationship, etc. ), temperament type survey, personality disorder survey. These cases should be preserved in the form of files for future information retrieval, scheme research and help education for students.
Mental health education is a systematic project, focusing on prevention, improving students' psychological quality and their ability to resist mental diseases, so as to nip in the bud. Of course, it is not enough to rely solely on the unilateral efforts of schools. It needs the joint efforts of schools, families and society. Moreover, the three efforts should be in the same direction, which will have a greater effect on students. If the three efforts are inconsistent, the impact will be reduced. From the perspective of maintaining students' mental health, the three efforts are in the same direction, so that individuals can form a unified personality; Inconsistent efforts of the three may lead to students' split personality. For example, if a student finds money and returns it to the owner, the teacher praises him as a good boy who can't hide it, but his parents call him an idiot, and he will be at a loss and his personality will split over time.
Therefore, carrying out mental health education in schools is helpful to improve the quality of education and teaching and the healthy development of students' body and mind.